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M-Ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) : 1 EE 322 Al-Sanie

This document discusses M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). It defines M-PAM as a one-dimensional signaling scheme using basis functions to represent signals. M-QAM is described as combining both amplitude and phase modulation using two orthogonal carriers, allowing transmission of log2M1M2 bits per symbol. Examples of signal constellations for M-PAM, M-QAM, and their performance in additive white Gaussian noise channels are provided.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
356 views40 pages

M-Ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) : 1 EE 322 Al-Sanie

This document discusses M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). It defines M-PAM as a one-dimensional signaling scheme using basis functions to represent signals. M-QAM is described as combining both amplitude and phase modulation using two orthogonal carriers, allowing transmission of log2M1M2 bits per symbol. Examples of signal constellations for M-PAM, M-QAM, and their performance in additive white Gaussian noise channels are provided.

Uploaded by

berrada_9
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)

and
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)

EE 322

Al-Sanie

M-PAM
M-ary PAM is a one-dimensional signaling scheme described mathematically by
= cos 2 = = 1,2, 2 cos 2 2 ai cos 2 ()
EE 322 Al-Sanie

=
2

Where the
= 2 cos 2

is the basis function and


= (2 1 )

and
Eo is the energy of the signal with lowest amplitude
3 EE 322 Al-Sanie

The average symbol energy:


(2 1) = 3

The probability of symbol error on AWGN channel:

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Al-Sanie

4-PAM

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Example: 4-PAM

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Example: 4-PAM
M=4
= (2 1 )

a1=-3,
=

a2=-1,

a3=+1,

a4=+3

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 9 + + + 9 = = 5 4 4

(2 1) 42 1 = = = 5 3 3
00 01 11 10

s1
7

s2
Eo
0
EE 322

s3
Eo
Al-Sanie

s4
3 Eo

1 (t )

3 Eo

comments

EE 322

Al-Sanie

The signal space representation of binary PAM, 4-PAM and 8-PAM constellations for Eo=1
9

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Al-Sanie

The signal space representation of binary PAM, 4-PAM and 8-PAM constellations.
10 EE 322 Al-Sanie

Comments

11

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Symbol error probability for 2, 4 and 8PAM as a function of SNR per bit.

12

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M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation M-QAM


Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a popular scheme for high-rate, high bandwidth efficiency systems. QAM is a combination of both amplitude and phase modulation. Mathematically, M-ary QAM is described by
= cos 2 + = 1,2, , 1 = 1,2, , 2
The combined amplitude and phase modulation results in the simultaneous transmission of log2 M1 M2 bits/symbol
13 EE 322 Al-Sanie

Digital Modulation Techniques

14

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Examples of combined PAM-PSK signal space diagrams.


15 EE 322 Al-Sanie

16

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8-QAM signal (2 amplitudes and 4 phases)


17 EE 322 Al-Sanie

The transmitted M-QAM signal is defined by:

The signal can be expressed using the two basis functions as

1 + 2 ()

The signal consists of two phase-quadrature carriers with each one being modulated by a set of discrete amplitudes, hence the name quadrature amplitude modulation. The signal-space representation of QAM signals is shown in Figure for various values of M which are powers of 2, that is, M = 2k, k = 2; 3; ..

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For even values of k, the constellations are square (4-QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM,..) for odd values of k the constellations have a cross shape and are thus called cross constellations. (32-QAM, 128 QAM, ..) For square constellations, QAM corresponds to the independent amplitude modulation (MPAM) of an in-phase carrier (i.e., the cosine carrier) and a quadrature carrier (i.e., the sine carrier).
19 EE 322 Al-Sanie

Signal-space representation of various QAM constellations.


20 EE 322 Al-Sanie

32-Cross QAM (in red)


21 EE 322 Al-Sanie

Illustrating how a square QAM constellation can be expanded to form a QAM cross-constellation.
4

Square 16-QAM 4

Square 16-QAM expanded to 32-cross QAM (n=5)


22 EE 322 Al-Sanie

M-QAM square constellation


With an even number of bits per symbol, we may write M-ary QAM square constellation can be viewed as the Cartesian product of a onedimensional L-ary PAM constellation with itself.

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In the case of a QAM square constellation, the pairs of coordinates form a square matirx, as shown by

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Example: square 16-QAM


M=16, L=4 Thus the square constellation is the Cartesian product of the 4-PAM constellation with itself. ak and bk take values from the set {-1,+1, -3, +3} The matrix of the product

25

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Al-Sanie

26

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Comments

27

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00
3 Eo

s1

01

s2

11 0
Eo

s3

10

s4

1 (t )

Eo

3 Eo

3 Eo

4-PAM

Eo

3 Eo

Eo
Eo

Eo

3 Eo

3 Eo

28

Gray coded 16-QAM EE 322

Al-Sanie

Gray Coded 16-QAM with Eo=1


0000

s1

2 (t ) 0001 0011 0010

s2

s3

s4

1000

s5

1001

s6

1011 1010 1

s7
1

s8
3

-3

-1

s9
1100

12 11 -1 1101 1111 1110


16 15 -3 0101 0111 0110

s10

1 (t )

s13
0100

s14

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Performance of square QAM in Additive Gaussian Noise


The probability of symbol error of M-QAM with square constellation is given by

Where Eav is the average symbol energy given by

30

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Example: Calculate the average symbol energy for square 16-QAM

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32

Symbol error probability as a function of SNR per bit (Eb/No)for 4, 16, and EE 322 Al-Sanie 64-QAM.

33

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Comparison between M-PAM and M-QAM


Prob. Of Symbol Error M-PAM Prob. Of Symbol Error M-QAM

34

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Comparison between M-QAM and M-PSK


Prob. Of Symbol Error M-PSK Prob. Of Symbol Error M-QAM

Eb/No dB
35

Eb/No dB

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Performance comparison of M-PAM, M-PSK and M-QAM

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Comments

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Performance Comparison of M-PSK and M-QAM


For M-PSK: approximate Pe For M-QAM: approximate Pe
3 4( ( 1)

Comparing the arguments of Q(.) for the two modulations we calculate the advantage in signal-to-noise ratio of M-QAM over MPSK (to achieve same error performance) as

3/( 1) = = 2 2 sin

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SNR Advantage of M-QAM over M-PSK for different M

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