Fin Fish
Fin Fish
Dr. V. Ramaiyan* and Dr. M. Kalaiselvam
*Professor (Retd.)
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University
Methods of Collection
Fishing in mangroves is mainly done by cast net with the help of dugout
canoe. Line fishing is also practiced in some areas. Hook and line gear
is very ancient and at the same time popular with modern fishermen.
Long lines and hand lines are successfully used for collecting large
fishes such as tunas, seer fishes, seabass, rays, sharks and catfishes in the
sea. Boat seines of several designs are also used for fishing. Boat seines
are bag nets of conical shape operated by two canoes or catamarans.
Gillnets, seines and drift nets are entangling nets made of nylon or
cotton. Gillnets and seine nets could be used for gilling pelagic shoal
fishes such as sardines and mackerels in the coastal waters. Shore
seines, beach seines or the inshore dragnets are also familiar types of
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seines used for coastal fishing including mangrove areas. It does not
matter how the fish are caught for taxonomical studies, provided that
they are not damaged. Fisherman destroying most of their value as
biological specimens breaks off long spined species often having their
dangerous spines. Whole individual should be kept wherever feasible.
Preservation of Samples
Formalin is generally a reliable preservative after which they can be
transferred to alcohol for lengthy preservation. Commercial
formaldehyde (trade name Formalin) is concentrated one (about 40%)
and it must be diluted before use.
Large fish need formalin of 10% strength but small fish can be
preserved in a more dilute solution. Neutralized formalin is to be
preferred because ordinary formalin will soften the bones after some
time. Further, specimens measuring more than a few inches in length
should have a slit made at the level of the pectoral fin and care must be
taken to see that the preservative really enters this slit. Before keeping
the specimens in preservative, the median and paired fins must be
spread pinned, and concentrated formalin must be applied for fixation.
For storage of specimens after preservation, 70% alcohol is
preferred. To transfer the specimens to alcohol, the specimens should be
soaked and washed thoroughly in water and transferred to 50% alcohol
for a few days before being put into 70% alcohol either for long storage
or for packing.
Taxonomical Characters of Fish
Fish display enormous diversity with respect to their biological
characteristics and behaviour. In general, morphological characters that
are seen externally are the ones used in the identification of fishes. The
countable characters of a fish are collectively called as meristic and the
measurable characters are called morphometrics. These characters are
more superficial as well as more variable and hence they should be
employed with caution.
4.1. Meristic Characters (Fig. 1)
Among the meristic characters, scale counts (lateral line scale count,
scales above lateral line, scales below lateral line, scales before dorsal fin,
cheek scales, circumference scales count, fin ray counts (both spines and
soft rays) and vertebrae are the most important. Fin ray formulae used
in keys are typically given thus D XIII, 12, A III 15, P 6, V I 6, C 9 (D‐
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 385
Fig. 1. Meristic characters in fish.
Spines: True spines are single‐shafted and of entire composition.
They are designated by roman numerals, no matter how rudimentary or
how flexible they may be.
Soft rays: Soft rays are bilaterally paired and segmented and then
are usually not always, branched or flexible. They are designated by
Arabic numerals. The last ray of the dorsal and anal fins is often divided
at the base making it difficult to decide whether it should be 1 or 2 (it is
better to take it as 1 but record it as (+1) to see how it fits in with other
people’s keys.
Scale counts: The scales of most fishes have either a smooth
exposed surface (cycloid scales) or a minutely denticulated surface
(ctenoid scales) which is rough to the feel, the denticulations can be seen
with a lens.
Lateral line scale count: This represents the number of pored
scales in the lateral or number of scales in the position that would
normally be occupied` by such scales. The count is taken from the scale
in contact with the shoulder girdle to the structural caudal base the
scales wholly on the caudal fin base are not included even when they are
well developed or pored.
Scales above lateral line: Unless otherwise stated these are counted
from the origin of the dorsal fin (first dorsal fin if two) including the
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small scales and counting downward and backward to, but not
including the lateral line scales.
Scales below lateral line: These are counted similarly to those
above but upward and forward from the origin of anal fin (including the
small scales). If continuing upward and forward, the series can be
regarded as jogging backward or forward, the backward shifting is
accepted. Some authors use scales between pelvic fin and lateral line.
Morphometric Characters (Fig. 2)
Among the morphometric characters, standard length, fork‐length, head
length, snout length, post‐orbital length, pre‐dorsal distance, pre‐pelvic
distance and pre‐anal distance and gap width (the greatest transverse
distance across the mouth opening with mouth opening with mouth
closed) are generally considered for identification of fishes. Pointed
dividers or dial‐reading calipers should be used for recording the
measurements. The measurements aim at comparing the body shape in
different species and characters such as the positions of the fins are
important. Earlier works generally recorded measurements as
proportions e.g. head length 1/3 in standard length, but percentages are
now more commonly used e.g. head length as a percentage of standard
length.
Fig. 2 Morphometric characters in fish
Standard length: In systematic work this is typically measured as
the distance from the anterior tip of the snout or upper lip (whichever
extends farthest forward) to the caudal base (junction of hypural bone
and caudal fin rays) in a straight line.
Body depth: This is measured at the deepest point exclusive of
fleshy or scaly structure at fin base.
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 387
Head length: This is measured with the mouth closed from the tip
of the snout or upper lip (whichever extends farthest forward) to the
posterior edge of the opercular bone.
Snout length: This is measured with dividers from the most
anterior point on the orbit and the bony opercular margin.
Postorbital length: This is the greatest distance between the hind
margin of the orbit and the bony opercular margin.
Eye diameter: This is generally taken as length of orbit, the
greatest distance between the free orbital rims.
Upper jaw length: Lower jaw length is the length of the mandible
taken with one tip of the dividers inserted in the posterior mandibular
joint to give the maximum possible dimension.
Gape width: This is the greatest transverse distance across the
mouth opening with the mouth closed. Gill rackers (lower limb of the
first arch), teeth (number of teeth rows, the relative widths and shapes of
vomerine and palatine tooth bands), lower pharyngeal teeth,
branchiostegal rays, barbells, life colours, osteological features, the
structure of the pseudobranchs and the behaviour of fishes are other
taxonomic characters used for the identification. These are, however,
less commonly used under field conditions.
Procedure for Identification
In order to identify a fish, the first step is to collect the necessary
literature such as the keys, checklist and description of the fishes of
region. The following procedure is to be followed.
i). Find key characters of fish.
ii). Verify identification with published descriptions,
illustrations, etc.
iii). Comparison with identified reference material in the
reference collections of the Museums.
iv). If the fish is not comparable with any of the known species,
then confirm identification with a specialist to examine the
material before describing the fish as new to science.
The old description of new species based on a single specimen
has now been abandoned. So long as a species is regarded as a group of
identical organisms, which is sharply demarcated from any other group
of organisms, the old procedure is adequate. But such a system is not
followed when it is conceded that an intraspecific variation exists and
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organisms are in the process of evolution. Our descriptions of species
are to be based on a series of adequate material rather than a single type.
The morphological characters are still employed frequently than others
but new taxonomic characters such as proteins, chromosome, behaviour,
ecological conditions, host‐parasitic relations and geographical
characters increasingly supplement them.
The modern systematic taxonomic conclusions are, therefore,
reached only on the basis of samples from large populations. In order to
avoid any bias and to accurately evaluate the taxonomic characters,
statistical analyses of populations are sometimes necessary. Often
samples of two kinds of fish will differ in respect to the mean value of
some count or morphometric measurements. In such case the degree of
confidence in the reality of this difference, the variations (standard
deviation) of the count both the species and the degree of overlap
should be established with the use of highly refined statistical methods.
Features used to distinguish the higher categories of genera, families etc.,
are generally more profound and less variable. Osteological features for
example, show little variation and appear to be less subject to
environmental influences than vertebrae, scales and fin ray counts.
Colour pattern and other aspects of colouration though often of great
value as specific characters among the most can be easily recognized
and thus the most convenient characters especially among the reef
fishes.
Factors Affecting Biodiversity of Fish in Mangrove
Fish populations are declining in many parts of the world at an alarming
rate. The decline of fish populations in mangrove ecosystem has
occurred due to several reasons, namely: i) habitat modification through
conversion of mangrove areas into shrimps/fish farms, ii) aquatic
pollution load, iii) over‐exploitation of fish populations, and iv)
introduction of certain exotic species/stocks. As a result, the survival of
some species has become ‘threatened’. It is estimated that about 1800
fish species in the world are severely threatened. The decline in size and
number in the natural fish population has led to loss in genetic diversity,
which has far reaching evolutionary consequences. This has been
adversely affecting the sustainability of fisheries resources.
The present marine fisheries scenario in India is characterized by
declining yields from the inshore waters, increasing conflicts between
different resource users, increasing demand for fish food for domestic
consumption and export and prospects for large scale sea‐farming and
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 389
Key for Identification
This key is prepared by compiling most important external, easily
recognizable and to some extent internal characters like gill rackers from
various books and publications. The photographs, common, English,
and FAO names are also given along with species name. This may help
in collecting precise species‐specific data to know abundance of
particular species during season.
Elops machnata
• Dorsal aspect of the body bluish‐green, flanks silvery; fins
yellowish.
• Body elongate and fusiform, with smooth unkeeled body.
• Dorsal fin with 20 to 25 soft rays, set near midpoint to body.
• Anal fin with 18 to 20 rays, its origin well behind last dorsal‐fin
ray.
• Pelvic‐fin base below middle of dorsal‐fin base.
• Scales very small, about 100 along lateral line.
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Stolephorus indicus (Van Hasselt)
• Color of the fish pale cream when scales are lost, bright silvery
stripe on flanks.
• Body fusiform, nearly cylindrical, belly rounded, with 3 to 5
needle‐like scutes between pectoral and pelvic fins.
• Snout prominent, rather pointed, maxilla tip pointed, not
reaching to anterior border of pre‐operculum, posterior border of
pre‐operculum evenly rounded near maxilla tip.
• Dorsal fin with 12 to 13 rays without pre‐dorsal spine.
• Anal fin usually with iii 17 to 20 rays, its origin below dorsal‐fin
base.
Common Name : Indian anchovy
Distribution : Throughout the southeast Asia.
Habit and Habitat : Pelagic in coastal waters.
Thryssa setirosis (Brousonet)
• Color of the fish back brown, flanks silvery, fins hyaline.
• Body fusiform, fairly strongly compressed, belly keeled, with 14
to 17 pre‐pelvic and 8 to 10 post‐pelvic scutes.
• Snout fairly prominent, bluntly pointed, maxilla short, extending
only a little beyond gill‐opening, not to pectoral‐fin base, mouth
strongly oblique.
• Dorsal fin with 10 to 12 branched rays, a small sharp spine before
dorsal‐fin and anal fin with 34 to 38 branched rays.
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 391
Common Name : Longjaw thryssa
Distribution : East and west coast of India. Also throughout
Indonesia to Japan and southward to Sydney,
New Calendonia and Fiji.
Habit and Habitat : Pelagic in coastal waters.
Chanos chanos
• Color of the fish back olive‐green, sides silvery, dorsal, anal and
caudal fins with dusky margins; inner sides of pectoral and
pelvic fins dusky.
• Body torpedo‐shaped; no scutes along belly.
• Mouth small, without teeth, upper jaw slightly projecting, with
no supramaxillae, lower jaw with a small symphysial tubercle at
tip, fitting into a notch.
• Dorsal fin with 13 to 17 rays, its origin midway between front
border of eye and caudal‐fin base.
• Anal fin short, with 9 to 11 rays, close to caudal fin.
• Pectoral and pelvic fins with large axillary scales.
• Caudal fin deeply forked.
Common Name : Milk fish.
Distribution : Throughout whole area. Elsewhere, eastward
through Indonesia to Samoa and beyond.
Habit and Habitat : A coastal pelagic species, entering estuaries,
rivers and lakes. Feed on bottom invertebrates.
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Mugil cephalus Linnaeus
• Color of the body olive‐green above, silvery on sides, shading
into white below; 6 or 7 indistinct longitudinal brown bars down
flanks, a dark purple blotch at base of pectoral fin.
• Two widely separated dorsal fins; first fin with 4 spines, second
fin with 1 spine and 8 soft rays.
• Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 soft rays.
• Pectoral fins short, not reaching origin of first dorsal fin, with
long axillary scale. Caudal fin forked.
Common Name : Flathead mullet
Distribution : Found throughout the area.
Habit and Habitat : A schooling fish entering estuaries and brackish
water lagoons, frequently also entering fresh
water. Feeds on small algae and other organic
matter
Hemiramphus far (Forsskal)
• Color: dark bluish above, silvery white below, with 3 to 9
vertical bars on the sides.
• An elongate fish with a greatly prolonged, beak‐like lower jaw;
upper jaw short, triangular and scaleless; preorbital ridge absent.
• Total number of gill rakers on first gill arch 25 to 36.
• Anal fin rays 10 to 12; Pectoral fins short, not reaching past nasal
pit when folded forward.
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 393
Common name : Black‐barred halfbeak
Distribution : An Indo‐West Pacific species.
Habit and habitat : Found in the proximity of continental coasts and
islands, chiefly in areas of rich submerged
vegetation. Adults feed mainly on sea grasses,
to a lesser extent on green algae and diatoms.
Lates calcarifer (Bloch)
• Color of the fish two phases, either olive‐brown above with
silvery sides and belly (usually juveniles) or greenish‐blue above
and silvery below.
• Head pointed, with concave dorsal profile becoming convex in
front of dorsal fin.
• Operculum with a small spine and serrated flap above origin of
lateral line; preopercle with a spine in angle and serrated edge
behind.
• Mouth large and slightly oblique, the upper jaw extending to
behind eye; teeth villiform in jaws.
• Dorsal fin with 7 to 9 spines and 10 to 11 soft rays; a very deep
notch almost dividing spinous from soft‐rayed part of fin.
• Anal fin rounded, with 3 spines and 7 or 8 soft rays.
• Pectoral fin short and rounded.
Common Name : Barramundi
Distribution : Sri Lanka, perhaps extending into Arabian Sea.
Also present in the Eastern Indian and the
Western Central Pacific.
Habit and Habitat : Found in coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons.
Usually occurs at depths of 10 to 40 m. Feed on
fishes and crustaceans.
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Epinephlus tauvina (Forsskal)
• Color of the fish ground color of head, body and fins pale brown,
with numerous dark green‐brown spots; spots on the fins darker.
Caudal fin edged dusky black but with a distinctive fine white
outer margin.
• Dorsal fin with 11 spines and 15 or 16 soft rays; anal fin with 3
spines and 8 soft rays and caudal fin truncate or slightly
emarginated.
• Preoperculum with convex and finely serrated upper edge with 2
to 4 strong serrae at angle; operculum with a convex upper
border and 3 flat spines, the middle spine equipment from upper
and lower.
• Maxillary (upper jaw) extending to vertical through posterior
edge of eye.
Common Name : Greasy grouper
Distribution : Throughout the tropical Eastern Indian Ocean
and the Western Central Pacific to the Pitcairn
Islands in the east.
Habit and Habitat : Primarily a coral‐reef species found in depths of
1 to at least 50 m.
Silago sihama (Forsskal)
• Color: back light brown, lower ventral flanks and belly whitish
or silvery, without dark blotches.
• First dorsal fin higher than second and with 11 weak spines.
• Anal fin with 2 spines and 21 to 24 soft rays.
• Swimbladder with 2 postcoelomic extensions.
V. Ramaiyan and M. Kalaiselvam 395
Common name : Silver sillago
Distribution : Throughout most of the area.
Habit and habitat : Inhabits shallow sandy bottoms of shores and
bays, also estuaries. Feeds on small
invertebrates.
Eletheronema tetratactylum (Shaw)
• Color: body silvery green above; cream below; pectoral
filamentous rays white.
• Lips absent, except for lower lip near corner of mouth.
• Eyes large.
• Pectoral fins in 2 parts, upper part with all rays unbranched,
lower part with 4 free filamentous rays of which the upper
filament is the longest, reaching to pelvic fin base.
Common name : Fourfinger threadfin
Distribution : In the area, from the “Gulf” to the west coast of
India and Sri Lanka.
Habit and Habitat : Lives mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in
coastal waters, also enters rivers.
Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas, 1770)
• Scales are extending forward on the back of the head to the
eyes, on the gills covers and the throat; also pectoral fin bases
are covered with scales.
• Second dorsal fin uniform in height.
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