PHYSICS

www.kms.matrik.edu.my/physics

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1: Physical quantities and measurements (3 Hours)

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 Learning Outcome:

www.kms.matrik.edu.my/physics 1.1 Physical Quantities and Units (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length (m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd). State derived quantities and their respective units and symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J), force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and frequency (Hz). State and convert units with common SI prefixes.

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 1.1 Physical Quantities and Units

Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured using measuring instrument. It can be categorised into 2 types Basic (base) quantity Derived quantity Basic quantity is defined as a quantity which cannot be derived from any other physical quantity. Table 1.1 shows all the basic (base) quantities. Quantity Symbol SI Unit Symbol Length Mass Time Temperature Electric current Amount of substance

l m t T/ I N

metre kilogram second kelvin ampere mole 3 candela

m kg s K A mol cd

Table 1.1

Luminous Intensity

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Derived quantity is defined as a quantity that is obtained from the combination of base quantities. Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity. Derived quantity Velocity Frequency Acceleration Pressure Momentum Force Table 1.2 Work Power Symbol Formulae Unit m s-1 s-1 or Hz (hertz) m s-2 N m-2 or Pa (pascal) kg m s-1 kg m s-2 or N(newton) kg m2 s-2 or J(joule) Js-1 or W (watt) 4

v f a

s/t 1/T v/t F/A mv ma Fs

W/t

p F W
P

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CHAPTER 1
Unit is defined as a standard size of measurement of a physical quantity. Examples : 1 second is defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770 vibrations of radiation emitted by a caesium-133 atom. 1 kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures Paris. 1 meter is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of

1 s 299 , 792 , 458

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CHAPTER 1

The unit of a basic quantity is called base unit. additional unit for base unit: unit of plane angle - radian (rd)

rad = 180 o 180 1 rad = =57.296 o

unit of solid angle- steradian (sr)

The common system of units used today are S.I unit (System International/metric system) and cgs unit - UK. The unit of derived quantity called derived unit 6

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1.1.1 Unit Prefixes

CHAPTER 1
It is used for represent larger and smaller values. Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes. Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro Table 1.3 nano pico Multiple 1012 109 106 103 101 102 103 106 109 1012 Symbol T G M k d c m n p

Examples: 5740000 m = 5740 km = 5.74 Mm 0.00000233 s = 2.33 106 s = 2.33 s

PHYSICS
1.1.2 Conversion of Unit

CHAPTER 1
Table 1.4 shows the conversion factors between SI and British units for length and mass only. Length Mass

1 m = 39.37 in = 3.281 ft 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 angstrom () = 1010 m

Table 1.4

1 kg = 103 g 1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 lb = 0.453 592 kg 1 kg = 0.0685 slug

PHYSICS
Example 1.1 :

CHAPTER 1

Solve the following problems of unit conversion. a. 15 mm2 = ? m2 c. 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3 e. 12 mi h1 = ? m s1 Solution : a. 15 mm2 = ? m2 b. 65 km h1 = ? m s1 d. 29 cm = ? in

1 mm =10 m
3

b. 65 km h-1 = ? m s-1 1st method :

3 65 10 m 1 65 km h = 1h

PHYSICS
2nd method :

CHAPTER 1
65 km 65 km h = 1h
1

c. 450 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3

3 3 450 g 10 kg 1 cm 450 g cm 3 = 2 3 1 cm3 1 g 10 m 3

10

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d. 29 cm = ? in
1 2 .54

CHAPTER 1

29 cm = 29 cm

in 1 cm

e. 12 mi h-1 = ? m s-1

12 mi 1 . 609 km 1000 m 1 h 12 mi h = 1h 1 mi 1 km 3600 s

1

11

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 Learning Outcome:

www.kms.matrik.edu.my/physics 1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define scalar and vector quantities. Perform vector addition and subtraction operations graphically: commutative rule associative rule, and distributive rule Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (2-D) : Components in the x and y axes.

Components in the coordinate.

i , j

unit vectors in Cartesian

12

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 Learning Outcome:

www.kms.matrik.edu.my/physics 1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: Define and use dot (scalar) product:

A B= A B cos = B A cos
and cross (vector) product:

A B= A B sin = B A sin
Direction determined by corkscrew method or right hand rule.
13

PHYSICS CHAPTER 1 1.2 Scalars and Vectors

Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only. e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current, work, energy and etc. Mathematics operation: ordinary algebra Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude & direction. e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, electric field, magnetic field and etc. Mathematics operation: vector algebra

14

PHYSICS
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A

CHAPTER 1

Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A Direction of arrow direction of vector A

Table 1.6 shows written form (notation) of vectors. displacement velocity acceleration

s
Table 1.6

v
v= v
a= a

s (bold)

v (bold)

a (bold)

Notation of magnitude of vectors.

15

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Two vectors are equal if both magnitude and direction are the same. (shown in figure 1.1)

Q
Figure 1.1

P
k A

P =Q
k A
A

If vector A is multiplied by a scalar quantity k

Then, the new vector is

if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A. 16 of vector A. if k = -ve, the vector is in the opposite direction

PHYSICS
1.2.2 Direction of Vectors

CHAPTER 1
Can be represented by using: a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west b) Angle with a reference line e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s-1, 50 above horizontal.

y 0

50

17

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c)

CHAPTER 1
Cartesian coordinates 2-Dimension (2-D)

s = x , y = 1 m, 5 m
y/m
5

s
1

x/m

18

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CHAPTER 1
3-Dimension (3-D)

s = x , y , z = 4, 3, 2 m
y/m

s
0 2 4

x/m

z/m
19

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d)

CHAPTER 1
Polar coordinates

F = 30 N,150
F
150

e)

Denotes with + or signs. signs

20

PHYSICS
1.2.3 Addition of Vectors

CHAPTER 1
There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e. Parallelogram Triangle For example :

A B

Parallelogram

Triangle

B
O

A B
A
O

A B
B
A
21

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Triangle of vectors method: a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A. b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B. c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.

A B= B A
A

Commutative Rule

B
O

B A

22

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CHAPTER 1

If there are more than 2 vectors therefore Use vector polygon and associative rule. E.g.

P Q R
R

R P Q
P
P Q

Q
R =P Q R P Q
Associative Rule 23

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CHAPTER 1

Distributive Rule : a. b.

A B = A B

A= A A
For example : Proof of case a: let

, are real number

=2

A B =2 AB
A B
B
O

2 A B
24

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CHAPTER 1

=2 A B A 2 B 2 B 2A
2 B
O

2A

2 A B =2 A 2 B

25

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Proof of case b: let

CHAPTER 1

A = 21 A =3 A
A

= 2 and = 1

3 A
2A

A A=2 A 1 A

3 A

2 1 A =2 A1 A

26

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For example :

1.2.4 Subtraction of Vectors

D C

C
Parallelogram O

D D

D =C D C
Triangle O

C
D

C D C
D

D C

27

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Vectors subtraction can be used to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object i.e. to determine the relative velocity. to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.

Exercise 1.2 :
1.

Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to determine A B a) b) c) (Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)

A B A 2 B

d)

2A B

28

PHYSICS
1.2.5 Resolving a Vector

CHAPTER 1
1st method :

2nd method :

Ry
0

Ry
Rx
x
0

Rx

Rx R Ry

=cos R x= R cos

Rx R Ry

=sin R x= R sin

=sin R y = R sin

=cos R y = R cos
29

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
2 2 R or R = R x R y

The magnitude of vector R :

or

Direction of vector R :

tan =

Ry Rx

= tan

Ry Rx
30

Vector R in terms of unit vectors written as

R=Rx i R y j

PHYSICS
Example 1.6 :

CHAPTER 1

A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30 east. Calculate the component of the velocity a) due north. b) due east. Solution :

a)

v N = v sin 60

or

v N = v cos30

vN
W

30

v
E
b)

60

vE
S

v E = v cos 60

or

v E = v sin 30

31

PHYSICS
Example 1.7 :

CHAPTER 1

F
150 S A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above. Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force. Solution : Vector x-component y-component y

F x = F cos30
or

F y = F sin 30

F
30

Fy
S

150

Fx

F x = F cos150

F y = F sin 150
32

PHYSICS
Example 1.8 : y

CHAPTER 1

F 1 10 N
30o O 30o

F 2 30 N

F 3 40 N
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle O. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on particle O. 33

PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 1
y

F2
30
o

F 2y
F1
x
60o O

F 3x

F 2x
30o

F3
F r = F= F 1 F 2 F3 y F r = F x F x= 2x F1x F F 3x F y= F1y F 2y F 3y F

F 3y

34

PHYSICS
Solution : Vector x-component

CHAPTER 1
y-component

F1 F2 F3
Vector sum

F 1x= 0 N

F 1y= F 1 F 1y=10 N

F 2x=30 cos60 F 2x=15 N

F 3x=40 cos30 F 3x=34 .6 N

F 2y= 30sin 60 F 2y= 26 N F 3y=40sin 30 F 3y=20 N

35

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2

CHAPTER 1

Solution : The magnitude of the resultant force is

F r=

F F
x y

y
and

= tan

Fy Fx

Fr
18

y F
x F
O

162

Its direction is 162 from positive x-axis OR 18 above negative x-axis. 36

PHYSICS
Exercise 1.3 :
1.

CHAPTER 1
Vector
a)

B A has components Ax = 1.30 cm, Ay = 2.25 cm; vector

A B

has components Bx = 4.10 cm, By = -3.75 cm. Determine the components of the vector sum , AB , b) the magnitude and direction of B A , c) the components of the vector B A . (Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.42) d) the magnitude and direction of ANS. : 5.40 cm, -1.50 cm; 5.60 cm, 345; 2.80 cm, -6.00 cm; 6.62 cm, 295 A and B in Figure 1.2, use the method of vector 2. For the vectors resolution to determine the magnitude and direction of y A B , a) the vector sum -1 B A B 18.0 m s b) the vector sum , A B, c) the vector difference d) the vector difference B A . -1

(Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.39)

A 12.0 m s

37.0

ANS. : 11.1 m s-1, 77.6; U think; 28.5 m s-1, 202; 28.5 m s-1, 22.2

37 Figure 1.2

PHYSICS
Exercise 1.3 :
3.

CHAPTER 1
A points in the negative x direction. Vector B points at an has a magnitude of angle of 30 above the positive x axis. Vector C
Vector 15 m and points in a direction 40 below the positive x axis. Given =0 , determine the magnitudes of A and B. A B C that
(Walker,pg.78,no. 65)

ANS. : 28 m; 19 m
4.

Given three vectors P, Q and R as shown in Figure 1.3.

2 Q 24 m s

P 35 m s2
50

R 10 m s

Figure 1.3 Calculate the resultant vector of P, Q and R. ANS. : 49.4 m s2; 70.1 above + x-axis

38

PHYSICS
1.2.6 Unit Vectors

CHAPTER 1
notations

c a , b,
of vector A.

E.g. unit vector a a vector with a magnitude of 1 unit in the direction

A a= =1 A

Unit vectors are dimensionless.

[a ]=1

Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :

x axis i @ i bold y axis j @ j bold @ k bold z axis k

=1 i=j=k
39

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

k
z

j
i

Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :

r =r x i r y j r z k

Magnitude of vector,

r = r x r y r z

40

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

E.g. :

m s = 4 i 3 j 2 k
y/m

3 j

2k
z/m

4 i

x/m

41

PHYSICS
Example 1.9 :
Two vectors are given as:

CHAPTER 1
m a = i 2 j6 k m b = 4 i 3 j k

Calculate a) the vector a b and its magnitude, b) the vector b a and its magnitude, a b and its magnitude. c) the vector 2 Solution : a) a b x = a x b x = 1 4 = 5 i

a b y =a y b y =2 3 =5 j a b z = a z b z = 6 1= 7 k
The magnitude, 42

PHYSICS
b)

CHAPTER 1

b a x = b x a x = 4 1 = 3 i b a y =b y a y =3 2 = j
b a z = b z a z = 16 =5 k

The magnitude, c)

2 a b x =2a x b x= 2 1 4 =6 i 2 a b y =2a y b y =2 2 3 =7 j 2 a b z = 2a z b z = 2 6 1 =13 k

The magnitude, 43

PHYSICS

1.2.7 Multiplication of Vectors

CHAPTER 1

Scalar (dot) product The physical meaning of the scalar product can be explained by considering two vectors A and B as shown in Figure 1.4a.

Figure 1.4a

Figure 1.4bshows of the projection of vector B onto the direction vector A . A B = A component of B parallel to A
A

B cos
Figure 1.4b

Figure 1.4c shows A onto the the projection of vector direction of vector 44 to B B . A B = B component of A parallel

Figure 1.4c

B A cos

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

From the Figure 1.4b, the scalar product can be defined as

A B= A B cos
meanwhile from the Figure 1.4c,

B A = B A cos where : angle between two vectors

The scalar product is a scalar quantity. The angle ranges from 0 to 180 .

When

0 90 90 180 =90

scalar product is positive scalar product is negative scalar product is zero

The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication i.e.

A B= B A
45

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the expression is given by The scalar product of the unit vectors are shown below :

W = F s = F s cos = s F cos

k
z

j
i

2 2 o kk = k cos0 =1 1 =1

2 2 o ii =i cos 0 = 1 1 =1 jj = j 2 cos 0 o =1 2 1 =1

k =1 i i= j j =k

= 1 1 cos 9 0o = 0 jk o ik = 1 1 cos 90 =0

o i j= 1 1 cos 9 0 = 0

= =0 i j= jk ik
46

PHYSICS
Example 1.10 :

CHAPTER 1
A and B for the

A B and the angle between vectors Calculate the following problems. a) b)

A = 4 i 3 j k A= i j k i 2 j 3 k B= 2 j 3 k ANS.:3; 99.4 B = 4 Solution : k a) A B= 1 4 i i 1 2 j j 1 3 k

A B= 4 23
The magnitude of the vectors: The angle ,

A B= AB cos A B 1 =cos =cos 1 AB

3
47

3 29

PHYSICS
Example 1.11 : y

CHAPTER 1

1 m C
25 0 19

2 m D

Figure 1.5 Referring to the vectors in Figure 1.5, a) determine the scalar product between them. b) express the resultant vector of C and D in unit vector. Solution : a) The angle between vectors C and D is Therefore

=180 25 19 =174
D =CD cos C

= 1 2 cos174

48

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b) Vectors C and D in unit vector are

=C j C i C x y = 1 cos25 i 1 sin 25 j
D =2 cos19 i 2 sin 19 j

and

Hence

D = 0.91 1.89 C i 0.42 0.65 j

49

PHYSICS
Vector (cross) product Consider two vectors :

CHAPTER 1

A = x i y j z k B= p i q jr k

In general, the vector product is defined as

A B =C

and its magnitude is given by

= A B=C A Bsin = AB sin

where

The angle ranges from 0 to 180 so the vector product always positive value. Vector product is a vector quantity. The direction of vector is determined by

: angle between two vectors

C

RIGHT-HAND RULE
50

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CHAPTER 1
For example: How to use right hand rule : Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector. Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector. The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.

A B =C
B
A

B A =C

A B B A

but

A B = B A

Direction of the vector product to the plane containing the vectors

always perpendicular and . 51

PHYSICS
y

CHAPTER 1
The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :

k
z

j
i

i j=j i =k =k j = j k i = j k i = i k
k =0 i i = j j=k

Example of vector product is a magnetic force on the straight conductor carrying current places in magnetic field where the expression is given by

2 o i i=i s in 0 =0 2 o j j= j s in 0 = 0 2 o k k= k s in 0 =0

F = I l B

F = IlB sin

52

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
The vector product can also be expressed in determinant form as

1st method :

i A B = x p

j y q

k z r

A B = yr zq i xr zp j xq yp k

2nd method :

A B = yr zq i zp xr j xq yp k

Note : The angle between two vectors can only be determined by using the scalar (dot) product. 53

PHYSICS
Example 1.12 :
Given two vectors :

CHAPTER 1

i j k A B =3 2 1 1 0 5 A B =2 5 1 0 i 3 5 1 1 j 3 0 2 1 k A B =10 0 i 15 1 j 0 2 k
The magnitude,

Determine a) and its magnitude c) the angle between vectors Solution : a)

B= i 5 k
A

A =3 i 2 j k
b) and

A B

A B
.

2 2 2 A B= 10 16 2
54

PHYSICS
Example 1.12 :
Given two vectors :

CHAPTER 1

i j k A B =3 2 1 1 0 5 A B =2 5 1 0 i 3 5 1 1 j 3 0 2 1 k A B =10 0 i 15 1 j 0 2 k
The magnitude,

Determine a) and its magnitude c) the angle between vectors Solution : a)

B= i 5 k
A

A =3 i 2 j k
b) and

A B

A B
.

2 2 2 A B= 10 16 2
55

PHYSICS
b)

CHAPTER 1 A B= 3 i 2 j k i 0 j 5 k
A B=3 0 5
A B= 2

k A B= 3 1 i i 2 0 j j 1 5 k

c) The magnitude of vectors,

A = 3 2 1 =14
Using the scalar (dot) product formula,

A B= AB cos A B 1 =cos =cos 1 AB

2 14 26

56

PHYSICS
Exercise 1.4 :
If vector a) a b, ANS. :
1. 2.

CHAPTER 1

a =3 i 5 j

; 26 ; 46 2k

and vector b) ,

a b

b =2 i 4 j

, determine c) a b b .

; { and { a =3 i 3 j 2 k b = i 4 j2 k c =2 i 2 j k Calculate a) b) a b c , c) a b c . a b c , ANS. : 21 ; 9 ; 5 i 11 { j 9 k and vector Q , 3. If vector =2 P =3 i 2 j k i 4 j 3 k

determine a) the direction of b) the angle between ANS. : U think, 92.8

Three vectors are given as follow :

P Q
P
and

57

PHYSICS
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CHAPTER 1

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58