Joseph Ariel D.

Enriquez M-11

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve these goals by the year 2015. The goals are: 1. Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, 2. Achieving universal primary education, 3. Promoting gender equality and empowering women, 4. Reducing child mortality rates, 5. Improving maternal health, 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability, and 8. Developing a global partnership for development. Each of the goals has specific stated targets and dates for achieving those targets. To accelerate progress, the G8 Finance Ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund(IMF), and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel an additional $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries(HIPC) to allow impoverished countries to re-channel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty. The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable health indicators and economic for each target. Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day

Proportion of population below $1.25 per day (PPP values) Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]

Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People GDP Growth per Employed Person Employment Rate Proportion of employed population below $1.25 per day (PPP values) Proportion of family-based workers in employed population

Joseph Ariel D. Enriquez M-11

Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age

Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[6] Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary, girls and boys

Enrollment in primary education

Completion of primary education[7] Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament[8] Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates

Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

Under-five mortality rate Infant (under 1) mortality rate

Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles[9] Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal ratio

Maternal mortality ratio

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health Contraceptive prevalence rate Adolescent birth rate Antenatal care coverage

Unmet need for family planning[10] Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

HIV prevalence among population aged 1524 years Condom use at last high-risk sex

Joseph Ariel D. Enriquez M-11

Proportion of population aged 1524 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis

Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[11] Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs; reverse loss of environmental resources Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss

Proportion of land area covered by forest CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP) Consumption of ozone-depleting substances Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits Proportion of total water resources used Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

Proportion of species threatened with extinction Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural

Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers

Proportion of urban population living in slums[12]

Joseph Ariel D. Enriquez M-11

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction both nationally and internationally Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Official Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General Assembly Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and Small Island developing States. Official development assistance (ODA):

Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors GNI Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation) Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countries Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

Market access:

Debt sustainability:

Joseph Ariel D. Enriquez M-11

Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$

Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population Personal computers in use per 100 population Internet users per 100 Population

At the turn of the millennium, world leaders met at the Millennium Summit, held at the UN in September 2000, where nations committed to a global partnership to provide basic rights to all humans. At this summit, called the MDG (Millennium Development Goals), the world made a promise. World leaders and representatives made several of them, expressing the global need to eradicate hunger, promote universal gender equality, improve the health of children and mothers, and to combat AIDS and other diseases that ravage communities around the world. We, as a global community, promised to create environmental sustainability and work towards partnerships for development; we promised to put millions of little noses in books, get hands raised high in the classroom, and put more little bodies in little desks all over the world. Our leaders came together to make these promises for our generation and move us to action: but, ten years later, how far have we come? The promises made at the MDGs did not merely involve open-ended promises: these promises involved tangible and concrete deadlines and timelines. No more procrastinating, no more bureaucracy: just fifteen years to really make a difference. Of those goals, one was to ensure that all children in the world would receive a primary school education. It was a beautiful promise, but universal primary education is no simple task. Making this goal happen means addressing multiple issues of access and quality: building more schools in areas that dont have them, raising the quality of schooling, teaching, and curricula to an acceptable level, making school sites safe for children to travel to, and abolishing school fees, which deter many families from supplying educational opportunities for their children. So, can the promise be kept? The answer is complicated, and difficult to measure. The heading on the first page of the United Nations 2010 report on the progress of the MDGs reads, Hope dims for universal primary education by 2015, even as many poor countries make tremendous

Joseph Ariel D. Enriquez M-11

strides. The report goes on to say that net enrollment is up from 84% to 90% w orldwide; however, Sub-Saharan Africa is still experiencing low rates with only 76% of school aged children enrolled (up from 58% during the 1998/1999 school term). Data from 42 countries shows that rural children are less likely to be enrolled in schools than their urban peers. Overall, the view of the United Nations is that prospects for meeting nearly all of the MDGs by 2015, not just universal primary education, seems bleak.