* 100 Quinine idosuiphate is also called herpathite. 1 The intensity of scattered polarised light varies inversely asthe fourth power of wavelength. 1 = ‘The direction of oscillation of the polarised light is called transmission axis of the polaroid. When the reflected light is completely polarised then angle between the reflected and refracted ray is 90°. That is, if i be the angle of incidence and r be the angle of refraction (Not reflection), then i+r=90°, ‘Sound waves in air cannot be polarised because they are longitudinal waves. Eye cannot distinguish polarised light from the unpolarised light. The radio waves used for transmission of signals are generally polarised. ‘The polarisation of light is determined by the changes in Electric-field vector only. The Magnetic- field vector does not contribute in this regards. By reflection, the light is polarised in the plane of incidence. The angle between the direction of propagation and the plane of polarisation or plane of oscillation is 0°. [Remember itis not 90", which is the case for the direction of oscillation and that of propagation ] Polatoids are the substances which can polarise the light. Polarisation confirms the transverse nature of light. Ifa beam of unpolarised light is incident on a pile of plates at Brewster's angle, the transmitted light is also polarised to a large extent. Malus law holds for reflecting plate, nicols as well as polaroids. But it does not hold good for the piles of plates. . The light intensity transmitted through the analyser becomes zero twice in one complete rotation. ‘The sheet of double refracting material causes a path difference of 4.4 between the Original-ray and Emergent-ray is called quarter wave plate. In circularly polarised light, the electric vector rotates as a vector of constant magnitude in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light. The tip of the electric vector traces a circle. In elliptically polarised light, the tip of the rotating electric vector traces an ellipse. a , ; ee The thickness of the quarter wave plate is given by : = gio a The sheet of double refracting material that causes apath difference of 5 between Original-tay and Emergent-ray is called half wave plate. a The thickness of the half wave plate is given by £ Wy nd io He Half wave plate does not affect the polarisation of light, e@@ Know the Formulae J _______ ° + Malus Law I = I, cos? 6. Fax Iria Je ft * 100 = Polarisation%WAVE OPTICS Very Short Answer Type Questions (2marks each) Qn Ans. Q2. Ans. Q3. Ans, Q4. Ans. Short Answer Type Questions: Qu Ans. What is Fresnel distance ? (IMP) Fresnel distance : The distance of the screen from the slit; so that spreading of light due to Aiffraction from the centre of screen is just equal to size of the slit is called “Fresnel distance”. 5 @ +. Fresnel distance |Z» * Where a= size of the aperture 4.- wave length of light Give the justfication for vali optics? a 2,» 2 ara Fresnel distance Where a = width of the slit 2:= wave length of light The above equation shows that, for distances much smaller than Z,, the spreading due to diffraction is smaller compared to the size of the beam, it becomes comparable when the distance is approximately Z,. For distances much greater than Z,, the spreading due to diffraction dominates over that due to ray optics. :. The above equation shows that ray optics is valid in the limit of wave length tending to zero. What is Polarisation of light ? The phenomena of attaining the vibrations of electric vector in a single plane by passing unpolarised light through selected materials is known as “Polarisation”. ‘What is Malus law? ([MP) It states that, when a completely plahe polarised light beam is incident on an analyser, the intensity of the eniergent light. varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the Explain Doppler effect in light. Distinguish between Red shift and Blue shift. [TS-2016] (IMP) Doppler’s effect in light: The phenomenon of Q6. Ans, planes of transmission of the analyser and th polariser, T=1, cos* 0) where I, = intensity of the polarised light after passing through the polariser. 8=angle between the planes of transmission of the analyser and the polariser. Explain Brewster’s law? (AP-2015] (IMP) When unpolarised light is incident on transparent surface, at a particular angle of incidence called Brewster anglei,, the reflected light wave is totally polarised and is perpendicular to the refracted light wave. ected St Re From Snell's law, sini, _ sini “The tangent of Brewster's angle is equat to refractive index of surface”. This is known as Brewster's law. ‘When does a monochromatic beam of light incident on a reflective surface get completely ‘transmitted? When a monochromatic beam of light incident along the normal drawn to the reflective surface [Normal incidence i= 0] thea, it get completely transmitted. + Reflective surface (4:marks each) apparent change in frequency of the light due tothe relative motion Between the source of light and the observer is called Doppler’s effect in light.ea ~ apparent wave lent J ‘The Red shift : When a light source is moving away from an observer with a velocity “v’ then frequency observed by the observer Is less than the frequency emitted by the source (or) the creases ie, shift towards the red end of the spectrum The Blue shift : When a light source is approaching an observer with a relative velocity V then the apparent frequency observed by the observer is more than the frequency emitted by the source (or) the apparent wave length decreases ie.. shift towards the blue end of the spectrum. What is total internal reflection. Explain the phenomenon using Huygen’s principle. (IMP) Total Internal Refle« if a ray of light passes from denser to rarer medium so that angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then the ray refleets back into the same medium. This is known as Total Internal Reflection’. Huygens Principle : Every point on a wave front can be considered as a secondary source of light from which spherical wavelets are spread out in forward direction and the envelope of these wavelets gives new wave front, Explanation of TIR Based on Huygen’s Principle : We now consider refraction of a plane wave near rarer medium. Proceeding in an exactly similar manner we can construct a refractive wave front as shown in the figure. Coy VK. Ans. PHYSICS, intermediate Second Year The angle of reftaction will now be greater than angle of incidence. From snell’s law of refraction n, sini =n, sine nm, _ sind olf ris equal to 90° and sin n, > . Thus if i 7”, ‘ 90°. Obviously, for i> i, there cannot be any refracted wave: The angle i, is know as the critical angle, If anlge of incidence is greater than the critical angle, we will not.frave-any* refracted wave and wave will undergo total internal reflection. 3 Derive the expression for the intensity at point where interference of light occurs. Arrive at the Conditions for maxitinuim and zero intensity. {AP-2016}, JTS-2015]- 1) Let us consider two slits S, and S, are seperated by a distance ‘d’, 2) O'is the mid point between the two slits, 3) Consider a point *’ ofi the scfeen, The waves: from S, and S, have same wave length %." amplitude ‘a* and are in same phase. 4) The difference between the distances °6” is called the path difference. Let the corresponding phase difference is ‘6 then sin r= 1 and r= Let y, =asin a, y, = asin (t+ 6) The resultant displacement ‘y of the waves. YF¥,*¥, y=asin ot +a sin (ot ¥ 6) y=asin (ot +a [in-wt cos $ + cos wt sin ¢] ¥= (asin @t+a sin Ot cos 6) +4 cos ait sin 6 owt Source Ss 4 Let a(l + cos) =R cos a asind=Rsina Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) y=R sin ot cos 0 +R sin.@ cos ot GB)WAVE OPTICS cite 75 Q4. Ans. p= Rsin (ora) ment due to waves at P. (2+ GF = R? [cos a+ sin? a} =a? [l+cos? @ +2.cos 6 + sin? 6} 2 []+1#2 008 6} RE= a? [2+2 cos $] Re = 2a fl bcos 4] R?= 2a? 2 cos? (4) £ R?= da? cos? (2 But | is the resultant intensity at *P*. foc R? IZ = 4a? cos”) (§) 2 Conditions for zero intensity : If.=1,3n, 51... Qn+ Ie g cos* (8) =1 = 1 =44° (minimum) yis the resultant displace- Conditions for maximum intensity : f= 0, 2m, 4m... 2nz) cos" (2) 1 => 1 = 4a (maximum) Does the principle of conservation of energy hold for interference and diffraction phenomena? Explain briefly. (IMP) In interference and diffraction redistribution of energy takes place. The energy of darkband is | transferred to bright band. Thus average energy of wavés remains same. There is no loss or gain of energy due 'to formation of dark and bright. bands in interference and diffraction of light thus they do not. violate taw of conservation of energy. Yes, the principle’ of consérvation of energy holds good for the phenomenon of interference aind diffraction. In case of interference, the | energy will be disappeat at the position of dark bands and this energy will be appeared at the position of bright bands. Thus'energy remains constant. So principle of conservation of energy holds good for interference. In diffraction phenomenon interference. will Q5. Ans, Ans, ‘ofyoureyé? takes places. Therefore principle of conservation, of energy is also holds good for diffractions. ieasiy How do you determine the resolving power {AP-2017] [19-2018] (IMP) You can estimate the resolving power of your eye with a simple experiment. Make black stripes of equal width separated by white sript8, see figure here. All the black stripes should be of equal width, while the width of the intermediate white stripes should increase as you ‘go from the left to the right-Fot example, let all black stripes have a width of 5 mm. Let the width of the first two white stripes be 0.5 mm each, the next two white stripes be 1 im each, the next two 1.5 mm each, etc. Paste this pattern on a wall in arooin’or laboratory, at the height of your eye. i Now watch the pattem, preferably with one eye. By moving away or closer ta the wall, find the position where you can just see sometwo black stripes as separate stripes. Ali the black stripes to the left of this stripe would merge into one another and would not be distinguishable. On the other liand, the black stripes to the right of this Would be more and more clearly visible. Note the width of the white stripe hich separates the two regions, and measure the distance D of. the wall from your eye. Then d/D is the resolution of your eye. Discuss the intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two crossed polaroids ? {TS-2017} (IMP) Let I, be the intensity of polatised ‘light after passing through the first polariser P,. Then the intensity of light’after passing through second polariser P, will be 1=1, cos? 8,where 0 is the angle between pass axes of P, and P,. Since P, and P, are crossed the angle between the pass axes of P, and P, will be Long Answer Type Questions PHYSICS, intermediate Second Year (g _ °) Hence the intensity of light emerging from P, will be T=I,cos* seos(4-0} I,c0s? Osin? 9 = (4 )s 20 Therefore, the transmitted intensity will be maximum when 9= ; (marks each) 1, What is Huygens principle 2 Explain the optical phenomenon of refraction using Huygens principle. Ans. Huygens Principle : Every point on a wave front can be considered as a secondary source of light from which spherical wavelets are spread out'in forward direction and the envelope of these wavelets gives new wave front. Snell’s law of refraction. Laws of refraction : ii) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface at the point of ineidence must be in the same plane. Explanation of optical phenomenon refraction using Huygens principle : Considet a plane wave front DF incident at D on the refracting surface AB which seperates two media as shown in figure, Let DF is perpendicular to the CD and'EFG By the time the distrubance from point F of wavefront DF reaches the refracting surface at G, secondary wavelets would have started from all points of distrubance between D and G and travelled different distances inside the,medium 2. Let V, and V, be the velocities of light in two media. => If‘t’ is time taken by the light to travel from F to G then FG = Vit. = In the same time, the distance travelled by the wavelet from D is DH=V,t FG By eee au (-re() ee A circle is drawn in medium-2 with D as centre and DH as radius to represent the secondary ‘wavelet from D. A tangent GH is drawn to the circle. GH is the envelope of all the secondary ‘wavelets from the points between D and G So it represents the refracted wavefront, DHI and GJ are refracted rays corresponding to the incident rays CD and EFG. i) Snell's law of refraction : A normal N,DN, is drain at D. In the A DFG, DF is perpendicular to CD and DG is perpendicular to DN, : Angle between DF and DG = angle between CD and DN, = In the A DHG, (D+|[H+|G=180"° 90-7-+90+|G =180° eeVAVE OPTICS nate ‘\77| ‘i «gin pee DH Vite In the right angled A DFG sin /= “=. Inthe right angled A DHG sin r= >= = sini _V, Snr “V7, ~Sonstant, Since V, and V, are constants, This is Snell’s law of refraction. 4 sin i ¥, If medium 2 is denser with respect to I then Sy >t pel ieKrny Hence velocity of light in denser medium is less than the velocity of light in rarer medium. Second law of refraction : From the Geometry, it is clear that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the refracting surface AB at point o law of refraction. -nce lie in same plane. This verifies the second Distinguish between coherent and incoherent addition of waves. Develop the theory of constructive and destructive interferences. 2) 3) 4) COHERENT ADDITION OF WAVES ‘When the phase difference between the two vibrating sources remains constant with time then the two sources are coherent sources. When coherent waves superimpose then they undergo interference. In addition of coherent waves the maximum intensity is 41, (constructive interference) and minimum intensity is. zero (destructive interference) Ex, Young’s double slit experiment ) 3) 4) INCOHERENT ADDITION OF WAVES __) ‘When the phase difference between the twa vibrating sources changes rapidly with time, then the two sources are incoherent sources. When incoherent waves superimposed then they donot undergo interference. In addition of incoherent waves the intensities just add up. So resultant intensity is 21, It is similar to two seperate light sources itfuminate a wall, Theory of constructive and destructive interference: Pe Consider two needles S, and S, moving periodically up and down in an identical fashion in a trough of Water. They produce two water waves and at a particular point, the phase Gifference between the displacements produced by each of waves does not change with time. Hence the two sources are said to be coherent. Case-i; If point P is taken such that $,P= S,P, Since the distances S, and 8,P are equal, waves from S, and S, will take the same time to travel to the point P and arrive the point P in same phase. ‘ The displacements produced by sources S, and S, at point P is given by y, =a cos wt y,=acos wt (1: $,P=S,P) Resultant displacement at point P is given by y=y,+y,=a cos ot +acos wt y= 2a 00s a "Since the intensity is proportional to the square ofthe amplitude, the resultant intensity at ‘P” is given by 1=4l,, So resultant intensity is maximum at point P. Where I, is intensity produced by each one of the individual sources. So at point P the twozl waves undergoes constructive interference, If point Q is taken such that $,Q-S8,Q= ah sa-? Here the path difference between two waves from sources S, and S, is 2). So phase difference | between hwo waves is 4m oe The displacements produced by sources S, and Qn “q- X path difference) Syat point Q is given by y, = a cos. wt yj a cos(ot-4p) =a cos at Resultant displacement 2a cos at. ee ‘The two waves once again in. phase at point Q | and intensity will be again maximum ie., 41, giving rise to constrictive interference. Case-iii ff point R is taken such taht S.R-$R==2.51. Here the path difference benveen two. waves. froni sources S, and S, is -2.5%. So phase difference “Thee displacements produced by sources S, and Sat point R is given by y, =a cos et y,=acos (t+ Sn) Resultant displacement y = y =acos Wt —a cos. Resultant intensity at R() =.) Here two displacements are out of phase’and the two displacements will cancel out to'give zero intensity. This is reffered to as destructive interference. Conetusion : If S, snd 8, exe two vibrating sources ii phase then for an arbitrary. point P. When ever path difference. Q3. Ans, PHYSICS, Intermediate Second Year i) SP~S,P = nd (A= 0,1,2,3,....) Then the waves undergo constructive inteference and resultant intensity will be 4I,. i ii) SP~S,P= (n-d)2 (n= 0,1,2,3.....) ‘Then the waves undergo destructive interference and resultant intensity will be zero. Describe Young’s experiment for observing. interference and hence arrive at the expression for fringe width. (IMP) ‘Young's double slit experiment: In Young’s double slit experiment light coming from a monochtomatic source is’ made to fall on’ an ‘opaque screen. The screen consists of two pin holes which are equidistant from the source, The two pin holes Will act as coherent sources of light.A screen is placed parallel to these coherent sources. On this screen we can observe » dark and bright bands. interference pattern i Thomas young made two pinholes S, and S, (very close to each other) on an opaque screen. ‘These were illuminated by another pinhole that ‘was lit by a bright (monochromatic) source of light, Light wave spread out from S and fall on both S, and 8, thus both S, and S, behave like two coherent sources: ‘The spherical wave fronts eminating from S, and S, will-produce Interference fringes on the Screen GG! Consider an arbitrary point P on the screen, to have maximum intensity at P, the path difference between the waves eminating from S, & S, to reach *P” should be equal to even multiples of an. ao S,P = SP=(2n) M2 (1). n=0,1,2,3 (S,Py =(S,PYAVE ORIKS where $,$,= d and OP = x thus ifed <)7 and becoming weaker and weaker with increasing ‘n’, se e30 PHYSICS, Intermediate Second Year | WA’ A seperate patterns is known as resolving power FI Ge a Consider an angle 9=57 (n= 1) whichis mid pac eee way between two of the dark fringes. Devide Consider a parallel beam of light failing on a the slit in to three equal parts. Consider two convexlens: If the lens is well corrected for thirds of the slit, the path difference between aberrations then geometrical optics tells us that the two ends would be the beam will get focussed to a point. However, because of diffraction, the beam instead of, getting focussed to a point gets focused to.a spot The first two-third of the slit can therefore be of finite area. “ Sol. a noi 5 devided into two halves which have a = path Taking into account the effects due to diffraction, 7 a . 2 the pattern on the focal plane would consist of a difference: The contribution of these two halves paneer central bright region surrounded by concentric cancel each other. Only remaining one-third of ‘neal : R dark and bright rings. Stel eee eee eee aue borat ‘A detailed analysis shows that the radius of the between the two minima. Clearly this will be . . . central bright region is approximately given by much weaker than central maximum, Similarly for n=2,3....ete. the intensity become rye Zag O61 AS j weaker with increasing ‘n’ 2a 4 ~ The photograph and intensity pattern for] diffraction at single slit is as shown in figure, i 20 = | a a Where ‘fis the focal length of the lens and 2a” | 3 — is the diameter of the circular aperture. : ra Although the size of the spot is very small, it | plays an important role in determining the limit moa of resolution of optical instruments like a Q.5. What is resolving power of optical telescope. For two stars to be just resolved. Sol instruments ? Derive the conditions under a trum a which images are resolved. (IMP) eG? a Ans. Resolving power of optical instruments : The ability of the optical instruments to produce their This implies that the telescope will have better resolving power if. is large. Example Problems - What speed shoulda galaxy move with respect to us so that the sodium line at 589.0 am is observed at $89.6 nm ? Sol. As we know that vA =c 2) zi 589.0 ++3.06 x 105 m/s =306 km/sec. : 2. The galaxy is moving away from us. a) When monochromatic light is incident on | 5. a surface seperating two media, the reflected and refracted light both have the same frequency as the incident frequency. Explain why? 80F RAVE UP Hee Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. b) When light travels from a rarer toa denser medium, the speed decreases. Does the reduction in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by the light wave ? c) In the wave picture of light intensity of light is determination by the square of the amplitude of the wave. What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light. (a) Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of incident light with the atomic constituents of matter. Atoms may be viewed as oscillations, which take up the frequency of the external agency and undergo forced oscillations. The frequency of light emitted by a charged oscillator equals its frequency of oscillation. Thus, the frequency of scattered light equals to the frequency of incident light. (b) No. Energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave not on the speed of ‘wave propagation. (©) Fora given frequency intensity of light in the photon picture is determined by the number of photons crossirig an unit area per unit time ‘Twoslits are made one millimeter apart and the screen is placed one meter away. What is the fringe seperation when blue-green light of wave length 500nm is used ? Da d Fringe spacing [Fring spacing =5%10"m What should the width of each slit be to obtain 10 maxima of the double slit pattern within the central maximum of the single slit pattern? We want a0=2 =0=4 wit = ada Note : The wavelength of light and distance of the screen do not enter in the calculation of a. Assume that light of wavelength 6000 A® Is coming from a star. What Is the limit of resolution of a telescope whose objective has a diameter of 100 inch ? ‘A100 inch telescope implies that 6. Sol, Sol. 2a= 100 inch = 254 om, 000 AP= 6x 10%em ngn0lA a = 2:61x6210" 9 91077 radians 127 For what distance is ray optics a good approximation when the aperture is 3 mm wide and the wave length is 500 nm. [, @ _ Gry A 5x10” This example shows that even with a small aperture diffraction spreading can be neglected for rays many metres in length. Thus ray optics is valid in many common situations. Discuss the intensity of transmitted light when a polaroid sheet is rotated between two. crossed polaroids ? Let |, be the intensity of polarised light after passing through first polariser P,. Then the intensity of light after passing through second polariser P, will be I =I, cos? 8. When @ is the angle between pass axes of P, and P,. Since P, and P, will be (é- a) = 18m +: Intensity’ 1 = Jp cos” 8.cos"| (E-9) , cos? 8.sin? @ ice, the transmitted intensity will be maximum when {0 4 Unpolarised light is incident on a plane glass surface. What should be the angle of incidence so that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other ? For i+ +o bé equal to = We should have tan ig = = 1.5. This gives i, = 57°. This is the Brewster’s angle for air to glass interface,[sz] PHYSICS, Intermediate Second Year can )Exercise Problems Monochort ic light of wave length $89 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wave length, frequency and speed of (a) reflected and (b) refracted light? (Refractive index of water is 1.33) a) For Reflected Light : Wave length, frequency and speed same as incident light. i) Wave length = 589 nm =589 x 10? m ¢ p=£ Frequency => Velocity of light = 3 x 10° m/s 3x10 . ‘i = Fag x19 7 0.00509 x 10" = 5.09 10" Hz b) For Refracted Light : Frequency same as the incident frequency i) Frequency v = §.09 10" Ha x10" 133 ii) Velocity" = [w= 1.33] = 2.256% 10° ms! 0 )-4432 x 10-%n 5.0910" . = 443.2 10° m= 443.2 nm 2. What is the shape of the wave front in each of the following cases. a) Light diverging from a point source. b) Light emerging out of'a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus. ©) The portion of the wave front of light from a distance star intercepted by the earth, 1a) Shape of wave front is spherical, when light diverging from a point source. Sol: by Shape of wave front is ph when light emerging out of a conveslens when a point source is placed at its focus. ¢) Shape of wave front is plane. 3.._-a) The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass ? {Speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 10° ms] b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light ?,If not, which of the Sol. 4. Sol. Sol. ‘two colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism ? (a) = 1.5; C=3 x 10*mst The speed of light in glass _3x10° v =2x10° ms™ (b) No. The refractive index and speed of light in a medium depends on wave length {colour] v eet Area > Aric, $0 Yee > Yet So violet travel slower in a glass prism than red. Ina Young’s double slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.28 mm and the screen is placed 1.4m away. The distance between the central bright fringe and the fourth bright fringe is measured to be 1.2-em. Determine the wave length of light used in the experiment? Separation between the slits d = 0.28 mm = 28 x 10° mdistance between slit and the screen D= 1.4 m for fourth bright fringe n=4 distance between the central bright fringe and fourth bright fringe x = 1.2 em= 12x 107m. We know that |¥= 7 4A(1.4). ge A2x107)(28x107) 28x10 * 44x10") = 6x 107 m= 600x 10? m = 600 nm. 12x10? In Young’s double slit experiment, using’ | monochromatic light of wave length 2, the | intensity of light at a point on the screen _ where path difference is 2 is k units. What is. the intensity of light at a point where path difference is 4 ? Path difference x, =2.intensity 1, =K Path difference x, = 2 intensity 1,=? Qn Phase difference 4, are isWAVE Sr iVo Sol. 1 o 2(2) 28 A\3 3 M LI, 008? We know that, : 5) ® cos?| & cos: Le (§ ok. nal) poe Te Acbeam of light consisting of two wave lengths 650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference fringes in Young's double slit experiment. ‘a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe ‘on the screen from the central maximum for ‘wave length 650 nm. 'b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wave lengths coincide ?. [ the slit D=.120 em) 3 (650%107)120 d 02 17010 =1,17 x 10° m= 1.17. mm ‘b) We know that, n?, = constant =n, =n,2, 1n,(650) = n,(520); Sn, = 4n, moan ny 5 a) ‘The bright fringes of both wave lengths will coincide for n and (n+ |) fringes. HAD (WFl)AD- : Bae (650) = (n +1)520 Sn—4n=4 My Sn=(n+1)4 neg dt | nad +. Distance from central maxima, X=—2= 4x (65010120 02 = 1560 10° = 1.56 x 107 = 1.56 mm Ina doubleslit experiment the angular width of a fringe is found to be 0.2° on a sereea placed 1 m away. The wave length of light used be the angular width of the fringe -e experimental apparatus is imm in water.? Take eparation d=0.2.em, screen distance from | Sol. | Sol. Sol. ‘Angular fringe width 0 = 0.2° ar acd In water 6! = [anda -4| ‘What is the Brewster angle for air to glass transition 2 [Refractive index of gla: i, =tan? Light of wavelength 5000 A° falls on a plane reflecting surface. What are the wave length and frequency of the reflected light ? For what angle of incidence is the reflected ray normial to the incident ray ? 4) For reflected light, wave length remains the same. +. Wave length 2. = 5000 A° c_2 3x10° ey 7 SHOOT 2x10? =0.6x10" =6x10" Hz +1= 90°. But in reflection i=r i+i=90%2i = 90° => i=45° ‘sblie'eep © relected ray Nee 1 Estimate the distance for which ray opticsis, good approximation for an aperture of 4mm. and wavelength 400 nm, Size of aperture a=4 mm=4x 102m Wave length =400nw=400 x 10-*m distance=? We know that, |2,(eal Andina Eerie Problems Sol. 12. Sol. 13, Sol. The 6563 A” H, line emitted by hydrogen ina star is found to be red shifted by 15 A®. Estimate the speed with which the star Is receding from the earth. X = 6563 A’ Shift A! — ! S Ae Shift Pas -E}: Gx10" 205) _0,006856x10° 6563 = 6.856x10° m/s. Explain how corpuscular theory predicts the speed of light ih a medium, say, water, to be greater than the speed of light in vacuum. Is the prediction confirmed by experimental determination of the speed of light in water ? If not, which alternative picture of light is consistant with experiment ? In corpuscular (particle) picture of refraction, particles of light incident from a rarer to a denser medium, experience a force of attraction normal to the surface. This results in an increase in the normal component of the velocity but the component along the surface is unchanged. This means, : csini=vsine 14. Sol. v_ sini teSen incen> 1 => v> Cau sincen> 1 => v>e +. The prediction is opposite to the experimental results (v