This article is about the programming language.

For the think tank, see British American Security Information Council.

BASIC
Paradigm Appeared in Designed by Typing discipline Major implementations Influenced by Influenced unstructured, later procedural, later object-oriented 1963 John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurt strong !pple "!#$%, %ommodore "!#$%, &icroso't "!#$%, T$-"!#$% !(G)( 6*, +),T,!- $$, J)## %)&!(, .isual "!#$%, .isual "asic /-ET, ,ealbasic, ,E00, 1erl, G,!##

#creenshot o' !tari "!#$%, an early "!#$% language 'or small computers Three modern "asic 2ariants3 &ono "asic, )pen)''ice/org "asic and Gambas $n computer programming, BASIC 4an acronym 'or Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code5167 is a 'amily o' high-le2el programming languages/ The original "!#$% 8as designed in 1969 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurt at :artmouth in -e8 ;ampshire, <#! to pro2ide computer access to non-science students/ !t the time, nearly all use o' computers re=uired 8riting custom so't8are, 8hich 8as something only scientists and mathematicians tended to be able to do/ The language and its 2ariants became 8idespread on microcomputers in the late 19>*s and 19?*s/ "!#$% remains popular to this day in a hand'ul o' highly modi'ied dialects and ne8 languages in'luenced by "!#$% such as &icroso't .isual "asic/ !s o' @**6, A9B o' de2elopers 'or the /-ET plat'orm used .isual "asic /-ET as their only language/5@6

Contents
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1 ;istory o 1/1 "acCground o 1/@ Early years3 the main'rame and mini-computer era o 1/3 EDplosi2e gro8th3 the home computer era o 1/9 &aturity3 the personal computer era @ EDamples o @/1 <nstructured "!#$% o @/@ #tructured "!#$% o @/3 "!#$% 8ith object-oriented 'eatures 3 (ist o' "asic 1rogramming %ommandsE#tatements 9 #ee also A -otes 6 ,e'erences o 6/1 #tandards > EDternal linCs

edit! "istory
edit! Bac#ground
"e'ore the mid-196*s, computers 8ere eDtremely eDpensi2e and used only 'or special-purpose tasCs/ ! simple batch processing arrangement ran only a single FjobF at a time, one a'ter another/ "ut during the 196*s 'aster and more a''ordable computers became a2ailable/ Gith this eDtra processing po8er, computers 8ould sometimes sit idle, 8ithout jobs to run/ 1rogramming languages in the batch programming era tended to be designed, liCe the machines on 8hich they ran, 'or speci'ic purposes 4such as scienti'ic 'ormula calculations or business data processing or e2entually 'or teDt editing7/ #ince e2en the ne8er, less eDpensi2e machines 8ere still major in2estments, there 8as a strong tendency to consider 1

e''iciency to be the most important 'eature o' a language/ $n general, these speciali ed languages 8ere di''icult to use and had 8idely disparate syntaD/ !s prices decreased, the possibility o' sharing computer access began to mo2e 'rom research labs to commercial use/ -e8er computer systems supported time-sharing, a system 8hich allo8s multiple users or processes to use the ,!& and memory/ $n such a system the operating system alternates bet8een running processes, gi2ing each one running time on the ,!& be'ore s8itching to another/ The machines had become 'ast enough that most users could 'eel they had the machine all to themsel2es/ $n theory, timesharing reduced the cost o' computing tremendously, as a single machine could be shared among hundreds o' users/

edit! $arly years% t&e mainframe and mini-computer era

The original "!#$% language 8as designed in 1963 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurt 536 and implemented by a team o' :artmouth students under their direction/ "!#$% 8as designed to allo8 students to 8rite programs 'or the :artmouth Time-#haring #ystem/ $t 8as intended to address the compleDity issues o' older languages 8ith a ne8 language design speci'ically 'or the ne8 class o' users that time-sharing systems allo8edHthat is, a less technical user 8ho did not ha2e the mathematical bacCground o' the more traditional users and 8as not interested in ac=uiring it/ "eing able to use a computer to support teaching and research 8as =uite no2el at the time/ $n the 'ollo8ing years, as other dialects o' "!#$% appeared, Kemeny and Kurt Is original "!#$% dialect became Cno8n as Dartmouth BASIC/ The eight design principles o' "!#$% 8ere3 1/ @/ 3/ 9/ A/ 6/ >/ ?/ "e easy 'or beginners to use/ "e a general-purpose programming language/ !llo8 ad2anced 'eatures to be added 'or eDperts 48hile Ceeping the language simple 'or beginners7/ "e interacti2e/ 1ro2ide clear and 'riendly error messages/ ,espond =uicCly 'or small programs/ -ot to re=uire an understanding o' computer hard8are/ #hield the user 'rom the operating system/

The language 8as based partly on the +),T,!- $$ and partly on the !(G)( 6*, 8ith additions to maCe it suitable 'or timesharing/ 4The 'eatures o' other time-sharing systems such as J)## and %),%, and to a lesser eDtent ($#1, 8ere also considered/7 $t had been preceded by other teaching-language eDperiments at :artmouth such as the :!,#$&%) 419A67 and :)1E 4196@ implementations o' #!1 and :!,T 419637 8hich 8as a simpli'ied +),T,!- $$7/ $nitially, "!#$% concentrated on supporting straight'or8ard mathematical 8orC, 8ith matriD arithmetic support 'rom its initial implementation as a batch language and 'ull string 'unctionality being added by 196A/ "!#$% 8as 'irst implemented on the GE-@6A main'rame 8hich supported multiple terminals/ !t the time o' its introduction, it 8as a compiled language/ $t 8as also =uite e''icient, beating +),T,!- $$ and !(G)( 6* implementations on the @6A at se2eral 'airly computationally intensi2e 4at the time7 programming problems such as numerical integration by #impsonIs ,ule/ The designers o' the language decided to maCe the compiler a2ailable 'ree o' charge so that the language 8ould become 8idespread/ They also made it a2ailable to high schools in the :artmouth area and put a considerable amount o' e''ort into promoting the language/ !s a result, Cno8ledge o' "!#$% became relati2ely 8idespread 4'or a computer language7 and "!#$% 8as implemented by a number o' manu'acturers, becoming 'airly popular on ne8er minicomputers liCe the :E% 1:1 series and the :ata General -o2a/ The "!#$% language 8as also central to the ;1 Time-#hared "!#$% system in the late 196*s and early 19>*s, and the 1icC operating system/ $n these instances the language tended to be implemented as an interpreter, instead o' 4or in addition to7 a compiler/ #e2eral years a'ter its release, highly respected computer pro'essionals, notably Edsger G/ :ijCstra, eDpressed their opinions that the use o' G)T) statements, 8hich eDisted in many languages including "!#$%, promoted poor programming practices/596 #ome ha2e also derided "!#$% as too slo8 4most interpreted 2ersions are slo8er than e=ui2alent compiled 2ersions7 or too simple 4many 2ersions, especially 'or small computers, le't out important 'eatures and capabilities7/

edit! $'plosi(e gro)t&% t&e &ome computer era MS* BASIC (ersion +,-ot8ithstanding the languageIs use on se2eral minicomputers, it 8as the introduction o' the &$T# !ltair ??** FCitF microcomputer in 19>A that pro2ided "!#$% a path to uni2ersality/ &ost programming languages re=uired suitable teDt editors, large amounts o' memory and a2ailable disC space, 8hereas the early microcomputers had no resident editors, limited memory and o'ten substituted recordable audio tapes 'or disC space/ !ll these issues allo8ed a language liCe "!#$%, in its interpreted 'orm 8ith a built-in code editor, to operate 8ithin those constraints/ @

"!#$% also had the ad2antage that it 8as 'airly 8ell-Cno8n to the young designers and computer hobbyists 8ho tooC an interest in microcomputers, and generally 8orCed in the electronics industries o' the day/ Kemeny and Kurt Is earlier proselyti ing paid o'' in this respect and the 'e8 hobbyistsI journals o' the era 8ere 'illed 8ith columns that made mentions o' the language or 'ocused entirely on one 2ersion compared to others/ )ne o' the 'irst to appear 'or the ?*?* machines liCe the !ltair 8as Tiny "!#$%, a simple "!#$% implementation originally 8ritten by :r/ (i-%hen Gang, and then ported onto the !ltair by :ennis !llison at the re=uest o' "ob !lbrecht 48ho later 'ounded :r/ :obbIs Journal7/ The Tiny "!#$% design and the 'ull source code 8ere published in 19>6 in ::J/ $n 19>A, &$T# released !ltair "!#$%, de2eloped by college drop-outs "ill Gates and 1aul !llen as the company &icro-#o't, 8hich gre8 into todayIs corporate giant, &icroso't/ The 'irst !ltair 2ersion 8as co-8ritten by Gates, !llen, and &onte :a2ido'' in a burst o' enthusiasm and neglect o' studies/ .ersions o' &icroso't "!#$% 4also Cno8n then, and most 8idely as M BASIC or MBASIC7 8as soon bundled 8ith the original 'loppy disC-based %1E& computers, 8hich became 8idespread in small business en2ironments/ !s the popularity o' "!#$% on %1E& spread, ne8er computer designs also introduced their o8n 2ersion o' the language, or had &icro-#o't port its 2ersion to their plat'orm/ Ghen three major ne8 computers 8ere introduced in 8hat "yte &aga ine 8ould later call the F19>> TrinityF,5A6 all three had "!#$% as their primary programming language and operating en2ironment/ The %ommodore 1ET licensed a 2ersion o' &icro-#o't "!#$% that 8as ported to the &)# 6A*@, 8hile !pple $$ and T,#-?* both introduced ne8, largely similar 2ersions o' the language/ !s ne8 companies entered the 'ield, additional 2ersions 8ere added that subtly changed the "!#$% 'amily/ The !tari ?-bit 'amily had their o8n !tari "!#$% that 8as modi'ied in order to 'it on an ? C" ,)& cartridge/ The ""% published ""% "!#$%, de2eloped 'or them by !corn %omputers (td, incorporating many eDtra structuring Cey8ords/ &ost o' the home computers o' the 19?*s had a ,)&-resident "!#$% interpreter, allo8ing the machines to boot directly into "!#$%/ "ecause o' this legacy, there are more dialects o' "!#$% than there are o' any other programming language/ !s "!#$% gre8 in this period, many maga ines such as Creative Computing aga!ine published complete source code in "!#$% 'or games, utilities, and other programs/ Gi2en "!#$%Is straight'or8ard nature, it 8as simple matter to type in the code 'rom the maga ine and eDecute the program/ :i''erent maga ines 8ere published 'eaturing programs 'or speci'ic computers, though some "!#$% programs 8ere uni2ersal and could be used in machines running any 2ariant o' "!#$% / ! logical eDtension o' the maga ine idea 8as the publishing o' "!#$% source code in 'ull-'ledged booCs3 probably the classic eDample 8as :a2id !hlIs series o' "asic %omputer Games/5665>65?6

edit! Maturity% t&e personal computer era

$"& %assette "!#$% 1/1* $"& :isC "!#$% 1/1* $"& "!#$%! 1/1* GG-"!#$% 3/@3 !s early as 19>9 &icroso't 8as in negotiations 8ith $"& to supply their $"& 1%s 8ith an $"& %assette "!#$% 4"!#$% %7 inside "$)#/ &icroso't sold se2eral 2ersions o' "!#$% 'or &#-:)#E1%-:)# including $"& :isC "!#$% 4"!#$% :7, $"& "!#$%! 4"!#$% !7, GG-"!#$% 4a "!#$%!-compatible 2ersion that did not need $"&Is ,)&7 and JuicC"!#$%/ Turbo 1ascal-publisher "orland published Turbo "!#$% 1/* in 19?A 4successor 2ersions are still being marCeted by the original author under the name 1o8er"!#$%7/ &icroso't 8rote the 8indo8ing based !miga"!#$% that 8as supplied 8ith 2ersion 1/1 o' the pre-empti2e multitasCing G<$ !miga computers 4late 19?AE early 19?67, although the product unusually did not bear any &icroso't marCs/ These languages introduced many eDtensions to the original home computer "!#$%, such as impro2ed string manipulation and graphics support, access to the 'ile system and additional data types/ &ore important 8ere the 'acilities 'or structured programming, including additional control structures and proper subroutines supporting local 2ariables/ ;o8e2er, by the latter hal' o' the 19?*s ne8er computers 8ere 'ar more capable 8ith more resources/ !t the same time, computers had progressed 'rom a hobbyist interest to tools used primarily 'or applications 8ritten by others, and programming became less important 'or most users/ "!#$% started to recede in importance, though numerous 2ersions remained a2ailable/ %ompiled "!#$% or %"!#$% is still used in many $"& 969* )# point o' sale systems/ "!#$%Is 'ortunes re2ersed once again 8ith the introduction o' .isual "asic by &icroso't/ $t is some8hat di''icult to consider this language to be "!#$%, because o' the major shi't in its orientation to8ards an object-oriented and e2entdri2en perspecti2e/ The only signi'icant similarity to older "!#$% dialects 8as 'amiliar syntaD/ #yntaD itsel' no longer F'ully de'inedF the language, since much de2elopment 8as done using Fdrag and dropF methods 8ithout eDposing all code 'or commonly used objects such as buttons and scrollbars to the de2eloper/ Ghile this could be considered an e2olution o' the language, 'e8 o' the distincti2e 'eatures o' early :artmouth "!#$%, such as line numbers and the INPUT Cey8ord, remain 4although .isual "asic still uses INPUT to read data 'rom 'iles, and 3

is a2ailable 'or direct user inputK line numbers can also optionally be used in all ." 2ersions, e2en ."/-ET, albeit they cannot be used in certain places, 'or instance be'ore SUB7/
INPUTBOX

$ronically gi2en the origin o' "!#$% as a FbeginnerIsF language, and apparently e2en to the surprise o' many at &icroso't 8ho still initially marCeted .isual "asic or F."F as a language 'or hobbyists, the language had come into 8idespread use 'or small custom business applications shortly a'ter the release o' ." 2ersion 3/*, 8hich is 8idely considered the 'irst relati2ely stable 2ersion/ Ghile many ad2anced programmers still sco''ed at its use, ." met the needs o' small businesses e''iciently 8here2er processing speed 8as less o' a concern than easy de2elopment/ "y that time, computers running Gindo8s 3/1 had become 'ast enough that many business-related processes could be completed Fin the blinC o' an eyeF e2en using a Fslo8F language, as long as massi2e amounts o' data 8ere not in2ol2ed/ &any small business o8ners 'ound they could create their o8n small yet use'ul applications in a 'e8 e2enings to meet their o8n speciali ed needs/ E2entually, during the lengthy li'etime o' ."3, Cno8ledge o' .isual "asic had become a marCetable job sCill/ &any "!#$% dialects ha2e also sprung up in the last 'e8 years, including "y8ater "!#$% and True "!#$% 4the direct successor to :artmouth "!#$% 'rom a company controlled by Kurt 7/ )ne notable 2ariant is ,eal"asic 8hich although 'irst released in 199? 'or &acintosh computers, has since @**A 'ully compiled programs 'or &icroso't Gindo8s, &ac )# 0 and 3@-bit D?6 (inuD, 'rom the same object-oriented source code/ ,eal"asic compiled programs may eDecute nati2ely on these plat'orms as ser2ices, consoles or 8indo8ed applications/ ;o8e2er in Ceeping 8ith "!#$% tradition, single-plat'orm hobbyist 2ersions are also still maintained/ &any other "!#$% 2ariants and adaptations ha2e been 8ritten by hobbyists, e=uipment de2elopers, and others, as it is a relati2ely simple language to de2elop translators 'or/ !n eDample o' an open source interpreter, 8ritten in %, is &ini"asic/ &ore compleD eDamples o' 'ree so't8are "!#$% implementations 4de2elopment tools and compilers7 includes Gambas and +ree"!#$%/ The ubi=uity o' "!#$% interpreters on personal computers 8as such that teDtbooCs once included simple FTry $t $n "!#$%F eDercises that encouraged students to eDperiment 8ith mathematical and computational concepts on classroom or home computers/ +uturist and sci-'i 8riter :a2id "rin mourns the loss o' ubi=uitous "!#$% in a recent Salon article/596

edit! $'amples
This section does not cite any references or sources/
1lease help impro2e this article by adding citations to reliable sources/ <nsourced material may be challenged and remo2ed/ "December #$$%&

edit! .nstructured BASIC

-e8 "!#$% programmers on a home computer might start 8ith a simple program similar to the ;ello 8orld program made 'amous by Kernighan and ,itchie/ This generally in2ol2es simple use o' the languageIs 1,$-T statement to display the message 4such as the programmerIs name7 to the screen/ )'ten an in'inite loop 8as used to 'ill the display 8ith the message/ &ost 'irst generation "!#$% languages such as &#0 "!#$% and GG-"!#$% supported simple data types, loop cycles and arrays/ The 'ollo8ing eDample is 8ritten 'or GG-"!#$%, but 8ill 8orC in most 2ersions o' "!#$% 8ith minimal changes3
10 INPUT "What is your name: ", U$ 20 PRINT " e!!o "" U$ #0 INPUT " o$ many stars %o you $ant: ", N &0 S$ ' "" (0 )OR I ' 1 TO N *0 S$ ' S$ + "," -0 N.XT I /0 PRINT S$ 00 INPUT "1o you $ant more stars2 ", 3$ 100 I) 4.N53$6 ' 0 T .N 7OTO 00 110 3$ ' 4.)T$53$, 16 120 I) 3$ ' "8" OR 3$ ' "y" T .N 7OTO #0 1#0 PRINT "7oo%9ye "" U$ 1&0 .N1

edit! Structured BASIC

#econd generation "!#$%s 4'or eDample JuicC"!#$% and 1o8er"!#$%7 introduced a number o' 'eatures into the language, primarily related to structured and procedure-oriented programming/ <sually, line numbering is omitted 'rom the language and replaced 8ith labels 4'or G)T)7 and procedures to encourage easier and more 'leDible design/
51*6

INPUT "What is your name: ", UserName$ PRINT " e!!o "" UserName$ 1O

INPUT " o$ many stars %o you $ant: ", NumStars Stars$ ' STRIN7$5NumStars, ","6 PRINT Stars$ 1O INPUT "1o you $ant more stars2 ", 3ns$er$ 4OOP UNTI4 3ns$er$ :; "" 3ns$er$ ' 4.)T$53ns$er$, 16 4OOP W I4. U<3S.$53ns$er$6 ' "8" PRINT "7oo%9ye "" UserName$

edit! BASIC )it& object-oriented features

Third generation "!#$% dialects such as .isual "asic, ,E!(basic, #tar)''ice "asic and "lit &aD introduced 'eatures to support object-oriented and e2ent-dri2en programming paradigm/ &ost built-in procedures and 'unctions no8 represented as metho's o' standard objects rather than operators/ The 'ollo8ing eDample is in .isual "asic /-ET3
<!ass stars Su9 =ain56 1im UserName, 3ns$er, stars 3s Strin>, NumStars 3s Inte>er <onso!e?Write5"What is your name: "6 UserName ' <onso!e?Rea%4ine56 <onso!e?Write4ine5" e!!o @0A", UserName6 1o <onso!e?Write5" o$ many stars %o you $ant: "6 NumStars ' <Int5<onso!e?Rea%4ine566 stars ' Ne$ Strin>5",", NumStars6 <onso!e?Write4ine5stars6 1o <onso!e?Write5"1o you $ant more stars2 "6 3ns$er ' <onso!e?Rea%4ine56 4ooB Unti! 3ns$er :; "" 3ns$er ' 3ns$er?Su9strin>50, 16 4ooB Whi!e 3ns$er?ToUBBer56 ' "8" <onso!e?Write4ine5"7oo%9ye @0A", UserName6 .n% Su9 .n% <!ass

edit! /ist of Basic Programming Commands0Statements

1/ (et %ommand - used to assign 2alueEcontent to the 2ariable/ @/ $nput #tatement - is a con2ersational statement 8herein the computer asC the user the 2alue o' the 2ariable/
TyBes oC InBut Statement a? Or%inary InBut 9? PromBte% InBut D 5Strin> Earia9!e Name is use%6

3/ $' /// Then #tatement - is used in comparison or decision maCing/ 9/ Tab +unction - allo8s the computer user to ha2e complete control on the position 8here the neDt character 8ill be sho8n on the screen or printed on paper/
3r>ument D reBresents the Bosition $here Brintin> $i!! 9e ma%e?

A/ G)#<" %ommand - is used to a2oid repetiti2e typing o' the same set o' instructions in the program/ 6/ ,E& 4,emarCs7 - is used to assignEgi2e title to the program and to help identi'y the purpose o' a gi2en section o' code/ >/ )- /// G)T) %ommand - allo8s the program to choose 'rom a list o' line numbers 8here to go depending on certain conditions/ $t is the 2ariation o' $' /// Then #tatement and G)T) %ommand/

edit! See also

GiCibooCs has a booC on the topic o' Programming:BASIC (ist o' "!#$% dialects (ist o' "!#$% dialects by plat'orm

edit! 1otes
1/ 2 The acronym is tied to the name o' an unpublished paper by Thomas Kurt and is not a bacCronym, as is sometimes suggested in older 2ersions o' The Jargon +ile @/ 2 &ono brings .isual "asic programs to (inuD,"y #te2en J/ .aughan--ichols, +eb/ 19, @**>, (inuD-Gatch 3/ 2 Thomas E/ Kurt - ;istory o' 1rogramming (anguages 9/ 2 $n a 196? letter, :utch computer scientist Edsger :ijCstra considered programming languages using G)T) statements 'or program structuring purposes harm'ul 'or the producti2ity o' the programmer as 8ell as the =uality o' the resulting code 4FGo To #tatement %onsidered ;arm'ulF, Communications of the AC .olume 11, 19>-19?/ 196?7/ The letter, 8hich contributed the phrase considered harm'ul to programming jargon, did not mention any particular programming languageK instead it states that the o2eruse o' G)T) is damaging and gi2es technical reasons 8hy this should be so/ $n a 19>A tongue-in-cheeC article, F;o8 do Ge Tell Truths that &ight ;urtF, Sigplan (otices .olume 1> -o/ A, :ijCstra gi2es a list o' uncom'ortable FtruthsF, including his opinion o' se2eral programming languages o' the time/ !lthough "!#$% is one o' his targets 4F$t is practically impossible to teach good programming to students that ha2e had a prior eDposure to "!#$%3 as potential programmers they are mentally mutilated beyond hope o' regenerationF7, it recei2es no 8orse treatment in the piece than 1(E$, %)")( or !1(/ A/ 2 F&ost $mportant %ompaniesF/ Byte aga!ine/ #eptember 199A/ http3EE888/byte/comEartE9A*9Esec>Eart1A/htm/ ,etrie2ed @**?-*6-1*/ 6/ 2 Table o' %ontents3 "!#$% %omputer Games >/ 2 Table o' %ontents3 &ore "!#$% %omputer Games ?/ 2 Table o' %ontents3 "ig %omputer Games 9/ 2 Ghy Johnny %anIt %ode, "y :a2id "rin, #ept/ 19, @**6, #alon Technology 1*/ 2 F:i''erences "et8een GG-"!#$% and J"asicF/ @**3-*A-1@/ http3EEsupport/microso't/comECbE>3*?9/ ,etrie2ed @**?-*6-@?/

edit! 3eferences

41:+7 A anual for BASIC, the elementary algebraic language 'esigne' for use )ith the Dartmouth Time Sharing System/ :artmouth %ollege %omputation %enter/ 1969/ http3EE888/bitsa2ers/orgEpd'EdartmouthE"!#$%L)ct69/pd'/HThe original :artmouth "!#$% manual/ (ien, :a2id !/ 419?67/ The Basic *an'book+ ,ncyclope'ia of the BASIC Computer -anguage 43rd ed/ ed/7/ %ompuso't 1ublishing/ $#"- *-93@>6*-33-3/H:ocuments dialect 2ariations 'or o2er @A* 2ersions o' "!#$%/ Kemeny, John G/K Kurt , Thomas E/ 419?A7/ Back To BASIC+ The *istory, Corruption, an' Future of the -anguage/ !ddison-Gesley/ pp/ 191 pp/ $#"- *-@*1-13933-*/ #ammet, Jean E/ 419697/ .rogramming languages+ *istory an' fun'amentals/ Engle8ood %li''s, -/J/3 1rentice;all/ The Encyclopedia o' %omputer (anguages/ BASIC / Beginners All/purpose Symbolic Instruction Co'e/ &urdoch <ni2ersity/

edit! Standards

!-#$E$#)E$E% #tandard 'or &inimal "!#$%3 o !-#$ 03/6*-19>? F+), &$-$&!( "!#$%F o $#)E$E% 63>3319?9 F:!T! 1,)%E##$-G - 1,)G,!&&$-G (!-G<!GE# - &$-$&!( "!#$%F !-#$E$#)E$E% #tandard 'or +ull "!#$%3 o !-#$ 03/113-19?> F1,)G,!&&$-G (!-G<!GE# +<(( "!#$%F o $-%$T#E$#)E$E% 1*@>9-1991 4,@**A7 F$n'ormation Technology - 1rogramming (anguages - +ull "!#$%F !-#$E$#)E$E% !ddendum :e'ining &odules3 o !-#$ 03/113 $-TE,1,ET!T$)-#-199@ F"!#$% TE%;-$%!( $-+),&!T$)- "<((ET$- M 1 $-TE,1,ET!T$)-# )+ !-#$ *3/113-19?>F o $#)E$E% 1*@>931991E !md 131999 F&):<(E# !-: #$-G(E %;!,!%TE, $-1<T E-;!-%E&E-TF E%&!-116 "!#$% ")ith'ra)n, similar to A(SI 01.221/23%4&

edit! $'ternal lin#s

"!#$% at the )pen :irectory 1roject &ore "asic %omputer Games by :a2id !hl "ig %omputer Games by :a2id !hl