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Maxwell's Equations: F Ib × DL

Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental interactions between electric and magnetic fields. The equations relate (1) changing magnetic fields to electric fields through Faraday's law of induction, (2) currents and changing electric fields to magnetic fields through Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition, (3) electric fields to charge distributions through Gauss's law for electric fields, and (4) that there are no magnetic monopoles through Gauss's law for magnetic fields. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism, and light by showing electromagnetic waves could exist traveling at the speed of light through his set of equations.

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122 views7 pages

Maxwell's Equations: F Ib × DL

Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental interactions between electric and magnetic fields. The equations relate (1) changing magnetic fields to electric fields through Faraday's law of induction, (2) currents and changing electric fields to magnetic fields through Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition, (3) electric fields to charge distributions through Gauss's law for electric fields, and (4) that there are no magnetic monopoles through Gauss's law for magnetic fields. Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism, and light by showing electromagnetic waves could exist traveling at the speed of light through his set of equations.

Uploaded by

bafulcher
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maxwell's equations

Equation or Law Faraday Derivative form Integral form Lumped (relevant theorem) form Physics Time varying magnetics induce voltage (electrics) Charges in motion induce magnetics (fields) Charge distributions induce electric fields Magnetics (flux) begin & end at poles (Divergence thm.)

B E = t
H = J+

E dL =
C

B dS t S

V=

(Stokes thm.)

d dt

Ampere

D M=I+Id H dL = J dS + D dS t S S t C
thm.) (Stokes
D dS = Q
S

Gauss

electric

D =
B = 0
J = -
t

Gauss magnetic
Continuity Lorentz force

(Divergence thm.)

B dS = 0
S

I = J dS =
S
C

dv t
v

Charge is conserved Charges in motion in magnetic field, induce force, normal to both

dF=Id L x B F = IB dL

Gradient:
=i

1 1 1 + j + k = er + e + ez = eR + e + e x y z r r z R R R sin
J J J J = i + j + k ( J x i + J y j + J z k ) = x + y + z y z x y z x

Divergence:
A =

Ax Ay Az 1 1 A Az 1 2 1 1 A + + = + = 2 R AR ) + (rAr ) + ( A sin ) + ( x y z r r r z R R R sin R sin

Curl:

i E = i + j + k ( E x i + E y j + E z k ) = y z x x Ex

j y Ey

k z Ez

Laplacian:
2 2 2 = i + j + k i +j + k = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 y z x y z x y z x
2 2 2 = 2+ 2+ 2 x y z 1 1 2 2 = r + 2 2 + 2 r r r r z 1 2 1 1 2 = 2 R + sin + 2 2 R R R R 2 sin R sin 2
2

Definitions for Maxwell's equations


Quantity Charge: q Electric field: E Coulomb Force: F Electric displacement: D Current density: J Current: I Potential difference (voltage): V Magnetic field Intensity: H Magnetic induction (flux density): B Magnetic vector potential: A Magnetic flux: Permittivity: Free space: o = 8.854 x 10-12 F m-1 1/36 x 10-9 F m-1 Permeability: Free space: o = 4 x 10-7 H m-1 Volumetric charge density: Conductivity: Resistivity: Speed of light: c Dimensions C [Coulombs] Vm-1 = NC-1 N [newtons] [Coulomb m ] A m-2 [Amp m ]

-2 -2

Relevant equation

E = - V F=qE
D = E = o E + P

(electrostatics)

J = E
dq i = dt = V=
surface

(Ohm's law, point form)

A [Ampere -1 = Coulomb sec. ] V [Volt = -1 Joule Coulomb ] A m-1


-1

J dS
(work per charge)

path

E dL

[Amp m ]
-2

T=Wm [Webers m-2 = Tesla] W m-1 W=Vs [Webers = Volt sec.]

B = H = o ( H + M )

B= A
= B dS
surface

F m-1

[Farad m -1 = C V m-1]

-1

D = E = o E + P

H m1

[Henry m-1
-1

-1

= V sec. A m -1 = Ohm m sec.] -3 C m [Coulomb m-3] [mhos = Ohm m -1 -1 = Volt Amp m ] m [Ohm m] m s-1
-1 -1

B = H = o ( H + M )

J = E
= 1/
c2 = 1

(Ohm's law, point form)

Solution to Maxwell equations


Magnetic vector potential A satisfies Gauss magnetic:
0 = B = A,

(0)

because divergence of a curl vanishes.

Substitute B = A into (Faraday). Note: Curl of a gradient of a scalar vanishes.

B A = ( E + ) = (V ) t t Negative sign for consistency with electrostatic electric field


E + 0=

A t Substitute (1) into (Gauss electric):


E = V

(1)

A ( A) = D = E = V = V + t t
2V +

Substitute (2) into (Ampere):

A B D E A = = H = J+ = J+ = J + V t t t t

( A) = t

(2)

2 Note vector identity A = ( A) A

V 2A A A + 2 = J t t
2

(3)

In (2) & (3), unknowns are V & A. Solution: choose

(2) & (3) become


2

V A + =0 t
2

(Lorentz gauge condition)

2V V 2 = ; t

2A A 2 = J t Note divergence of (4)

(4)

2 2 2V 2 2( A ) 2A V + 2 = A = A 2 = ( J ) = J t t t 2 t

renders continuity equation


2 2V J = V 2 = = t t t t

Using speed of light relation, eqns. (4) become wave equations

1 2V V 2 2 = c t
2

1 2A A 2 2 = J (6) c t
2

LAPLACIAN:
2 =

2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 + + = r + + = R + sin + x 2 y 2 z 2 r r r r 2 2 z 2 R 2 R R R 2 sin R 2 sin 2 2

Free space: charge concentrations = 0, conduction currents J = 0


1 2 2 = R Spherically symmetric, R 2 R R

Solutions to (6): Q V= 4 R

A=

Idl 4 R

Antennas
dQ1 dQ2 = i ( t ) = Hertz dipole: dt dt

Current:
Charges:

i( t ) = Io cos t
Io Q1 ( t ) = sin t

Io Q2 ( t ) = sin t
Magnetic potential:

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