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An Industrial Exposure Project Report1

The document provides an overview of business exposure and different types of industries. It discusses the following: 1) It defines business exposure and explains how it helps learn empirical aspects of theoretical concepts. 2) It discusses primary, extractive, manufacturing, construction and service industries. 3) It summarizes the key points about sole proprietorship, partnership, joint Hindu family business, joint stock company and cooperative society organizational structures.

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Pratik Gaikwad
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
816 views83 pages

An Industrial Exposure Project Report1

The document provides an overview of business exposure and different types of industries. It discusses the following: 1) It defines business exposure and explains how it helps learn empirical aspects of theoretical concepts. 2) It discusses primary, extractive, manufacturing, construction and service industries. 3) It summarizes the key points about sole proprietorship, partnership, joint Hindu family business, joint stock company and cooperative society organizational structures.

Uploaded by

Pratik Gaikwad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 83

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

BUSINESS EXPOSURE

According to oxford dictionary, exposure is defined as the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience. Business exposure is an insight into the working methods, processes of the industry and different requirements, i.e., factors of production. It helps to learn and implement the empirical aspects of the theoretical concepts.

INDUSTRIES
The production side of business activity is referred as industry. It is a business activity, which is related to the raising, producing, processing or manufacturing of products. Industry is derived from the Latin word- Industrius.

Textile industry

Steel industry

Cotton industry

Health industry

Telecom industry

food industry

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
There are various types of industries. These are mentioned as follows :-

1. Primary Industry :
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of nature. It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human effort. E.g. Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.

2. Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of certain spices of plants and animals with the object of sale. The main aim is to earn profit from such sale. E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry, cattle breeding, etc.

3. Extractive Industry
Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water. Generally products of extractive industries come in raw form and they are used by manufacturing and construction industries for producing finished products. E.g. mining industry, coal mineral, oil industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and rubber from forests, etc.

4. Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming raw material into finished product with the help of machines and manpower. The finished goods can be either consumer goods or producer goods. E.g. textiles, chemicals, sugar industry, paper industry, etc.

5. Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc. This industry is different from all other types of industry because in case of other industries goods can be produced at one place and sold at another place. But goods produced and sold by constructive industry are erected at one place.

6. Service Industry
In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development of the nation and therefore it is named as service industry. The main industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry, tourism industry, entertainment industry, etc.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840, according to various historians. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools. The transition also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. The Industrial revolution began in Britain and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.

List of significant technological developments


New chemical processes to produce sulphuric acid, sodium carbonate (soda or soda ash) and other chemicals. Development of more efficient water wheels based on experiments conducted by the British engineer, John Smeaton. Development of machine tools. Development of a machinery industry.

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IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON INDIA

The industrial is one of the main sectors that contribute to the Indian GDP (gross domestic product). The country ranks fourteenth in the factory output in the world. The industrial sector is made up of manufacturing, mining and quarrying, and electricity, water supply and gas sectors.

The industrial sector accounts for around 27.6% of the India GDP and it employs over 17% of the total work force in the country. The growth rate of the industrial sector in India GDP came to around 5.2% in 2002-2003. The Indian economy is fastest growing economy in the whole world with the growing rate of the GDP at 9.4% in 2006-2007. The economy of India is the 12th biggest in the world for it has the GDP of US$ 1.09 trillion in 2007. The reason for the increase in industry growth rate in India GDP is that huge amounts of investment are being made in this sector and this has helped the industries to grow. Further the reasons for the rise of the growth rate of the industrial sector in India are that the consumption of the industrial goods has increased a great deal in the country, which in its turn has boosted the industrial sector. Also the reason for the increase of industrial growth rate in Indian GDP is that the industrial goods are being exported in huge quantities.

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INDUSTRIAL POLICIES OF INDIA

Industrial policy means rules, regulations & procedures laid down by the government & controlling industrial undertaking in the country.

A Nations industrial policy is composed of a comprehensive set of sector specific industrial policies. Many types of industrial policies contain common elements with types of interventionist practices such as trade & fiscal policy. An example of industrial policy is industrialization by substitution of imports.

Some policies are as follows: Investment policy. Immigration policy. De-industrialization policy. Tax, tariff & trade. Energy policy.

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OBJECTIVES OF 1956 INDUSTRIAL POLICY

To accelerate the rate of growth & speed up industrialization. To expand public sector. To develop heavy and machine industry. To build co-operative sector. To expand village & small scale industry.

FEATURES OF THE POLICY

Monopoly of the state Mixed sector

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CHAPTER-2

AIMS & OBJECTIVES

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AIM & OBJECTIVE


As a BBA student, industrial exposure plays an instrumental role in laying down the foundation for a successful career. The main aim and objective is to develop a student as an all rounder. AIMS Through industrial exposure the aim is to understand the different forms of organization in different sectors of industrial world. The main aim is to study the functioning of different forms of organization & find out what they contribute to the development & growth of economy. OBJECTIVES To understand the role played by India in growth of industries. To understand the reforms in the industrial sector. To understand what changes have taken place in the industrial sector of the economy. To understand the various problems faced by the industries

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CHAPTER-3

TYPES OF ORGANISATION

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PRIVATE SECTOR
The part of the economy that is not state controlled, and is run by individuals and companies for profit. The private sector encompasses all for-profit businesses that are not owned or operated by the government.

PRIVATE SECTOR

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

PARTNERSHIP FIRM

JOINT HINDU FAMILY

JOINT STOCK COMPANY

COOPERATIVE SOCIETY

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SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
A sole proprietorship, also known as the sole trader or simply a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts. Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are the proprietor's.

Advantages:
Easy formation Promptness in decision making Secrecy Better control

Disadvantages: Limited capital Limited managerial capability Unlimited liability

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PARTNERSHIP
Partnership is defined as a relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all of them or any of them acting for all. The owners of a partnership business are individually known as the "partners" and collectively as a "firm.The minimum number of partners must be two, while the maximum number can be 10 in case of banking business and 20 in all other types of business. The firm has a limited span of life i.e. legally, the firm must be dissolved on the retirement, lunacy, bankruptcy, or death of any partner.

Advantages:
Easy formation Better capital Sharing of risks Sound decision making

Disadvantages:
lack of co-operation unlimited liability lack of stability lack of faith

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JOINT HINDU FAMILY


Joint Hindu Family Business is a distinct type of organisation which is unique to India. Even within India its existence is restricted to only certain parts of the country. In this form of business ownership, all members of a Hindu undivided family do business jointly under the control of the head of the family who is known as the 'Karta'. The members of the family are known as 'Co-parceners'. Thus, the Joint Hindu Family firm is a business owned by co-parceners of a Hindu undivided estate.

Advantages:
easy formation secrecy prompt decision

Disadvantages:
limited managerial skill unlimited liability lack of co-operation of members

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JOINT STOCK COMPANY


A joint-stock company is a business entity which is owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns the portion of the company in proportion to his or her ownership of the company's shares

Advantages: limited liability stability of existence huge resources Disadvantages:


difficulty in formation delay in decision making lack of secrecy

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CO-OPERATIVE SOCEITY
So far you have learnt about sole proprietorship, partnership and joint stock company as different forms of business organisation. You must have noticed that besides many differences among them in respect of their formation, operation, capital contribution as well as liabilities, one common similarity is that they all engage in business activities to earn profit. Without profit it is impossible for them to survive and grow. But there are certain organisations which undertake business activities with the prime objective of providing service to the members.

Advantages:
Easy Formations. Open Membership. Democratic Control. Limited liability. State Assistance.

Disadvantages:
Limited Capital. Problems in Management. Lack of Motivation. Lack of Cooperation. Dependence on Government.

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PUBLIC SECTOR
The public sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector or the government sector, is a part of the state that deals with either the production, ownership, sale, provision, delivery and allocation of goods and services by and for the government or its citizens, whether national, regional or local/municipal. The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in most countries the public sector includes such services as the police, military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for the poor. The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and services that encourage equal opportunity.

PUBLIC SECTOR DEPARTMENT ORGANIZATION GOVERNMENT COMPANIES MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS STATUTORY CORPORATIONS

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GOVERNMENT COMPANY
Section 617 of the companies act defines a government company as a company in which not less than fifty-one per cent of the paid up share capital is held by the central government, or by any state government, or governments, or partly by the central government and partly by one or more state government. It also includes a company which is a subsidiary of a government company.

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DEPARTMENT ORGANISATIONS
Many of the public enterprises used department organizations of the purpose of management. In other words, government enterprises were first used as government departments. The example of government department is post, telegraphs, railways and the defense, etc.

Characteristics
Administration by the government The enterprises are run as a government department. The minister concerned is an accountable for the working of department; he is answerable to the parliament

Large-scale production As public enterprises are responsible for manufacturing for the whole country, hence large scale production is required . Financing by the government The monetary provisions are made by preparing a budget and sanctioning it by the parliament. The enterprise is financed by the treasury and the income is paid to the treasure too.

Government auditing As a budget is sanctioned by the government, the account and financial statements are audited by a government auditor.

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STATUTORY COMPANY
In India, Statutory Companies are simply the public organizations that came into existence through a special Act of Indian Parliament. The Act provides and defines various functions and powers of a statutory body. The Act also defines various rules and regulations that regulate its employees. Every stator company has a specially defined relationship with various departments of government.

Features of Statutory Corporation


1. Incorporated by special Bills/Acts in parliament 2. Separate legal entity. 3. State control. 4. Nominated directors of Government. 5. Service motive. 6. Employment conditions fixed by corporations.

Merits of Statutory Corporations


1. Autonomy of operation 2. Absence of political interference. 3. Quick and prompt decision. 4. Absence of exploitation. 5. Ease of raising capital. Demerits of Statutory Corporations 1. No flexibility in operation. 2. Misuse of powers. 3. Lack of efficiency. 4. Not easy to alter activities. 5. Political interference could be there.
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MULTINATIONAL COMPANY
A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation that is registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country. It is a large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries. [2] It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in globalization. The first multinational company was the British East India Company, founded in 1600.

Importance of MNCs:
Transfer of technology: -One of the biggest advantages is that with the entrance of multinationals, the sophisticated technology has an effective bridge into the country. This helps in future development of the country. Larger employment opportunity: -Multinational Corporation has extensive capital and technological resources thus are able to provide employment opportunities for unemployment manpower.

Increase in the standard of living: -MNCs provide new and latest products into the market, and eventfully rise to a higher standard living .

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CHAPTER-4 HINDUSTAN UNILEVER

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Introduction:
Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is India's largest consumer goods company based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is owned by the British-Dutch company Unilever which controls 52% majority stake in HUL. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Hindustan Unilever's distribution covers over 2 million retail outlets across India directly and its products are available in over 6.4 million outlets in the country. As per Nielsen market research data, two out of three Indians use HUL products. HUL is the market leader in Indian consumer products with presence in over 20 consumer categories such as soaps, tea, detergents and shampoos amongst others with over 700 million Indian consumers using its products.

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History of Hindustan Unilever Ltd.


HUL was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and came into being in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited through a merger of Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspati Mfg. Co. Ltd. and United Traders Ltd. It is headquartered in Mumbai, India and has an employee strength of over 16,500 employees and contributes to indirect employment of over 65,000 people. The company was renamed in June 2007 as Hindustan Unilever Limited. Lever Brothers started its actual operations in India in the summer of 1888, when crates full of Sunlight soap bars, embossed with the words "Made in England by Lever Brothers" were shipped to the Kolkata harbour and it began an era of marketing branded Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). The company has a distribution channel of 6.3 million outlets and owns 35 major Indian brands.

Products produced by HUL:


1. Food products Brooke bond Knoor soups Lipton Quality walls Kissan, etc. 2. Home care brands Active wheel detergent Comfort fabric softener Vim dishwash Rin detergent, etc. 3. Personal care brands Axe deodorant and aftershaving lotion and soap Close Up, pepsodent toothpaste Denim shaving products Fair & Lovely skin-lightening products Lakm beauty products and salons

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Vision statement of HUL


Unilever products touch the lives of over 2 billion people every day whether that's through feeling great because they've got shiny hair and a brilliant smile, keeping their homes fresh and clean, or by enjoying a great cup of tea, satisfying meal or healthy snack. We're constantly developing our brands and products to keep pace with the changes in consumers lives.

Mission statement of HUL


Unilevers mission is to add vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life.

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Hindustan Unilever Ltd.-Unilever India Exports


The Tea Export Unit of Hindustan Unilever was visited on 12th August in Saswad, Pune. The main objective of the visit was to understand and analyze the working of management. This factory was set up in 1985 and has about 344 employees at present. The unit head of this plant is Mr. G.D.Patil. There were employee get together and also social awareness programmes like Quality Week Celebration, Safety Week Celebration, Sports Week, Family Day, World No Tobacco Day, World Environment Day, Blood Donation Camps, etc. The Unit adheres to safety at a high level. It has the following policy, value life, value safety. The unit follows TPM ( Total Premetive Maintenence) and makes sure there is discipline and hygiene maintained. Quality Incident Pyramid business loss reputation loss

cost loss
time loss near miss This unit exports tea from various parts of the world including India (26%) and others are Argentina (8%), Kenya + Malawi (46%), Srilanka (1%) and Indonesia(19%). The Unit produces pure and simple tea like Taj Mahal, Bushells, Brisk, Lipton, Brooke Bond, Red Label and Rickshaw. These are packed with either only filter paper or with envelopes. The filter paper is imported from Germany and the envelopes are imported from USA. All these brands are exported to the US, Canada , Sweden, Israel, Japan, Korea, Hongkong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, south Africa and Phillipines.

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The unit currently has 9 independent lines in operation and has 137 primary equipments.

Process flow for a standard line: Carton erector Conveying equipment Lid closer Inner/ outer coding Check weigher/ counter Over wrapper Case scalers/ case packers

Their competitors are P&G and Godrej. HUL is planning to start production in biscuits and a shoe factory.

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Manufacturing process

The tea leaves exported from various countries like Argentina, Kenya, Srilanka, etc. are put in a blending drum. In this, different blends are mixed. From the blending drums, the tea is then stored in the hoppers. Later, the tea passes through the packaging machine where it is rolled in filter paper and thread. It is then enveloped and put into big boxes for packaging. The weight of the boxes are checked and after a thorough quality test, the tea boxes are dispatched.

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Flow Chart TEA BLENDING DRUM HOPPER

PACKAGING MACHINE

WEIGHT CHECK OVER WRAP QUALITY TEST DISPATCH

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Products produced by HUL tea export unit in Pune

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CONCLUSION
Visiting this industry helped us in understanding how an industry is operated right from raw material procrument, manufacturing and then to marketing .Time is very important as a delay in the time can result in loss of materials, decrement in quality of product and therefore decrement for demand for the product in the market. Thus time management HUL was highly appreciated and even Interaction with the employees helped increase our knowledge.

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CHAPTER-5 MILTECH INDUSTRIES

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Introduction:
A Miltech industry was established in 1991in Nagpur to provide injection moulded plastic components to the Indian defence. It was registered under the SSI Registration No. 11/14/5851/PMT/SSI dated 29/07/1991. Today the company operates from locations i.e. Nagpur and Pune. The Company is engaged in production of plastics products for engineering application. Maximum defence related stores are supplied form Nagpur works. Nagpur plant has the capacity of 25 machines installed from 10T650T. State of the art injection Moulding Facility set up at Ranjangaon, near Pune, 200 km from the Western India port city of Mumbai Group sales Turnover FY 2009-10: Rs 700 mil. Salient features of ranjangaon unit: Plant set up with a view to cater to custom moulding requirement for the white goods, auto industry and the engineering industry Centralized material dehumidifying, drying and feeding system. Maintenance Mould Shop- with EDM, Radial Drilling, milling and other conventional machines. Fully conveyorized Paint Shop Customized Assembly facility. Workforce total Miltech team of 250 plus approx 100 people for secondary operations. ISO/TS 16949 certified unit. Machines- Pune 30 machines from 20T 1800T

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History:Miltech Group of Industries was established in 1979 with Wood Preservers Pvt. Ltd at Nagpur, Maharashtra to serve the surge in wooden component requirements by the Indian Defence. In 1991 Miltech Industries Pvt. Ltd. started a full-service plastic injection moulding facility in Nagpur to cater to the requirement of precision plastic products by defence establishments. Gradually it added a sophisticated Mould Shop for manufacturing moulds in-house. We also established a NABL accredited lab for assuring quality and carrying out research. A new factory was established at Pune in 2005 with full range of machines starting from 30 T to 1800 T. It also has post moulding facilities like paint shop, Pad printing, Ultra Sonic Welding etc. When the demand for Sheet Metal components by the Defence increased, Miltech established a state of the art Press Shop. Miltech Group of Industries majorly serves Automobile and White Goods Sector and is the undisputed No. 1 supplier to the Indian Defence .

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Key Features
Most sophisticated Mould Shop in India, capable of manufacturing high quality and precision tools for a wide range of industries utilizing CAD/CAE/CAM technology Well know for manufacturing tools for the Automotive industry, White Goods industry and Indian Defense Equipped with state of the art machines like CNC vertical (Makino), Wire Cut (Electronic), Spark EDMs(Electronica and Makino), CNC Turning Lathe (Asker Microns), CMM (Brown & Sharp) and all other conventional machines

MOULD ENGINEERING
Miltech Mould Shop Mould Shop has over 18 years of experience in the plastic industry. The company consists of professional engineers and technologists with expertise in system planning, wire-cut, milling, quality and engineering. Mould Shop support staff have years of experience in surveying, project, design and data management. Additional professional and technical assistance is available through Mould Shop's network of experts.

Mould Maintenance Services Miltech Maintenance Department, carries out proactive and predictive maintenance elements. The maintenance service helps customers to achieve and sustain the lowest total part cost over the entire product lifecycle - regardless of market, size of operation or location. They achieve this by taking care of the moulds and caring out regular maintenance over them. We understand that the mould is an important asset and has to be treated with due care and diligence.

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Quality & Assurance All the process is continuously monitored with rigorous inspection and with proper documentation at various stages. We have a complete quality management program with ISO 9001:2000 and TS - 16949 in place to support and guarantee the customer satisfaction the finished molds pass through VTC's stringent quality controls. The latest precision measuring methods are used to examine all components' compliance with manufacturing tolerances and appropriate reports are made. Quality Assurance Facilities: MITUTOYO - Tool makers microscope BROWN & SHARPE 3D measuring CMM machines MITUTOYO 3D measuring VMM machine 2D measuring microscope Height gauge and related Instruments Host of other inspection equipments. Their Achievements

Award for excellence in technical support given by Haworth Inc. USA

Supplier of the year Award 2006-07 by TATA Autocomp systems Tier 1 global suppliers to Volkswagen

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Products Produced by Miltech


Plastic is known to be very versatile and economical material that is used in many applications.

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Miltech Clients:-

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INDUSTRY VISITED
An industrial visit on 10th SEPT 2011 to MILTECH INDUSTRIES in Ranjangaon.

The main objective of the visit was to understand and analyze the working of the management, organisation and use of technology. Plant set up with a view to cater to custom moulding requirement for the white goods, auto industry and engineering industry centralized material dehumidifying, drying and feeding system. Tools are also manufactured for thermoforming and compression moulding as well as sheet metal dies and fixtures. Equipped with state-of-the-art machines like CNC Vertical, Wire cut, Spark EDMs, and CNC tuning Lathe as well as conventional machines, it has gained an unmatched reputation for its capabilities to manufacture high quality, precision tools utilizing CAD/CAE/CMM technologies for a wide range of industries especially automotive, white goods & the defense sector. In- House inspection facilities like CMM, VMM & other sophisticated measuring instruments as well as a fully equipped NABL accredited lab for material testing ensures high precision quality tooling. The biggest strength though has been the highly qualified & experienced technical manpower for designing & manufacture.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS:Injection moulding is a plastic manufacturing process where liquid thermo-plastic or thermo set is injected into tool or die under pressure. Injection moulding involves taking plastic in the form of pellets or granules and fed into heated barrel, mixed and forced into a mould cavity where it is allowed to cool into the desired shape. The mould is opened and part is ejected.

APPLICATIONS: Injection moulding is used to create many things such as wire pools, packing bottle caps, automotive dash boards and most other things plastic product available today.

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FLOW CHART

RAW MATERIALS

HEAT TREATMENT

MIXING

MOULD CAVITY

COOLING

PAINTING

FINAL PRODUCT

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CONCLUSION
Now a days environmental concern is a rising issue worldwide and following environmental standard is highly appreciated and Miltech industries produces Electronic products that are used in large quantities in other industries. Recently in 2007 Miltech industries got ISO / TS - 1694Certification from UL which shows the quality of products produced by them and efficiency among workers . To provide excellent standards in service and quality, Miltech is equipped with some of the most efficient and advanced machine with skilled professionals which itself makes them unique from other industries.

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CHAPTER-6 ULTRATECH CONCRETE

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INTRODUCTION:-

Ultratech Cement Limited is among the worlds top 10 cement companies. The company has an annual capacity of 48.8 million tonnes, and manufactures and markets ordinary Portland cement, Portland blast furnace slag cement and Portland pozzalana cement. It also manufactures ready mix concrete. The company has eleven integrated plants, one white cement plant, twelve grinding units and five terminals- four in India and one in Sri-Lanka. Ultratech Cement is the countrys largest exporter of cement clinker. The export markets span countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. The companys subsidiaries are Dakshin Cements Limited, Harish cements Limited, Ultratech Cement Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd, and Ultratech Cement Middle East investments limited. The Ultratech concrete plants are present in Mumbai, Pune, Nasik, Nagpur, Ahemadabad, Surat, Gurgaon, Noida, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cochin, Vizag, Ludhiana, Kolkata and many more are coming up. Ultratech cement ltd. has five integrated plants, six grinding units and three terminals -two in India and one in Sri Lanka.

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HISTORY:The Aditya Birla Group is among the top 10 cement producers globally. It was incorporated on 24th august 2000 as L&T cement limited. Cement business of Larsen and Toubro Limited demerged and vested in company in 2004. Grasim acquired management control in July 2004. Together with Grasim, one of the largest cement produces n India. Name changed to UltraTech cement limited with effect from 14 Oct 2004.

Narmada Cement Company limited amalgamated with Ultratech in May 2006. Cement business of Grasim demerged and vested I Samruddhi cement limited in may 2010. Samruddhi cement limited amalgamated with Ultratech cement in July 2010. Ultratech cement Middle East investments limited wholly owned subsidiary of the company has acquired management control of ETA Star cement together with its operations in the UAE, Bahrain and Bangladesh September, 2010.

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Globally the Aditya Birla group is:A metal powerhouse, among the worlds most cost efficient aluminium and copper producers. Hindalco, from its fold is a fortune 500 company. It is also the largest aluminium rolling company and one of the 3 biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia, with the largest single location copper smelter No.1 in viscose staple fibre The 3rd largest producer of insulators The 4th largest producer of carbon black The 11th largest cement producer globally & the 2nd largest in India Among the worlds top 15 BPO companies & among Indias top 3 Among the best energy efficient fertilizers plants.

Beyond business: Working in 3700 villages Reaching out to 7 million people annually through the Aditya Birla Centre for Community Initiatives & Rural Development, spearheaded by Mrs.Rajashree Birla. Focus areas are: - health care, education, sustainable development, infrastructure, etc. Run 45 schools & 18 hospitals. Transcending the conventional barriers of business to send out a message that We Care .

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VISION STATEMENT: To actively contribute to the social and economical development of the communities in which we operate. In doing so it builds a better, sustainable way of light for the weaker section of society & raises the countries human development index. To be a premium global conglomerate with a clear focus on each business.

MISSION STATEMENT: To deliver a superior value of our customer, shareholder, employees & society at large.

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PRODUCTS PRODUCED BY COMPANY


ULTRATECH CONCRETE: Concrete is most vital material in modern construction. It has versatile properties like easy mould ability, high compressive strength and long lasting durability.

ULTRATECH CEMENT: Cement is fine powder, which when mixed with water undergoes chemical change and thereafter allowed to set and harden is capable of uniting fragments or masses of solid matter together to produce a mechanically strong material.

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RAW MATERIALS USED FOR CONCRETE (PROCESS)

CEMENT

Ultra Tech Concrete plants use fresh cement directly procured from the state of art cement plants mainly through cement bulkers, which in turn is pumped directly into Ultra Tech Concrete silos, thus protecting it from the external environment and humanity.

COARSE AGGREGATES

Ultra Tech Concrete directly sources the aggregates from selected and approved suppliers and these aggregates are tested as per IS stipulation at regular intervals for: Shape, size, &gradation, Impact value & crushing value test for their strength.

FINE AGGREGATE

Ultra Tech Concrete directly purchases sand from selected and approved suppliers. The sand is tested as per ARE stipulations at regular intervals for: Moisture Content, Gradation for fineness modulus, Silt content.

WATER

Ultra Tech Concrete tests the quality of water as per BIS standards at frequent intervals and in case the water needs any treatment, water purifiers are used.

MINERAL ADMIXTURES

In Ultra Tech Concrete plants, mineral admixtures are obtained from proven sources confirming to relevant BIS standards. High tech facilities are used for collection, transportation & storage to avoid contamination due to environment or any other source.

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CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

In Ultra Tech Concrete plants, high quality admixtures are used in concrete during mixing to improve certain properties of fresh concrete such as workability and setting time. The admixtures are sourced from reputed companies and are tested for compatibility with cement before use.

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

In Ultra Tech Concrete, workability is properly controlled through scientific methods by appropriate dosing of admixtures. Workability is measured for every batch to facilitate efficient transportation and pumping.

BATCHING AND MIXING

Ultra Tech Concrete is proportioned using computer aided scientific methods confirming to relevant standards. Mixing is done through high efficiency pan mixers or twin shaft vibro mixers in fully automated mixing and batching plant leaving no scope for human error. These measures ensure consistent quality in every batch.

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QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY


The Quality Control Laboratory primarily carried about testing physical properties of concrete whereas chemical tests are carried out in the open, outside. Sampling at the lab is done for all the raw materials which go into making the product. Testing of samples of concrete bricks produced from each batch is done as per 15 norms and internal norms as well.

There are many ways by which the testing is done: Sieve analysis: - It is used for checking samples of the material to be utilized and weather it follows the 15 norms. Tube testing: - It is used for testing the strength of the product. Accelerated curing tank (ACT):- Cubes of materials are boiled for three hours and after a period of 24 hours its indicative strength is realized.

Aggregate are made cubical so as to boost the strength of the concrete. They make crushed sand to save natural sand, but due to government norms, they need to use river sand.

Also at the Quality Control Laboratory were different types of concrete slabs of different colors for various applications. They also manufacture porous blocks and customized concrete slabs as per the customers demand.

After a visit to the Quality Control Laboratory, we were showed the mixing plant which was the main highlight of the industrial visit. Around the mixing plant there were different aggregates of concrete segregated in an extremely organized way according to their sizes

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The entire process of manufacturing concrete and loading it into the transit mixers is completely mechanized

Initially the JCB machine collects the sand and it is put into the hopper. Nothing is done manually. There are 4 softwares which operate the whole process.

There are three tanks in all, which include 2 side tanks for concrete and the third tank stores the fly ash used as raw material in the process.

The handling of fly ash and slag are done from closed bunkers to silos directly.

Separate weigh batchers are provided for each ingredient like cement, water, admixtures and aggregates. The weighing is done on sophisticated electronic weigh batchers. Precise weighing of all materials is done through electronic load cells made up of special alloys.

Homogenous mixture of concrete is ensured by use of special highefficiency mixture like pan-type or turbo shaft mixers.

A fully equipped onsite plant laboratory is available at each plant. A sprinkler system is installed to ensure temperature control of aggregates in hot weather In line with group focus towards environment and eco-friendly too all silos are installed with bag filters and level indicators to avoid any kind of pollution.

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Laser sensor and moisture control are used for a stringent quality assurance.

Well trained and experienced engenders are available at every plant to take care of the quality of the concrete.

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PLANT VISITED:An industrial visit on 10Sept 2011 to an Ultratech Plant(Ready mix and brick) at wagholi, a subsidiary unit of Ultratech Cement Ltd.The main objective of the visit was to understand and ananlyze the working of management, organisation and use of technology.

This company is situated at Wagholi which produces cement concrete and bricks as its final products which is directly used in construction of building and roads etc. The company purchases cement and other raw-materials from the Ultratech cement manufacturing company. The plant is established on area of about 1.7-1.8 acres of land. The industry has four cylo- tanks in which, two are of water tanks and remaining two for fly ash tanks. At ultratch plant,the concerned person showed us the entire process of manufacturing of concrete and bricks. After we went to Quality control laboratory, where we shown extacly all the mean and measure taken by the company to maintain high quality in their products. Ultratech concrete has 5 plants spread around Pune namely at:- Wagholi, Hinjewadi, Wakad, Kondhwa and Chinchwad.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CONCRETE:-

Entire process is computerized leaving no scope for human errors. All the control systems are windows based. Cement and others raw material are checked as per our quality plan. All the raw material is stocked in separate bins and is stocked under cover so that aggregate are not exposed to direct sunlight and environment pollution. Cement, fly ash, stag etc. are stocked in a separate soil for better control on recipe. Handling of fly ash and stag are done from closed bunker to soil directly. Separate weight batchers are provided for each ingredient like cement, water, admixture and aggregate. The weighing is done on sophisticated electronic weigh batchers precise weighing of all material is done through electronic load cells. Homogeneous mixing of concrete is ensuring by use of special high efficiency mixture like pan-type or turbo-twin shaft mixture. A fully equipped onsite plant laboratory is available at every plant. A sprinkle system is installed to ensure temperature control of aggregate into hot weather. In line with group focus forward environment and eco-friendliness all silos are installed with bag filters and level indicator to avoid any kind of pollution. Processors are in place for affective and periodic maintenance and calibration of all critical components. Laser sensor and moisture control are used for a stringent quality assurance.

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FLOW CHART

RAW MATERIALS

WATER

CHEMICAL

MIXING

LOADING

DISPATCH

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CONCLUSION

Now a days environmental concern is a rising issue worldwide and following environmental standard is highly appreciated. Ultra tech cement has adhered to this environmental standard and is one of the leading eco-friendly cement industries in India today. Time is very important as a delay in the time can result in loss of materials, decrement in quality of product and therefore decrement for demand for the product in the market. Thus time management at Ultra Tech was highly appreciated and even Interaction with the employees helped increase our knowledge.

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CHAPTER-7 KATRAJ DAIRY

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Introduction:-

Pune Zillah Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Maryadit, popularly known as KATRAJ DAIRY in the local and branded as Katraj, a district level cooperative organization registered in 1960, involved in processing milk and milk product. The representative of milk producing farmers based in rural, encompassing almost the entire Pune District, manage this organization on behalf of the milk product for their socio-economic growth.

VISION STATEMENT:

To actively contribute to the social and economical development of the communities in which we operate. In doing so it builds a better, sustainable way of light for the weaker section of society. To deliver a superior value of our customer, shareholder, employees society at large.

MISSION STATEMENT:

Katraj Dairy is committed to the continuous improvement of quality, reliability and productivity. For that we have continuous improvement programs. This end will be achieved through unrelenting attention and action paid to perfect service, customer needs, and product selection.

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History:Katraj Dairy was incorporated in 1960 with an intension of providing an organized facility of milk collection for the village level farmers situated in Pune district. Katraj Dairy started with milk collection of about 0.30 lakh (30.000) litres per day in the first year of operation and today, has steadily grown to over 1.50 lakh (0.15 million) litres per day and has a financial turnover of over Rs.150 crores (Rs.1500 million / US$ 33 million). Katraj Dairy has achieved ISO 9001:2000 & HACCP certification from DNV in Oct. 2006 & maintained. In Oct. 2009 Dairy has achieved ISO 9001:2008 & HACCP 2006 Dutch Standard from Det Norskey Veritus. Katraj Dairy with its eight chilling plants and 12 BMC spread almost all over the district has an installed milk handling capacity of over 5 lakh (0.50 million) litres per day. The main plant of Katraj is equipped with modern Pasteurizer, homogenizer, Cream separator, Ghee processing, automatic packing of milk and milk products and other quality testing devices and well equipped labs. Katraj Dairy has an installed processing capacity of 2 lakh (0.2 million) litres per day. Katraj dairy manufactures / Distributes milk and milk products like Pasteurized/Homogenized-Cow milk , Toned milk , Double toned milk ,Standardized Milk, Full cream milk, Cow & Buffalo Cream and Ghee, Shrikhand, Amrakhand, Malai Paneer, Dahi, Flavoured Milk, Lassi, Jeera Taak, Table Butter, Milk Powder, Softy Ice cream, Pedha , Khoa and in the near future plans to introduce sterilized milk in 200ml bottle and hard ice-cream with different flavours in different pack sizes. Katraj products have been in use in thousands of homes in Pune since 1961. Today Katraj is a symbol of high-quality milk products sold at reasonable prices, the genesis of a vast co-operative network triumph of indigenous technology.

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Products produced by Katraj dairy:-

Milk Cream Ghee Shirkhand Amarkhand Malai Paneer Dahi Flavoured milk Lassi Jeera/plain taak Table butter Milk powder Softy ice-cream Pedha

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PLANT VISITED:An industrial visit on 29th Jan 2011 to Katraj Dairy.

The main objective of the visit was to understand and analyze the working of management. The organisation has its strategic location as it is based in Pune city, a place with historic and cultural importance and major district place in Maharashtra, with a sound education and industrial infrastructure.

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF MILK


Milk is an almost ideal food. It has high nutritive value. It supplies body building proteins, bone forming minerals and health giving vitamins and furnishes energy giving lactose and milk fat. Besides supplying some essential fatty acids, it contains the above nutrients in an easily digestible and assailable form. All these properties make milk an important food for pregnant women, growing children, adolescents, adults, invalids, convalescents and patients alike. Milk may be defined as a whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy Milch animals excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums free and containing the minimum prescribed percentage of milk fat and milk-solids-not-fats. Pasteurization: The term pasteurization refers to the process of heating each & every particle of milk to at-least 63 C for 30 minutes, or 72 C for 15 seconds in approved and properly operated equipment. After pasteurization the milk is gradually cooled to 5 C or below. Homogenization: Homogenization refers to the process of forcing the milk through a homogenizer with the object of sub dividing the fat globules. Standards of different Milks Class of Milk Cow Milk Standardized Milk Tonned Milk Double Tonned Milk Skimmed Milk Full creamed Milk Buffalo Milk Minimum % Fat 3.5 4.5 3.0 1.5 Less than 0.1 6 6 % SNF 8.5 8.5 8.5 9.0 8.7 9.0 9

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FLOW CHART OF MILK PROCESS:RAW MILK TEST OF RAW MILK PRE-PASTEURIZATION STORAGE IN TANK STANDARDIZATION PASTEURIZATION (73*C/85*C, 15s) HOMOGENIZATION STORAGE IN TANK PACKING COLD STORE LABORATORY TEST TO MARKET

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Cream When milk fat is concentrated into a fraction of the original milk, that portion is known as cream. Cream is a rich portion of milk fat. Cream is the product of cow or buffalo milk or a combination thereof which contains not less than 25 % milk fat Various Types of Cream Table Cream Light Cream Coffee Cream Whipping Cream Heavy Cream Plastic Cream

containing 20 - 25 % milk fat

containing 30 - 40 % milk fat

containing 65 - 85 % milk fat

Katraj Dairy has been manufacturing plastic cream with 65 - 75 % milk fat Composition
Water Fat Protein Lactose Ash Total Solids SNF 22 - 32 % 65 - 75 % 1 - 1.2 % 1.2 - 1.5 % 0.3 - 0.4 % 68 - 78 % 2.5 - 3.2 %

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Ghee
Ghee is the pure clarified fat derived solely from milk or from desi (cooking) butter or from cream to which no colouring matter is added. Ghee is the clarified butter fat prepared chiefly from cow or buffalo milk. Ghee is used as a cooking or frying medium, in confectionary, for direct consumption with rice, chapattis etc. Cow ghee is mainly used in indegeneous pharmaceutical preparations (Ayurveda). milk centrifugal separation cream churning Butter heating upto 110 C ripened or unripened Ghee Cooling packing & storage (room temperature)

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FLAVOURED MILK Flavoured Milks are milks to which some flavors/ colors and sugar been added. When the milk is used the product should contain a milk fat % at least equal to the minimum legal requirement for market milk, but when fat level is lower (1.2%), the term drink is used.

SOFTY ICE-CREAM This product is marketed in a soft condition and is ready for consumption shortly after it is drawn from the freezer. Katraj dairy has soft churner in their milk factory in the Pune city. Among milk products ice cream is also rich source of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals of vital importance in building good bones and teeth. It is a very desirable food item for growing children and person who need to put on weight. It is excellent source of Vitamin A, good source of Vitamin B & G, Niacin, and Vitamin E. The digestibility & palatability of ice cream is also very high.

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MALAI PANEER Paneer refers to the milk solids obtained by the acid coagulation of boiled whole milk & subsequent drainage of whey. The acid commonly used is citric in both natural & chemical forms. Traditionally paneer has been a variety of pressed channa, used mainly in preparing cooked vegetable dishes like palak paneer, paneer butter masala etc.

DAHI
Matka Dahi is a fermented milk beverage. Dahi originally was set using mud pots since ancestral days for the purpose of getting that unique flavour & taste gained due to the porous property of mud pots allowing filtered air flow. But now a days dahi prepared from milk faormenting with lactic culture & packed in plastic cups 370C.

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Dahi process

Standard or Whole Milk

Heating (85oC for 10 mins)

Cooling (at 35 to 37oC)

Inoculation starter culture and mixture

Filling in mud pots (matka) or plastic cup with mixture for setting with mixture for setting

capping or aluminum foil saling Incubation at 370C

store at refrigeration temperature

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PEDHA
Pedha is prepared using khoa based material. Khoa is mixed with sugar and then heated in a kadhai made of food-grade metal. After heating desired flavoring and nuts are added to the Pedha mass.

MI L K PAS T E U RI ZE RS Pasteurization is one of the most important processes in the treatment of milk. If carried out correctly, these processes will supply milk with longer shelf life. Temperature and pasteurization time are very important factors which must be specified precisely in relation to the quality of the milk and its shelf-life requirements, etc. The pasteurization temperature for homogenized, HTST pasteurized, regular-grade milk is usually 162 -167F (72 - 75C) for 15 - 20 sec. The pasteurization process may vary from one country to another according to national regulation. A common requirement in all countries is that the heat treatment must guarantee the destruction of unwanted microorganisms and of all pathogenic bacteria without the product being damaged.

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PASTEURIZER PROCESS
1. Pasteurizer 2. Balance tank 3. Feed pump 4. Flow controller 5. Regenerative preheating sections 6. Centrifugal clarifier 7. Heating section 8. Holding tube 9. Booster pump 10. Hot water heating system 11. Regenerative cooling sections 12. Cooling sections 13 Flow diversion valve 14. Control panel

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HOMOGENIZATION
Homogenization is a generic term which refers to processing a solution so that it becomes uniform. The first step, pasteurization, sterilizes the milk so that it is safer to drink. Homogenization stabilizes it for a smoother flavour. In order to accomplish homogenization; the milk is forced through a very fine screen at high pressure. The particles of fat break down and combine with the watery portion of the milk, resulting in a uniform liquid which will not separate out, since the fat particles are blended with the water. The resulting fluid is known as an emulsion, since it represents the combining of two normally unmixable substances. In the case of homogenized milk, the emulsion is highly stable and it will not separate. When milk undergoes homogenization, the taste does change slightly. The fat is more evenly distributed throughout the milk, resulting in a creamier flavour and texture. Pasteurization has a far larger impact on the flavour of dairy products, but is generally viewed as necessary since it prevents food borne illness. Most commercial milk is pasteurized and homogenized, although it is possible to find milk which has not been put through the homogenization process.

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FLOW CHART

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CONCLUSION
The organization has a unique advantage of its strategic location as it is based in Pune city, a place with historic and cultural importance and a major district place in Maharashtra, India with a sound Educational and industrial infrastructure, located about 18kilometers from Mumbai (the financial capital of India).Products of Katraj dairy are listed among 15products in all. Time is very important as a delay in the time can result in loss of materials, decrement in quality of product and therefore decrement for demand for the product in the market. Thus time management at KATRAJ DAIRY was highly appreciated and even Interaction with the employees helped increase our knowledge.

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CONCLUSION

The industrial exposure was a good experience for me. The industrial exposure aim is that the student should understand the day-to-day working of the company routine and its proper management. I could see the comprehensive working of the industries in which the manufacturing and the total supply chain process where shown and explained to us right from raw material procrument, manufacturing and marketing help any industry in conducting its business. It helped us to gain a practical knowledge of various industries. Such industrial visits expose us to the working envionment of which I will also be a part, some day.

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BIBLOGRAPHY

Information drawn from: www.katrajdairy.com www.miltechindustries.com www.ultratech.com www.katrajdairy.com Wikipedia.com Business Organisation & management- Y.K.Bhushan Modern business organisation & managementS.A.Sherlekar & V.S.Sherlekar

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