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An Introduction To The Behavior of Waves

This document discusses the behavior of waves, including the principle of superposition, classification of waves as progressive or stationary, reflection of waves, harmonics, and electromagnetic waves. It provides examples and explanations of these concepts as they relate to physics.

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sanjitha
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152 views20 pages

An Introduction To The Behavior of Waves

This document discusses the behavior of waves, including the principle of superposition, classification of waves as progressive or stationary, reflection of waves, harmonics, and electromagnetic waves. It provides examples and explanations of these concepts as they relate to physics.

Uploaded by

sanjitha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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An introduction to the

behavior of waves

Advanced level Physics AS

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Principle of superposition
 Where two or more waves meet , the total
displacement at any point is the vector sum of
the displacement that each individual waves
would cause at that point.

Resultant wave

Individual waves

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Principle of superposition theorem
Vector sum means
Waves in turn depends upon the path
different between the waves involved.

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Sanjitha N. Adikari
Classifying waves
 Progressive waves
 The position of its perks and troughs are moving.
 These waves have a property to carry energy ( action
at a distance)
 Eg: pebble thrown in to the water cause a water waves
spared out over the surface of water container.

 Stationary waves ( standing waves)


 The wave is not progressive. Its perks and troughs
aren't moving.
 These waves have a property to create oscillation.
 Eg: guitar string, understanding the behavior of electrons
and sub atomic particles
Sanjitha N. Adikari
Stationary waves
Rubber cord

vibrator
1
Wight to make a
tension on string

 As the frequency of the cord is increased


resonance (the tendency of a system to
oscillate at maximum amplitude at certain
frequencies) occurs.
Sanjitha N. Adikari
 Stationary waves in a pipe.

closed end pipe

Open end pipe


Sanjitha N. Adikari
Reflection at the end of string
 Setting up waves on a rope

Fixed Free end


end

As the pulse reaches the end of the string the string exerts a force on
the support. the support exerts a force equal in size but opposite in
direction on the string.

• The phase change on reflection occurs where a “hard” reflection


occurs. Fixed End)
• No phase change on reflection occurs where a “hard” reflection
occurs. Fixed End)
Sanjitha N. Adikari
air glass

glass air

If a wave traveling form a less If a wave traveling form a more


dense medium to a more dense dense medium to a less dense
medium there is a PHASE medium there is a NO PHASE
CHANGE OF 180o CHANGE.

D1 D2 D2 D1
D2>D1
Sanjitha N. Adikari
Reflection at a Point where the
Wave Velocity Changes
v2 > v1 Transmitted wave, no phase change.
Reflected wave, phase change.

v2< v1
Transmitted wave, no phase change.
Reflected wave, no phase change.

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Harmonics
 There are several frequencies with which
the snaky can be vibrated to produce the
patterns. Each frequency is associated
with a different standing wave pattern.
These frequencies and their associated
wave patterns are referred to as
harmonics.

Sanjitha N. Adikari
 First Harmonic (Fundamental
Frequency of Resonance)

All points oscillate in phase but with different amplitudes of oscillation.


Consider the string to be disturbed at A (the centre).
Waves travel towards B (and C) and are reflected with a 180° phase change.

If the "effective distance" travelled by the waves is l, then resonance occurs.

This means that, for the first resonance, the distance A B A (or A C A) must be
equal to l/2.
 second Harmonic (Frequency of
Resonance)

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Organ

Sanjitha N. Adikari
 Nodes -The crests and troughs of a standing wave do
not travel, or propagate, down the string. Instead, a
standing wave has certain points, called nodes, that
remain fixed at the equilibrium position.

 Antinodes These are points where the original wave


undergoes complete destructive interference with its
reflection. In between the nodes, the points that oscillate
with the greatest amplitude—where the interference is
completely constructive—are called antinodes.

Antinodes Nodes
Sanjitha N. Adikari
Finding the frequencies of the
harmonics
 To find the frequencies of the harmonics
for a stretched string. We can use the fact
that the speed at which a transverse wave
is propagated along a string.
 V = T/µ

 µ -Mass per unit length


 T- tension

Sanjitha N. Adikari
 We know
V =fλ
 And also we know
λ = 2l/n
 Form these two equations we can have
f = n/2 x v
 Form the equation for string

fn = n/2l T/µ where n = 1,2,3…..

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Theories behind the Guitar (musical instruments)

 we can solve for the frequency, fn , for any term, n, in the harmonic
series. A higher frequency means a higher pitch.

 The equation tells you that a higher frequency is produced by


 a taut string,
 a string with low mass density,
 a string with a short wavelength.

 If you tighten a string, the pitch goes up

 the strings that play higher pitches are much thinner than the fat
strings for low notes

 by placing your finger on a string somewhere along the neck of the


instrument, you shorten the wavelength and raise the pitch .
Sanjitha N. Adikari
Sound waves and microwaves
 Sound
 Need a medium to travel..
 Speed approximately 342 m/s

 microwaves
 No medium required to travel it is a
electromagnetic wave
 Speed approximately 100000000 m/s

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Electromagnetic waves

Sanjitha N. Adikari
Questions…..

Sanjitha N. Adikari

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