BACKGROUND AND NEED TO STUDY Floods are caused by many things.

Many times it rains too much, other times a dam breaks; however, the effects of floods devastating. Floods can cause environmental losses as well and economical losses, land is washed away, homes are ruined, and people sometimes even die. Rain is going to be Baguios bane. At 3914 mm / year, Baguio City already has the highest average rainfall in the Philippines. In 1910, it established a Philippine record for highest annual rainfall at 9006 mm. In 1911, it garnered the world record (at the time) for highest rainfall in 24 hours at 1168 mm. In 1950, it posted another world record for rainfall in 48 hours, at 2009 mm. And more recently, in 2001, Baguio City registered the Philippine record for highest rainfall in 1 hour, 1085 mm. For purposes of comparison, Ondoy released 585 mm of rainfall over Manila in 12 hours. Over the last 20 years, average annual rainfall in Baguio City, though exhibiting interannual variability, has shown an increasing trend from an average of 4673 mm in 1990 to an average of 6137 mm in 2009. Precipitation shows an increasing mean annual trend from 4673 mm in 1990 to 6137 mm in 2010, with high interannual variability. Temperatures show a decreasing mean

annual trend from 19.7 C in 1990 to 19.2 C in 2009. Typhoon Threat remains with near annual storms directly affecting Baguio over the last two decades. Flooding incidents have been reported in low-lying areas such as the City Camp, Burnham Park, Queen of Peace, Lower Lourdes Extension and Lower Rock Quarry The city sits well within the Philippine typhoon belt. It is not surprising that, over the last 20 years, storms have hit Baguio City, almost annually. Extreme rainfall and intensified tropical cyclones will continue to define the citys future. It is likely that Baguio will go from wet, to wetter. ( Alave,2011) TROPICAL STORM ONDOY (KETSANA)(September 24 27, 2009) Max Center Wind: 105 Kph. Gustiness: 135 Kph. Speed: 11-19 Kph. Effects Tropical Storm ONDOY (KETSANA) a)

Affected Population A total of 993,227 families/4,901,234 persons were affected in 2,018 barangays, 172 municipalities, 16 cities of 26 provinces by Tropical Storm Ondoy in Regions I, II, III, IV-A, IV-B, V, VI, IX, XII, ARMM, CAR and NCR The total number evacuated inside 244 evacuation centers were 15,798 families / 70,124 persons

b) Damages Estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture amounted

to PhP11 Billion (Infrastructure PhP4.299 Billion to include school buildings and health facilities and agriculture PhP6.669 Billion A total of 1,382 school buildings were damaged: 1,131 elementary and 252 including instructional materials and school equipment amounting to PhP.642 Billion A total of 239 day care centers were damaged in Metro Manila A total of 203,477 hectares incurred losses of about 329.230 MT of crops (rice, corn, high value commercial crops), fishery products, livestock / poultry and facilities for irrigation, fishery and livestock / poultry production were damaged The total number of damaged houses were 185,004 (30,082 totally and 154,922 partially). Tropical Storm ONDOY (KETSANA) developed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility on 8 AM Thursday, September 24, 2009. SUPER TYPHOON PEPENG {PARMA} (September 30 October 10, 2009) Max Center Wind: 195 Kph. Gustiness: 230 Kph. Speed: 9-26 Kph. Baguio City received 640 mm of rain during the 12hour period starting 8:00 am on October 8 2009. Effect Super Typhoon PEPENG (PARMA) a.) Affected Population affected in 5,486 barangays, 334 municipalities, and 33 cities in 27 provinces in Regions I, II, III, V, VI, CAR and NCR 954,087 families / 4,478,284 persons

Breakdown per Region. The total numbers evacuated inside 54 evacuation centers were 3,258 families / 14,892 persons. b) Casualties Reported deaths in CAR were mainly due to landslides while those in other regions were due to

damaged houses were 61,869 (6,807 totally / 55,062 partially) The estimated cost of damage to infrastructure and agriculture were PhP27.297 Billion (infrastructure to include school buildings and health infrastructure PhP6.799 Billion; agriculture PhP20.495 Billion and private property PhP 0.003 Billion Agricultural area of 428,034 hectares incurred losses of 1,052.993 MT of crops (rice, corn, high value commercial crops, abaca and irrigation facilities) Education facilities damaged in Regions I, II, III, V and CAR: were 1,531 schools (1,280 Elementary and 251 High Schools) amounting to PhP767.45 Million. Super Typhoon PEPENG (PARMA) entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on 5 PM Wednesday, September 30, 2009.( Santos & Castro, 2010) Floods are caused by many things. One cause of a flood is when water exceeds the capacity of the area it is in; thus causing it to overflow outside the waters boundary.

Another cause is the amount of rain that a certain area of land gets. When too much water has rained over a certain area, sewers start getting flooded, creating a backup and water starts to flow on streets. Climates and environments have a lot to do with flooding also. A higher altitude might be exposed to more rain than a lower altitude. Also a damper, wetter climate creates it more susceptible for rain, which causes it to flood (flash flood) more frequently than a hot and dry climate. Deforestation is one of the reasons of flood. People are cutting down trees and destroying the forests. The rain water instead of being absorbed down through the tree roots flows on the surface. Soil erosion is another disadvantage of flood. Very often the course of the river changes. The passage of the river gets blocked with heavy deposit of soil on the mouth. The effects of floods are devastating. Many times floods can destroy everything. Houses can be torn off their foundation because the water has made its structure weaker, tar can be been pulled off road causing major pot holes, earth can be sunken in creating a different landscape, tons of trees have the possibility of being ripped out. To see the effects after a flood is not a pretty site. Water has to be pumped out of flooded civilian areas.

Another thing that floods effect is the environmental and economic situations. When floods occur, there is a large amount of water that runs over the ground. Loose soil, rocks, and landscape can be dramatically altered, leaving behind a rugged, changed terrain. Loose soil can create mud slides, which create hazardous situations for living things nearby. The economy after the flood can be one of the greatest effected. Billions of dollars have been donated by a countries government to rebuild and payback what was lost. Many times these things include houses, roads, buildings, cars, schools, etc. Another thing that

people loose in the event of floods is their jobs; consequently, after water damaging buildings and such, businesses can be run down, bankrupt and even, in existent. This causes lots of people to be jobless, which in effect, creates no way of paying for daily needs. During floods, humans can lose so much. One of the most dangerous things a person could lose would be their life. If a person gets caught in a flood and is swept away, they have the risk of drowning in the water. Many times people die not only from the flood itself; but the effects after the flood such as starvation, hazardous objects floating in the water, and much more. Because of the water,

it is harder for medical services to help civilians. The people rely on the aid workers to bring refugees food; consequently, if the aid workers have a hard time getting through the water, many families starve to death. Baguio City will work with the Department of Natural Resources (DENR) so that the City Camp Lagoon won't get flooded again, Baguio City Mayor Mauricio Domogan. The Baguio mayor said his administration has been doing its best to create a passage in the drainage from City Camp Lagoon to Crystal Cave to prevent flooding, but this is still an ongoing project. The improper disposal of garbage may have caused the flooding. Sometimes people do not have the in proper garbage disposal. A lot of them won't cooperate. (Jimena,2012) Improving water drainage helps control floods by facilitating easy flow of excess water, during flash floods. Drainage efficacy can be improved by rehabilitating and cleaning water drainage systems, including removing debris and solid waste from drainage systems like storm drains and French drains, de-silting trenches and underground water channels and building galleys. Effective drainage systems can ensure flood waters find a clear waterway, leading to non-risk areas.

Dikes and levees are flood-control structures built to fight river flooding and water surges. Dikes and levees restrain rivers during floods by providing artificial water channels that prevent runoffs from bursting floodplains. Floodplains are natural waterways that carry excess river water during heavy rainfall. Dike engineers/constructors alter and develop floodplains by building dikes and levees to boost flood-prevention when floodplains well up. Canals are artificial water channels that can be crucial to flood prevention. Canals facilitate control of water levels passing through, and form linear reservoirs and water locks. During flooding, excess water is channeled through canals to non-risk areas further downstream or to other areas with high demand for water, such as arid and semi-arid areas. Preserve our forests, learn proper way of garbage disposal, educate the people on ways to prevent floods and government should implement strict laws and regulations on people/organization abusing our environment which greatly cause floods like illegal logging, water pollution, squatting, etc. Government should study and trace well the symptoms of this issue to come up with better treatments.