G1- G3 revision flashcards

Outline the factors that affect the distribution of plant species

#!plain the factors that affect the distribution of animal species (note that to e!plain you ha$e to say %H& they ha$e an effect),

temperature (proper range needed for sur$i$al, en'ymes denature if too warm, reactions too slow if temperatures too low), water (proper amount needed for bodily functions and en'yme acti$ities, a(uatic organisms need it to li$e in), breeding sites (animals must breed to create a new generation an some re(uire specific locations for this, like sites in trees for bird nests), food supply (may feed on specific foods and re(uire these to stay ali$e, abundance may affect population si'e), territory (need to establish and defend to get food and mates in some species). Competition, pollution, and geographic barriers (like large canyons) can also affect distribution create plots)(uadrats (make a grid on the map), number the grids, use a random number generator to choose which grids to count, measure population si'e in those (uadrats, calculate a$erage population density, multiply to get total population (check notes)study guide to make sure you know the e(uations)

Describe how to measure population si'e by the (uadrat method

%hat sort of organisms is the (uadrat method good for measuring?

population si'e for plants and slow*mo$ing animals (like snails)

%hen would you use the transect?,

+o correlate the distribution of a plant or animal species with an abiotic $ariable. (,or instance, as soil moisture decreases as you go away from a stream, what happens to the pre$alence of a particular type of wildflower?)

Outline the use of the transect method

-tretch a rope down the area that you want to in$estigate. %alk the transect line. At predetermined inter$als, measure the population si'e for the organism you are interested in. +hese measurements can be at the point on the rope or (point transect), in a belt transect, in a band going on both sides of the rope. &o may see changes in the species present as abiotic factors change along the length of your transect a sampling method used to ensure that each part of an area being sampled has an e(ual chance of being measured

#!plain .random sample.,

#!plain what is meant by the niche concept

the role)functional position of an organism in its en$ironment/ the spatial habitat where a species li$es/ feeding acti$ities)how food is obtained/ interactions with other organisms in the community (also remember no two species can occupy the same niche)

#!plain the principleof competiti$e e!clusion

,if two organisms occupy the same niche then they will compete for food)territory)other resources. +he best adapted will cause the disappearance of the other. 01 has used an e!ample of 2ause"s e!periment with 3. aurelia and 3. candatum before (you can google it)...know this or some other e!ample

Distinguish between fundamental and reali'ed niches,

+he fundamental niche is the potential mode of e!istance, gi$en the adaptations of the species. (%here you predict it will be found in the absence of competition). +he reali'ed niche is the actual mode of e!istance, which results from its adaptations and competition with other species.

(0nterspecific) e!ample of

ompetition4 outline and gi$e an

both harmed, mice and ants both eat seeds so they compete for food

Herbi$ory4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of

one benefits, one (plant) harmed/ cows eat grass

3redation4 4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of,

one benefits (predator), one harmed (prey)/ hawk eating rabbit

3arasitism4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of

one benefits (parasite) one harmed (host)/ tapeworms and humans

5utualism4 outline and gi$e an e!ample of

both benefit/ nitrogen*fi!ing bacteria and plants O6 sea anemones and clownfish (don"t call it 7emo8)

Define biomass

.the total organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat. (from te!tbook)9basically the weight (without water) of all of the organisms in the same trophic le$el. an be used to make biomass pyramids

Describe one method for measurement of biomass at a trophic le$el in an ecosystem.,

Do e!tensi$e measurements to determine the population of plants (or animals) and their si'e. #stimate the weight of all of these things (this will re(uire additional measurements). +ake a $ery small sample (perhap part of a tree) to the lab, determine the wet weight, o$en dry, weight again. reate a calculation to con$ert your estimate of total wet weight to total dry weight.

Define gross production

2ross production:total light energy con$erted into chemical energy by the autotrophs in an ecosystem

Define net production,

7et production:energy a$ailable to consumers after the autotrophs ha$e used what was necessary for their own respiration

%hat e(uation relates gross production, net preoduction, and plant respiration?,

7et production:2ross production*plant respiration (23* 6:73) (not gi$en on test)

0f gross producti$ity is ;<= k> m*? yr*; and respiration is <= k> m*? yr*; , what is net producti$ity?,

;== k> m*? yr*;

Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic le$els

Depending on the food chain used, an organism in a food web may ha$e two or more trophic le$els. &ou should draw a food web and use specific e!amples to illustrate this idea. 5emori'e your study guide food web if you don"t know a local one

#!plain the small biomass and low number of organisms in higher trophic le$els

#nergy goes from one trophic le$el to the ne!t as the energy in the chemicals of one organism are taken in Only about ;=@ of the energy from one trophic le$el is tranferred to the ne!t trophic le$el. #nergy is lost between trophic le$els for reasons including4 material not consumed (like bones), material not assimilated (like the cellulose)fiber in the human diet that becomes part of feces), and heat loss through cellular respiration. #nergy transformations are ne$er ;==@ efficient, including those in$ol$ing reactions within our bodies. Aess energy means less possible biomass at the higher trophic le$els. +his will be reflected

in smaller population si'es at higher trophic le$els and a limited number of trophic le$el

1e able to construct a pyramid of energy from appropriate information (ie, producers are ?== k> m*? yr*;, primary consumers are ?= k> m*? yr*;, and secondary consumers are ? k> m*? yr*;),

heck your pyramid to make sure producers are on the bottom, primary consumers ?nd and secondary consumers at the top. +he width of the bar should be proportional to the energy. +he energy of each bar should be labelled and you should ha$e units8

Distinguish between primary and secondary succession,

gi$ing an e!ample of each,0n primary succession there is not soil initially (after $olcanic eruptions or glacier receeding)/ in secondary succession there is already soil (after a forest fire or when letting a farm return to a natural state)

Outline the changes in species di$ersity and production during primary succession

3roducti$ity increases o$er time. 0n order4 lichens mosses, grasses, shrubs, trees. Bnow why they come in this order9see notes on facilitation and inhibition

#!plain the effects of li$ing organisms on the abiotic en$ironment, with reference to the changes occuring during primary succession

;. -oil de$elopment (for e!ample, mosses die adding enough organic material to the soil which allows the grasses to grow) ?. accumulation of minerals (some organisms, like pine trees, change the pH of the soil which affects how easy it is for plants to absorb certain minerals) C. reduced erosion (grasses and other plants redure erosion). -ee notes for other specific e!amples as well as facilitation and inhibition 1iosphere:the part of the #arth where li$ing organisms are found. +he biosphere includes all of the organisms on #arth. 1iome:A large region characteri'ed by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities

Distinguish between biome and biosphere

#!plain how rainfall and temperature affect the distribution of biomes

1e able to draw a climograph to show the interaction between these factors. 0t should include the D biomes listed in 2.?.;; -ee notes.

Outline the characteristics of the D maEor biomes

+he D biomes to know are4 desert, grassland, shrubland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical forest, and tundra. &our descriptions shoul include temperature, moisture (rainfall), and characteristics of $egitation. -ee class acti$ity on google docs

alculate the -impson di$ersity inde! for communities

5ake sure you know the formula from topic 2.C.; (not gi$en on test). +here are practice (uestions on your homework.

, Analy'e the biodi$ersity of two communities using the di$ersity inde!

+he di$ersity inde! is a measure of species richness of an ecosystem. +he higher the inde! the greater the di$ersity. #n$ironmental change cause changes in the inde!. (3ollution, en$ironmental disturbance, etc lower the inde!

Discuss reasons for the conser$ation of biodi$ersity using rainforests as an e!ample

1e sure your answer includes ethical, ecological, economic and asethetic arguments. Also be able to discuss some reasons that people might be opposed to conser$ation9 see your notes if you can"t do this.

Aist C e!amples of the introduction of alien species that had significant impacts on ecosystems.,

;. 1iological control4 releasing ladybugs to kill aphids on roses in the garden. ?. Accidental release4 'ebra mussels being mo$ed around the world in ballast water for boats, the 'ebra mussels compete with nati$e mussels. C. Deliberate release4 cane toads in Australia (to kill cane grubs, which didn"t work. 3lus, the cane toads outcompeted a lot of nati$e wildlife)

Discuss the impact of alien species on ecosystems (C impacts with named e!amples of each).,

0nterspecific competition (alien 'ebra mussels $s. nati$e mussels, alien thistle $s. olorado wildflowers)/ 3redation (alien dogs and cats killing birds like the dodo)/ species e!tiction (dodo)/ biological control of pest species (ladybugs and aphids/ failed attempt with cane toad and cane grubs)

Outline one e!ample of control of an in$asi$e species,

Bill them (ie thistles in olorado meadows), mo$e them (ie take goats out of nature reser$es in 7ew Fealand), ideally pre$ent their entry (hence the rules about fruit at the airport)

Define biomagnification

1iomagnification is the process in which chemical substance become more concentrated at each trophic le$el (don"t confuse with bioaccumulation, with is within an organism during its lifetime)

#!plain the causes and conse(uences of biomagnification using a named e!ample

DD+ is sprayed on crops to control insects. 0t washes off into ri$ers and lakes and gets on a(uatic plants and phytoplankton (producers) at low comcentrations. Aittle fish eat these producers and build up higher and higher le$els of DD+ in their lifetimes (bioaccumulation). 0n the ne!t trophic le$el, a medium*si'ed fish will consume many small fish, concentrating all of the DD+ from all of the little fish in their bodies. %hen birds eat large fish and medium fish then they get all of the DD+ from those fish. +he concentration has increased at each trophic le$el** biomagnification. (&ou could also use the mercury e!ample from the $ideo) GH damages D7A causing mutations. 1iological producti$ity is decreased (reduces photosynthetic rates in plants and algae). 0t also damages tissues, increases rates of skin cancer, causes cataracts.

Outline the effects of ultra$iolet (GH) radiation on li$ing tissues and biological producti$ity

%hat absorbs GH radiation and reduces the amount people on #arth are e!posed to?,

o'one in the stratosphere

Outline the effects of , s (chlorofluorocarbons) on the o'one layer

, s cause o'one (OC) to break down to o!ygen gas (O?). +he notes ha$e the details, which are not re(uired but can sometimes gi$e you an e!tra point on an essay