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Chapter 4 - Spilways Examples

The problem involves a water jet exiting a deflector bucket at 45 degrees and striking a rock formation at an angle of 20 degrees. The Froude number and average velocity at the bucket exit is given as 3.5 and 6.5 m/s respectively. To determine: a) The total dynamic force per unit length of bucket between sections 1 and 2, which is 1.5 m high. b) The horizontal dynamic force per unit length acting on the rock formation. The solutions are: a) 11.33 kN/m b) 4.96 kN/m

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55 views22 pages

Chapter 4 - Spilways Examples

The problem involves a water jet exiting a deflector bucket at 45 degrees and striking a rock formation at an angle of 20 degrees. The Froude number and average velocity at the bucket exit is given as 3.5 and 6.5 m/s respectively. To determine: a) The total dynamic force per unit length of bucket between sections 1 and 2, which is 1.5 m high. b) The horizontal dynamic force per unit length acting on the rock formation. The solutions are: a) 11.33 kN/m b) 4.96 kN/m

Uploaded by

Ådän Ahmĕd Dâkañe
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Example 4.1: Consider the overflow spillway shown in Figure.

The design spillway discharge is


computed as Qo = 400 m3/s. The total crest length of the spillway is 25 m. There are two rounded-nosed
piers, each one meter thick. Headwalls of rounded abutments make an angle less than 45° with the flow
direction. Ignoring the head losses over the spillway and over a possible downstream sill, determine:
a) The design spillway heads;
b) The bottom elevation of the stilling basin and the required lowering of the river bed; and
c)The type and dimensions of the stilling basin.

Solution:

L = L’-2(NKp+Ka) H0
L'=Lt-Nt=25-2*l=23m
Ka=0.01 Kp =0
L = 23-0.04 H0
The design head is determined in the table below:

Assumed H0 (m) Qo (m3 /s)


P/H0 C0
4.00 1.50 2.16 394.68
4.04 1.49 2.16 400.00

The total head is Ho = 4.04 m. Elevation of total energy line at the upstream:
EGL1 = 112 + 4.04 = 116.04 m.
Let us check the effects of apron level and submergence on the spillway discharge. The value of hd as required
in the Figures is obtained as hd= 116.04- 111 =5.04m.

Downstream conditions would not retard the flow.


b) If the head loss over the spillway face and the end step is ignored, the total energy loss between sections (1)
and (4) will be only due to the hydraulic jump.

In the tail water: q = 400/25 = 16 m3 s/m y4 = 5 m u4 = 16/5 = 3.2 m/s


Fr4 = 0.46<l
Since subcritical flow conditions exist in the tailwater, a hydraulic jump occurs.
Elevation of the total energy line at the tail water:
EGL4 = 111 +0.52= 111.52m ΔE = EGL1 -EGL4 =116.04-111.52=4.52 m

Value of y3 is entered into the ΔE value. Value of 8Fr2 2 is 8u2 2/(2gy ) = 8q2 /(gy 23) = 208.77
/ y 23

By trial and error, the value of y2 is determined from the above equation as 1.15 m. Then y3 =
6.18 m. Since y3 > y4, the river bed should be excavated by a certain amount of Δ
from which one obtains
Bottom elevation of the stilling basin is 106 - 1 = 105 m.
C ) Type and dimensions of the stilling basin :

Since 2.5<Fr2<4.5 and u2<15 m/s, USBR type 4 basin will be designed. Length of basin: L4 = 6.1y3
= 6.1 *6.18 = 37.7 m.
Height of chute blocks above the stilling basin: h1 = 2y2 = 2.30 m.
Height of the end sill = 1.68 m. However, the minimum value of A required to confine the jump
at the spillway toe is 1.0 m as determined before. So, Δ = 1.0 m is considered to be satisfactory for
economic reasons.
Example 4.2: Derive dimensionless relations for the elements of hydraulic jump inrectangular stilling basin.

The following relations are given for hydraulic jump in a rectangular basin.
The critical depth in a rectangular channel, yc, is determined from

Organizing the terms, one

obtains
y2>/y1 ΔE/yc y2/y1 y1/yc
ΔE/yc y1/yc
0.24 2.615 0.596

0.01 1.407 0.839


0.25 2.648 0.592

0,02 1.536 0.801


0.26 2.680 0.588

0.03 1.633 0.775


0.27 2.712 0.584

0.04 1.714 0.755


0.28 2.744 0.580

0.05 1.785 0.738


0.29 2.775 0.576

0.06 1.850 0.724


0.30 2.805 0.573

0.07 1.909 0.712


0.31 2.835 0.569

0.08 1.965 0.700


0.32 2.865 0.566

0.09 2.017 0.690


0.33 2.894 0.562

0.10 2.067 0.681


0.34 2.923 0.559

0.11 2.U5 0.672


0.35 2.952 0.556

0.12 2.160 0.664


0.36 2.981 0.553

0.13 2.204 0.657


0.37 3.009 0.550

0.14 2.247 0.650


0,38 3.036 0.547

0.15 2.288 0.643


0.39 3.064 0.544

0.16 2.328 0.637


0.40 3.091 0.541
0.17 2.366 0.631
0.41 3.1 18 0.538

0.18 2.404 0.626


0.42 3.145 0.536

0.19 2.441 0.620


0.43 3.171 0.533

0.20 2.478 0.615


0.44 3.198 0.530

0.21 2.513 0.610


0.45 3.224 0.528

0.22 2.548 0.605


0,46 3.250 0.525
Example 4.4: A small dam 25 m high will be designed to generate hydropower. Therefore,
the amount of water storage behind the reservoir is to be maximized. The design spillway
discharge is estimated to be Qo=100 m3/s. The minimum allowable freeboard in the
reservoir is 2 m. For the spillway of this dam, three alternatives will be analyzed:

a) An overflow spillway. The river at the downstream of the dam is trained to


a rectangular cross-section having the same width as the spillway crest length. The mean
bottom slope at the tailrace section (downstream) is S0 = 0.0005 and Manning's roughness
coefficient is n = 0.025.

b) A shaft spillway having a discharge coefficient of Cs = 1.93 with P/R = 2.0.


c) A siphon spillway having suitable cross-sectional details with a = 2b, Ls=15
m, and equivalent sand roughness, ks = 0.15 mm. The total minor loss, hm,

through the siphon can be calculated from:


where K1 = 0.1 (entrance loss coefficient), K2 = 0.3 (bend loss coefficient), K3 = 1.0 (exit loss coefficient) and u is
the average flow velocity in the siphon. The center!ine of the siphon axis at the exit is located at 5 m above the
thalweg. Use the Darcy - Weisbach equation for computing the frictional headloss. The friction factor for the siphon
can be determined from:
where D is the diameter of a circular conduit which needs to be modified for the rectangular siphon, and Re is
the Reynolds number. The kinematic viscosity of water can be taken as v=10-6 m2/s.
Which alternative would you propose? Why?

Solution:

a) Overflow spillway alternative:


Let us assume that P=21 m and L=20 m. With these values H0=1.739 m is found by trial and
error.

b) Shaft spillway alternative:

For P/R=2 with Cs=l.93, various P values are assumed and the corresponding
P(m) R(m) Ho(m) P + Ho (m)
5.0 2.50 2.216 7.216
5.5 2.75 2.079 7.579
6.0 3.00 1.962 7.962
6.5 3.25 1.860 8.360
7.0 3.50 1.771 8.771
7.5 3.75 1.691 9.191
8.0 4.00 1.620 9.620
8.5 4.25 1.556 10.056
9.0 4.50 1.498 10.498
9.5 4.75 1.444 10.944
10.0 5.00 1.396 11.396
10.5 5.25 1.351 11.851
11.0 5.50 1.310 12.310
11.5 5.75 1.272 12.772
12.0 6.00 1.236 13.236
12.5 6.25 1.203 13.703
13.0 6.50 1.172 14.172
13.5 6.75 1.143 14.643
14.0 7.00 1.115 15.115
14.5 7.25 1.090 15.590
15.0 7.50 1.065 16.065
15.5 7.75 1.042 16.542
16.0 8.00 1.020 17.020
16.5 8.25 1.000 17.500
17.0 8.50 0.980 17.980
17.5 8.75 10.961 18.461
R values are obtained for the shaft. Various alternatives are tested to obtain
a case with P+H ≤ 23 m. The solution is presented in Table 4.6.

As can be seen from Table no feasible solution can be


obtained for the shaft spillway alternative. Even in
case of a high shaft spillway with P=17 m and
R=8,5 m, P+Ho value is not close to 23 m. Thus
further increase of shaft dimensions is not reasonable.
c) siphon spillway alternative:
Hydraulic radius of the rectangular siphon, R , having a-2b:
sp

The energy equation between the upstream and downstream is


Introducing Q=100 m3/s, ΣKi=1.40 and Ls=15 m, the friction coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number, Re, and r
roughness, ks/D. A trial and error procedure should be followed.
Based on this iterative scheme, b=2.04 m is obtained which leads to u=11.98 m/s, Re=3.267*107, f=0.01 and Hu=23 m.
As can be seen from this result, a rectangular siphon spillway having
2.04 by 4.08 m dimensions and operating with u=11.98 m/s is not feasible. Furthermore, siphon spillways cause excessive vib
while they are operating. Maintenance, repair, and operation of shaft and siphon spillways are difficult. Therefor
overflow spillway alternative is selected for this problem.

Problem 4.2: A water jet leaves a deflector bucket with an angle of 45° and strikes a rock
formation at the side with 20° inclination as shown in Figure.
The flow Froude number and the average velocity at section
(1) having a rectangular cross-section is known to be 3.5
and 6.5 m/s, respectively. Taking γ= 10 kN/ m3 and
ignoring the effect of centrifugal force, determine:
a) the total dynamic force acting on the bucket
between sections 1 and 2 having a height of 1.5
m; and
b) the horizontal dynamic force acting on the
rockformation.
Answers : a) 11.33 kN/ m b) 4.96 kN/m.

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