CEE 345

Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.2
A concrete sewer pipe 4 ft in diameter is laid so it has a drop in elevation of 1.00ft per
1000 ft of length. If sewage (assume the properties are the same as those of water) ows at
a depth of 2 ft in the pipe, what will be the discharge?
Solution:
R
h
=
A
P
=
1
8
D
2

1
2
D
=
D
4
= 1.0 ft
Assuming n = 0.013, we then have
Q =
1.49
n
AR
2
3
h
S
1
2
0
=
1.49
0.013

4
(4 ft)
2
(1.0 ft)
2
3
_
1.00 ft
1000 ft
_1
2
= 22.8 cfs
Problem 4.4
A rectangular troweled concrete channel 12 ft wide with a slope of 10 ft in 8000 ftis
designed for a discharge of 600 cfs. For a water temperature of 40

F, estimate the depth of

y
5
3
(12 ft + y)
2
3

_
10 ft
8000 ft
_1
2
Solving this for y we get the solutions of 4.11 ft and 5.60 ft. Obviously, only the latter
one is possible, so y = 5.60 ft.
1
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.7
A concrete-lined trapezoidal channel with bottom width of 10 ft and side slopes of 1
vertical to 2 horizontal is designed to carry a ow of 3000 cfs. If the slope of the channel
is 0.001, what would be the depth of ow in the channel?
Solution:
Assuming n = 0.012
AR
2
3
h
b
8
3
=
Qn
1.49S
1
2
0
b
8
3
=
3000 cfs 0.012
1.49 0.001
1
2
(10 ft)
8
3
= 1.65
Then from Fig. 4-7, y/b = 0.90 or y = 9 ft.
Problem 4.12
Estimate the discharge in the Moyie River near Eastport, Idaho, when the depth is 4 ft.
Assume S
0
= 0.0032.
Solution:
Q =
1.49
n
AR
2
3
h
S
1
2
0
First calculate A and R
h
from the given gure. By approximating the area as several trian-
gles and rectangles the area is found to be A = 300 ft
2
. Likewise, by approximation it is
found that P = 125 ft. Thus
R
h
=
A
P
=
300 ft
2
125 ft
= 2.40 ft.
Assume n = 0.038 as given in Fig. 4-3. Then
Q =
1.49
n
AR
2
3
h
S
1
2
0
=
1.49
0.038
300 ft (2.40 ft)
2
3

_
5 ft
5280 ft
_1
2
= 1200 cfs
2
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.16
A trapezoidal irrigation canal is to be excavated in soil and lined with coarse gravel.
The canal is to be designed for a discharge of 200 cfs, and it will have slope of 0.0016.
What should be the magnitude of the cross-sectional area and hydraulic radius for the canal
if it is to be designed so that erosion of the canal will not occur? Choose a canal cross
section that will satisfy the limitations.
Solution:
FromTable 4-3 the maximumpermissible velocity for coarse gravel is given as 4.00 ft/s
and n = 0.025. Manning equation:
V =
1.49
n
R
2
3
h
S
1
2
0
or
R
h
=
_

_
Vn
1.49S
1
2
0
_

_
3
2
= 2.17 ft.
Also
A =
Q
V
=
200 cfs
4.00 ft/s
= 50 ft
2
Assume side slopes will be 1 vertical to 2 horizontal
P =
A
R
h
=
50 ft
2
2.17 ft
= 23.0 ft
Also
P = b + 2y

1 + 4 = b + 2

5y = 23.0 ft
A = by + 2y
2
= 50 ft
2
Solving the above two equations for the bottom width b and depth y yields b = 7.59 ft and
y = 3.45 ft.
3
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.22
Water ows at a depth of 10 cm with a velocity of 6 m/s in a rectangular channel. Is
the ow subcritical or supercritical? What is the alternate depth?
Solution:
Check Froude number
Fr =
V

gy
=
6 m/s
_
9.81 /s
2
0.1 m
= 6.06 > 1
so the ow is supercritical.
E = y +
V
2
2g
= 0.1 m+
(6 m/s)
2
2 9.81 m/s
2
= 1.935 m
Solving for the alternate depth for an E = 1.935 m yields y
alt
= 1.93 m
Problem 4.31
Derive a formula for critical depth, d
c
in the V-shaped channel shown below.
Solution:
A
3
c
T
c
=
Q
2
g
where for this channel A
c
= d
2
c
and T
c
= 2d
c
so
(d
2
c
)
3
2d
c
=
1
2
d
5
c
=
Q
2
g
or
d
c
=
_
2Q
@
g
_1
5
.
4
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.34
A 10-ft wide rectangular channel is very smooth except for a small reach that is rough-
ened with angle irons attached to the bottom of the channel. Water ows in the channel
at a rate of 200 cfs and at a depth of 1.00 ft. Assume frictionless ow except over the
roughened part where the total drag of all the roughness (all the angle irons) is assumed
to be 2000 lb. Determine the depth at the end of the roughness elements for the assumed
conditions.
Solution:
Use the momentum equation written from the section upstream of the angle irons (call
it 1) to a section downstream of them (section 2). Write it per foot of width of channel.
y
2
1
2

y
2
2
2

F
a
b
= V
2
1
y
1
+ V
2
2
y
2
or
y
2
1
y
2
2

2F
a
b
=
2
g
V
2
1
y
1
+
2
g
_
Q
by
2
_
2
y
2
where F
a
is the force on the angle irons and b is the channel width. Substituting the known
values we get
(1 ft)
2
y
2
2

2 2000 lb
10 ft 62.4 lb/ft
3
=
2 (20 ft/s)
2
1 ft
32.2 ft/s
2
+
2 (200 cfs)
2
32.2 ft/s
2
(10 ft)
2
1
y
2
Solving this equation for y
2
we get three solutions, 4.95 ft, 1.43 ft and 3.52 ft. The rst
one is of course impossible, but the other two represent the supercritical and subcritical
solutions. In this case y
2
= 1.43 ft.
Problem 4.36
Water ows with a velocity of 2 m/s and at a depth of 3 m in a rectangular channel.
What is the change in depth and in water surface elevation produced by a gradual upward
change in bottom elevation (upstep) of 60 cm? What would be the depth and elevation
changes if there were a gradual downstep of 15 cm? What is the maximum size of upstep
that could exist before upstream depth changes would result? Neglect head losses.
5
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Solution:
E
1
= y
1
+
V
2
1
2g
= 3 m+
(2 m/s)
2
2 9.81 m/s
2
= 3.20 m.
E
2
= E
1
z = 3.20 m 0.60 m = 2.60 m.
Also
E
2
= y
2
+
q
2
2gy
2
2
= y
2
+
(6 m
3
/s/m)
2
2 9.81 m/s
2
y
2
2
= 2.60 m
so y
2
= 2.24 m. y = y
2
y
1
= 0.76 m so water surface drops 0.16 m.
For a downward step of 15 cm we have
E
2
= E
1
z = 3.20 m (0.15 m) = 3.35 m.
giving y
2
= 3.17 m and y = y
2
y
1
= 0.17 m so water surface rises 0.02 m.
The maximum upstep possible before aecting upstream water surface levels is for
y
2
= y
c
y
c
=
3
_
q
2
g
=
3
_
(6 m
3
/s/m)
2
9.81 m/s
2
= 1.54 m.
Problem 4.39
The spillway shown has a discharge of 1.2 m
3
/s per meter of width occurring over it.
What depth y
2
will exist downstream of the hydraulic jump? Assume negligible energy
loss over the spillway.
Solution:
y
0
+
q
2
2gy
2
0
= y
1
+
q
2
2gy
2
1
5 m+
(1.2 m
3
/s/m)
2
2 9.81 m/s
2
(5 m)
2
= y
1
+
(1.2 m
3
/s/m)
2
2 9.81 m/s
2
y
2
1
6
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
solving for y
1
we get y
1
= 0.123 m.
Fr
1
=
q
_
gy
3
1
=
(1.2 m
3
/s/m)
2
_
9.81 m/s
2
(0.123 m)
3
= 8.88.
y
2
=
y
1
2
_
_
1 + 8Fr
2
1
1
_
=
0.123 m
2
_
1 + 8 8.88
2
1
_
= 1.48 m.
Problem 4.43
Water is owing as shown under the sluice gate in a horizontal rectangular channel
that is 6 ft wide. The depths y
0
and y
1
are 65 ft and 1 ft respectively. What will be the
horsepower lost in the hydraulic jump?
Solution:
Assume negligible energy loss for ow under the sluice gate. Write the bernoulli equa-
tion from a section upstream of the sluice gate to a section immediately downstream of the
sluice gate.
y
0
+
V
2
0
2g
= y
1
+
V
2
1
2g
65 ft + 0 = 1 ft +
V
2
1
2 32.2 ft/s
2
V
1
=
_
(65 ft 1 ft) 2 32.2 ft/s
2
= 64.2 ft/s
Fr
1
=
V
1

gy
1
=
64.2 ft/s
_
32.2 ft/s
2
1 ft
= 11.3
Now solve for the depth after the jump
y
2
=
y
1
2
_
_
1 + 8Fr
2
1
1
_
=
1 ft
2
_
1 + 8 11.3
2
1
_
= 15.5 ft
h
L
=
(y
2
y
1
)
2
4y
1
y
2
=
(15.5 ft 1 ft)
2
4 1 ft 15.5 ft
= 49.2 ft
7
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
P = Qh
L
= Vbyh
L
=
64.2 ft/s 6 ft 1 ft 62.4 lb/ft
3
49.2 ft
550 ft lbs/s/HP
= 2150 HP.
Problem 4.48
The partial water surface prole shown is for a rectangular channel that is 3 m wide and
has water owing in at a rate of 5 m
3
/s. Sketch in the missing part of water surface prole
and identify the type(s).
Solution:
Flow over weir:
Q = (0.40 + 0.05
H
P
)L
_
2gH
3
2
= (0.40 + 0.05
H
1.6 m
) 3 m
_
2 9.81 m/s
2
H
3
2
= 5 m
3
/s
giving H = 0.917 m so the depth upstream of the weir is 0.917 m+ 1.60 m = 2.52 m.
Fr
1
=
q
_
gy
3
=
5 m
3
/s
3 m
_
9.81 m/s
2
(0.3 m)
3
= 3.24 > 1 supercritical
Fr
1
=
q
_
gy
3
=
1.67 m
3
/s/m
_
9.81 m/s
2
(0.52 m)
3
= 0.133 < 1 subcritical
Hydraulic jump forms. Depth downstream of jump
y =
0.3 m
2
_
1 + 8 3.24
2
1
_
= 1.23 m
The water surface prole downstream of the hydraulic jump and above the slope is S1 and
above the horizontal bottom is H2.
Problem 4.50
A horizontal rectangular concrete channel terminates in a free outfall. The channel is
4 m wide and carries a discharge of water of 12 m
3
/s. What is the water depth 300 m
upstream from the outfall?
8
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Solution:
q =
Q
b
=
12 m
3
/s
4 m
= 3 m
3
/s/m
y
c
=
3
_
q
2
g
=
3
_
(3 m
3
/s/m)
2
9.81 m/s
2
= 0.972 m
so start at x = 4y
c
= 3.89 m
Re =
V 4R
h

=
3.09 m/s 4 0.654 m
10
6
m
2
/s
= 8 10
6
using values from the rst section, giving f = 0.013. Carrying out a step solution gives the
below table. Depth at x = 300 m is then 1.57 m.
section Depth V V V
2
E R
h
R
h
S
f
x x
m m/s m/s m
2
/s
2
m m m m
1 0.972 3.09 1.458 0.654 3.89
3.07 9.448 0.656 0.0024 0.04 3.93
2 0.980 3.06 1.458 0.658
3.05 9.277 0.660 0.0023 0.17 4.11
3 0.990 3.03 1.458 0.662
2.99 8.915 0.669 0.0022 1.30 5.41
4 1.020 2.94 1.461 0.675
2.89 8.327 0.684 0.0020 3.65 9.1
5 1.060 2.83 1.468 0.693
2.78 7.721 0.701 0.0018 5.95 15.0
6 1.100 2.73 1.479 0.710
2.61 6.831 0.730 0.0016 25.44 40.4
7 1.200 2.50 1.519 0.750
2.40 5.778 0.769 0.0012 42.48 83
8 1.300 2.31 1.571 0.788
2.23 4.952 0.806 0.0010 61.50 144
9 1.400 2.14 1.634 0.824
2.07 4.291 0.840 0.0008 82.57 227
10 1.500 2.00 1.704 0.857
1.95 3.821 0.869 0.0007 72.70 300
11 1.571 1.91 1.757 0.880
9
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
Problem 4.51
Given the hydraulic jump for the long horizontal rectangular channel, what kind of
water surface prole (classication) is upstream of the jump? What kind of water surface
prole is downstream of the jump? If bae blocks are put on the bottom of the channel in
the vicinity of A to increase the bottom resistance. What changes are apt to occur given the
same gate opening? Explain or sketch the changes.
Solution:
Upstream of jump the prole will be H3. Downstream of jump the prole will be H2.
The bae blocks will cause the depth upstream of A to increase, therefore the jump will
move towards the sluice gate.
Problem 4.59
Theory and experimental verication indicate that the mean velocity along a vertical
line in a wide stream is closely approximated by the velocity at 0.6 depth. If the indicated
velocities at 0.6 depth in a river cross section are measured, what is the discharge in the
river?
Solution:
Q =

V
i
A
i
10
CEE 345
Spring 2002
Problem set #3
Solutions
V A VA
m/s m
2
m
3
/s
1.32 7.6 10.0
1.54 21.7 33.4
1.68 18.0 30.2
1.69 33.0 55.8
1.71 24.0 41.0
1.75 39.0 68.2
1.80 42.0 75.6
1.91 39.0 74.5
1.87 37.2 69.6
1.75 30.8 53.9
1.56 18.4 28.7
1.02 8.0 8.2
_
VA = 549 m
3
/s
Problem 4.63
A ood caused water to ow over a highway as shown below. The water surface ele-
vation upstream of the highway (at A) was measured to be 101.00 ft. The elevation at the
top of the crown of the pavement of the highway is 100.10 ft. Estimate the discharge over
a stretch of highway with this elevation, which is 100 ft long. What was the depth of ow
at the crown of the highway?
Solution:
The ow over the highway is as if ow were occurring over a broad crested weir
Q = 0.385CL
_
2gH
3
2
Assume C = 1
Q = 0.385 1 100 ft
_
2 32.2 ft/s
2
(101.0 ft 100.1 ft)
3
2
= 264 cfs
Critical depth will occur at pt. B.
y
c
=
_
q
2
g
_1
3
=
_
(2.64 ft
2
/s)
2
32.2 ft/s
2
_1
3
= 0.60 ft.
11