Bio notes 10/7/13 I.

Limits on Food Chain Length - Each food chain in a food web is usually only a few links long. why? - 2 hypothesis - ene getic hypothesis suggests that length is li!ited by inefficient ene gy t ansfe e"# a p oduce le$el of 100 kg of plant !ate ial can suppo t about 10 kg of he bi$o e bio!ass %the total !ass of all indi$iduals in a population& and 10 kg of he bi$o e can suppo t about 1 kg of ca ni$o e - eating t ansfe s E %so!e is lost as heat along the way& - not enough ene gy left to suppo t highe le$el - the dyna!ic hypothesis -p oduce takes 100'( p i!a y consu!e 10'( seconda y consu!e 1'( thi d le$el consu!e .1'( fou th le$el 0.01' - eat lowe ( eating !o e efficiently - we could suppo t !o e people on ea th fo a gi$en a ea of land fa !ed 100 kg of co n to feed 10 kg of cow - we could suppo t the sa!e nu!be of people as at p esent( but with less land deg adation II. SPECIES WITH A LARGE IMPACT - )e tain species a$e a $e y la ge i!pact on co!!unity st uctu e - dominant species a e those that a e !ost abundant o ha$e the highest bio!ass - e$en if the es abundance the e !ay not be a lot of bio!ass $$ - dominant species e"e t powe ful cont ol o$e the occu ence and dist ibution* %suga !aples ha$e a !a+o i!pact on shading and soil nut ient

a$ailability in no th ,!e ica and effect dist ibution of othe species& - invasive species# typically b ought to a new en$i on!ent by hu!ans often lack p edato s o disease - ke stone species# e"e t st ong cont ol on a co!!unity by thei ecological oles o niches-they a e not necessa ily abundant in a co!!unity -ecos stem enginee!# effecting othe species in the co!!unity by causing physical changes in en$i on!ent %hu!ans# we e also do!inant species& - sea otte s a e a keystone species effecting othe species in the co!!unity BOTTOM UP AND TOP DOWN CONTROLS: -botto! up co!!unity o gani-ation p oposes a unidi ectional influence f o! lowe to highe /top down othe way a ound "#.$ %ist&!'ance in()&ences species dive!sit and composition -Ecologists used to $iew co!!unities as being in e.uilib iu! / species in a co!!unity function as* - dist&!'ances* big fi e# no !al pa t of co!!unity de$elop!ent( e$en though it0s a distu bance1 so!e species will benefit afte ( new o ganis!s g ow fi e is high intensity distu bance - the intermediate disturbance hyp thesis suggests that !ode ate le$els of foste g eate di$e sity than eithe high o low le$els -high le$els e"clude slow g owing species - no disturbances allow do!inant species to e"clude low le$el species

- the richness of species is highest in st ea!s with an inte !ediate intensity of flooding Eco)ogica) S&ccession* is the se.uence of a co!!unity and ecosyste! changes afte a distu bance# se.uence is $e y p edictable -2 i!a y succession occu s when no soil e"ists %glacie et eats and you ha$e ocks( ti!e goes by you ha$e little o ganis!s that tu n bigge ( etc.& -seconda y succession begins whe e soil e!ains %afte fi e33& - then you ha$e cli!a" co!!unity - fi st pionee stage/co!!unity-fi st o ganis!s that take o$e 1 g ow in ecological succession -second stage 4 yas stage5 don0t need to know - thi d stage# alde stage5 - fou th stage %powe point( sp uce t ees&5 - succession is the esult of changes induced by the $egetation itself %e"# dec easing ph in soil inc easing nit ogen in soil& - ea ly a i$ing species and late a i$ing !ay be linked in one of th ee p ocesses - ea ly a i$als !ay facilitate the appea ance* H&mans have the g!eatest impact on 'io)ogica) comm&nities +o!)d+ide - hu!an distu bance educes species di$e sity )oncept 67.7# Biogeog aphic facto s affect co!!unity di$e sity -8atitude and a ea a e two key facto s that affect a co!!unities species di$e sity -species ichness is especially g eat in t opics and declines along the e.uato ial pola g adient -the species a ea cu $e# how !uch space is this species li$ing in#

bigge space !o e species you ha$e -8atitudinal 9 adients# - two key facto s in e.uato ial pola g adients of species ichness a e p obably e$olutiona y histo y and cli!ate - te!pe ate and pola co!!unities ha$e sta ted o$e epeatedly and following glaciations. the g eate age of t opical en$i on!ents !ay account fo thei g eate species ichness -t opics g owing season is longe so biological ti!e uns faste -)li!ate is likely the p i!a y cause of the lat g adient in biodi$e sity E$apot anspi ation is e$apo ation of wate f o! soil plus t anspi ation of wate f o! plants - it tells us about :ola E and ;<; a$ailability -y a"is nu!be of species( " e$apot anspi ation 67.6 2,=;<9E>: ,8=E? )<@@A>B=C :=?A)=A?E 8<),88C ,>4 98<B,88C - ecological co!!unities a e uni$e sally affected by pathogens include disease causing !ic oo ganis!( $i uses( $i oids( and p ions -pathogens can alte co!!unity st uctu e .uickly* ,oonotic pathogens a e pathogens t ansfe ed f o! othe ani!als to hu!ans -can be di ect o th ough an inte !ediate species called a $ecto -!any of todays diseases a e -oonotic 63( 67( 22( 23( 27 6 chapte s 10 .uestions pe chapte

Chapte! --* %escent +ith Modi(ication* A da!+inian .ie+ o( Li(e

published <?B9B> <F :2E)BE: -he focused on biologists attention on the g eat di$e sity of o ganis!s - 4a win noted that cu ent species a e decedents of ancest al species - !" #uti n can be defined by da win0s ph ase descent with !odification --./* da!+inian !evo)&tion cha))enged t!aditiona) vie+s o( a o&ng ea!th inha'ited ' &nchanging species - 4a win0s ideas had deep histo ical oots - , istotle $iewed species as fi"ed and a anged the! on a scala natu e - the old testa!ent holds that species we e indi$idually designed by god and pe fect - 8innaues inte p eted adaptations as e$idence the c eato had designed each species# one thing we keep f o! hi! is the two latin na!es fo classifying species Ea!) Ideas a'o&t Change ove! time - the study of fossils helped lay g oundwo k fo his ideas - paleontology - geologists pe cei$ed changes in ea ths su face can esult f o! slow continuous actions still ope ating today %8yell& - uni$ rmitarianism -changes happened and a e still happening today -:edi!enta y ock % ock deposited o$e othe ock because i$e flowing& laye s1 younge /olde st atu! with !o e ecent/olde fossils this lets us see fossils( see which a e newe o olde G they a e e!ains of o ganis!s f o! the past

-catastr phism: each bounda y between st ata ep esents a catast opheG this was theo y a ound da win0s ti!e to e"plain why the e we e o ganis! back then that don0t e"ist now Ea ly Bdeas about the pe !anence of species - 8a!a ck hypothesi-ed that species e$ol$e th ough use and disuse of body pa ts and the inhe itance of ac.ui ed cha acte istics %gi affes long necks to eat f o! t ees..etc&. - the !echanis!s he p oposed a e not suppo ted by any e$idence - fi st idea about species changing th ough ti!e %he ca!e befo e 4a win& --.- %escent +ith modi(ication ' nat&!a) se)ection e0p)ains the adaptations o( o!ganisms and the &nit and dive!sit o( )i(e - the ph ase decent with !odification su!!a i-es 4a win0s pe ception of the unity of life - ,ll o ganis!s elated f o! descent of ancesto that li$ed in distant past %bacte ia( etc.& - modifications occur by natural selection - he went on a fi$e yea $oyage a ound the wo ld and this is how he got his ideas - ;is inte est in geog aphic dist ibution of species was kindled by a stop at the 9alapagos Bslands# why diff species on island than !ainland? - collected speci!ens of :outh a!e ican plants and ani!als - fossils ese!bled species f o! sa!e egion and li$ing species ese!bled othe species f o! egions nea by -he e"pe ienced ea th.uake in chile and obse $ed the uplift of ocks

- influenced by 8yell0s book - species he saw on galapagos ca!e f o! south ,!e ica and changed( beca!e new species when they we e on galapagos island# they Speciated -4a win pe cei$ed adaptation to the en$i on!ent and the origin of new species as closely elated p ocesses -adaptation to en$i on!ent d i$ing fo ce fo new species -da winian $iew# life is like a t ee with b anches ep esenting li$es di$e sity - he w ote an essay about natu al selection as the !echanis!* 1. unity of life 2. di$e sity of life 3. the !atch between o ganis!s and thei en$i on!ent 4a win had al eady seen , tificial :election# he used that as an a gu!ent that selection happens and species can be diffe ent - ;e says# !e!be s of a population $a y on thei inhe ited t aits - all species can p oduce !o e offsp ing than en$i on!ent can suppo t( and !any of these offsp ing fail to su $i$e and ep oduce those with t aits bette suited to en$i on!ent will su $i$e and ha$e !o e offsp ing -o$e gene ations this will change species because we ha$e une.ual chance of su $i$ing and ep oducing( this will lead to accu!ulation of ad$antageous t aits this inc eases f e.uencies of indi$iduals with these t aits( and disposal of non ad$antageous S1MMAR2* da!+in - indi$iduals with ce tain he itable cha acte istics su $i$e and ep oduce at highe ate than othe s -indi$iduals don0t e$ol$e( populations e$ol$e -natu al selection inc eases the adaptation of o ganis!s to thei

en$i on!ent o$e ti!e -natu al selection inc eases o dec eases he itable t aits that al eady $a y in population --.$* Evo)&tion is s&ppo!ted ' an ove!+he)ming amo&nt o( scienti(ic evidence* - new disco$e ies continues to fill gaps B4ed by da win in the o igin of species e"a!ples# - natu al selection in esponse to intr duced p#ant species %$ruit si&e and bea' si&e chan(e in bu(s) -e$olution of d ug esistant bacte ia %i!!une to !eds& -!ethicillin inhibits a p otein co!!only found in bacte ial cell walls - so!e : au eus use diff p otein in thei cell walls -when e"posed to !ethicillin @?:, st ains a e !o e likely to su $i$e and ep oduce