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Chapter 25 - Formal Methods

This document discusses formal methods in software engineering. Formal methods use mathematical notation in specifications to reduce ambiguity and improve consistency. Specifications define system functions, data, states, and operations mathematically. Formal specifications are unambiguous, consistent, and allow proofs of completeness, unlike less formal approaches. Writing formal specifications involves defining states, data invariants, and pre/postconditions for functions mathematically. Formal specification languages have defined syntax and semantics. The document also provides guidelines for using formal methods.

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20 views3 pages

Chapter 25 - Formal Methods

This document discusses formal methods in software engineering. Formal methods use mathematical notation in specifications to reduce ambiguity and improve consistency. Specifications define system functions, data, states, and operations mathematically. Formal specifications are unambiguous, consistent, and allow proofs of completeness, unlike less formal approaches. Writing formal specifications involves defining states, data invariants, and pre/postconditions for functions mathematically. Formal specification languages have defined syntax and semantics. The document also provides guidelines for using formal methods.

Uploaded by

bhuvi2312
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 25 - Formal Methods Overview This chapter discusses the role of formal methods in software engineering. Formal methods allow software engineers to create specifications using mathematical notation that is more complete, more consistent, and unambiguous. The mathematics used in formal software engineering methods relies heavily on set theory and logic. In many safety critical or mission critical systems, failures can have a high cost. Many safety critical systems can not be completely tested without endangering the lives of the people they are designed to protect. Use of formal methods reduces the number of specification errors dramatically, which means that the customer will encounter fewer errors when the product is deployed.

Using Formal Methods Define the data invariant, state, and operations for each system function data invariant -condition true throughout execution of function that contains a collection of data state- stored data accessed and altered by function operations - system actions that take place when data are read or written to the state (a precondition and postcondition is associated with each operation) Specification is represented in some set theoretic type notation from some formal language (e.g. Z or VDM) Specification correctness can be verified using mathematical proofs (set operations, logic operations, sequences, induction)

Formal Specification Properties Unambiguous - formal syntax used by formal methods has only one interpretation (unlike natural language statements) Consistency - ensuring through mathematical proof that initial facts can be mapped (using inference rules)into later statements within the specification Completeness - difficult to achieve in a large system even using formal methods

Weaknesses of Less Formal Approaches Contradictions (statements do not agree with one another)

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Ambiguities(statements have more than one interpretation) Vagueness (specifications in large documents are often not written precisely enough) Incompleteness (e.g. failing to list limitations and error handling required of a function) Mixed levels of abstraction(occurs when very abstract statements are intermixed randomly with statements written at lower levels of detail)

Necessary Mathematics Constructive set specification (also known as set builder notation) Set operations (membership, subset, union, intersection, difference, crossproduct or Cartesian product, powerset) Logic operators (and, or, not, implies, universal quantification) Sequence properties (order, domain, range) Sequence operators(concatenation, head, tail, front, last)

Writing Formal Specifications Begin by defining state in terms of abstract items to be manipulated by the function (similar to variable declaration in a programming language) Define the data invariant by writing the data relations that will not change during the execution of the function using mathematical notation rite he precondition and postcondition for the function using mathematical notation to show the system state before and after function execution

Formal Specification Language Components Syntax that defines the specific notation used to represent a specification Semantics that help to define the objects used to define the system Set of relations that define the rules that indicate which objects properly satisfy the specification

Ten Commandments of Formal Methods 1. Choose the appropriate notation

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Do not over-formalize Estimate costs Have a formal methods guru on call Do not abandon traditional development methods Document sufficiently Do not compromise quality standards Do not be dogmatic in assuming formal specifications are flawless Use of formal methods does not eliminate the need to test products Reuse is still important

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