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Programming Structs

Structures allow grouping of related data types under a single name. This makes programs more modular and easier to modify. Structs are useful for storing records like contacts with multiple data fields. A struct is defined with the struct keyword followed by a tag name and members. Individual structures are then created using the tag name. Members are accessed using the dot operator.

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58 views

Programming Structs

Structures allow grouping of related data types under a single name. This makes programs more modular and easier to modify. Structs are useful for storing records like contacts with multiple data fields. A struct is defined with the struct keyword followed by a tag name and members. Individual structures are then created using the tag name. Members are accessed using the dot operator.

Uploaded by

Poonal Asas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Additional information can be found in the texts, Understanding Computer Science for Advanced Level 3rd Edition Chapter

6 page 103 and C How to Program 5th Edition Chapter 10 page 401. When programming, it is often convenient to have a single name with which to refer to a group of a related values. Structures provide a way of storing many different values in variables of potentially different types under the same name. This makes it a more modular program, which is easier to modify because its design makes things more compact. Structs are generally useful whenever a lot of data needs to be grouped together--for instance, they can be used to hold records from a database or to store information about contacts in an address book. In the contacts example, a struct could be used that would hold all of the information about a single contact--name, address, phone number, and so forth.

The format for defining a structure is struct Tag { Members }; Where Tag is the name of the entire type of structure and Members are the variables within the struct. To actually create a single structure the syntax is struct Tag name_of_single_structure;

To access a variable of the structure it goes name_of_single_structure.name_of_variable; For example: struct example { int x; }; struct example an_example; /* Treating it like a normal variable type except with the addition of struct*/

an_example.x = 33;

/*How to access its members */

Here is an example program: struct database { int id_number; int age; float salary; }; int main()

{ struct database employee; /* There is now an employee variable that has modifiable variables inside it.*/ employee.age = 22; employee.id_number = 1; employee.salary = 12000.21; } The struct database declares that it has three variables in it, age, id_number, and salary. You can use database like a variable type like int. You can create an employee with the database type as I did above. Then, to modify it you call everything with the 'employee.' in front of it. You can also return

structures from functions by defining their return type as a structure type. For instance: struct database fn(); I will talk only a little bit about unions as well. Unions are like structures except that all the variables share the same memory. When a union is declared the compiler allocates enough memory for the largest data-type in the union. It's like a giant storage chest where you can store one large item, or a small item, but never the both at the same time. The '.' operator is used to access different variables inside a union also. As a final note, if you wish to have a pointer to a structure, to actually access

the information stored inside the structure that is pointed to, you use the -> operator in place of the . operator. All points about pointers still apply. A quick example: #include <stdio.h> struct xampl { int x; };

int main() { struct xampl structure; struct xampl *ptr; structure.x = 12; ptr = &structure; /* Yes, you need the & when dealing with structures and using pointers to them*/ printf( "%d\n", ptr->x ); /* The -> acts somewhat like the * when does when it is used with pointers

It says, get whatever is at that memory address Not "get what that memory address is"*/ getchar(); }

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