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Experiment 20: Ohm's Law: Purpose

1) This experiment aims to verify Ohm's Law and study resistors in series and parallel configurations. Measurements of current (I) and voltage (V) are taken for individual resistors and their combinations using a DC power supply, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Graphs of V vs I are plotted and lines of best fit are used to determine resistances. Calculated and measured resistances for the combinations are compared. 3) Sources of error are examined, including uncertainties in the measuring devices and discrepancies between calculated and measured resistances for the combinations. Causes of discrepancies are investigated.

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Chris Ang
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143 views4 pages

Experiment 20: Ohm's Law: Purpose

1) This experiment aims to verify Ohm's Law and study resistors in series and parallel configurations. Measurements of current (I) and voltage (V) are taken for individual resistors and their combinations using a DC power supply, ammeter, and voltmeter. 2) Graphs of V vs I are plotted and lines of best fit are used to determine resistances. Calculated and measured resistances for the combinations are compared. 3) Sources of error are examined, including uncertainties in the measuring devices and discrepancies between calculated and measured resistances for the combinations. Causes of discrepancies are investigated.

Uploaded by

Chris Ang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 20: Ohms Law

Purpose
(1) To verify Ohms Law.
(2) To study resistors connected in series and in parallel.
Apparatus
(a) a DC ower !upply" a sample with # resistors$ an ammeter
(%) a voltmeter$ a supply of connectors
Theory
&) Ohms Law. 'hen current I flows throu(h a resistor"
then the potential difference (often simply called
volta(e) %etween its terminals is proportional to I as in
e)uation (1)" where ! is the resistance.
(1)
*&!+C
,-.&T+O/
0 1 2 3 +
*) Com%inations of 2esistors. 'hen two or more resistors ( 2
1
" 2
2
" 2
#
"4) are
connected in series (5i(. 1) then this com%ination is e)uivalent to a sin(le resistor
of resistance
2
e) (iven %y (2).
(2)
*&!+C 5O26.L&
2
e) 1 2
1
7 2
2
7 2
#
7" " " " "
'hen two or more resistors are connected in parallel (5i(. 2) then the e)uivalent
resistance
2
e) is (iven %y (#).
(#)
*&!+C 5O26.L&
1 1 1 7 1 7 1 " " " "
2
e) 2
1
2
2
2
#

103
Experiment 20
Procedure Part I: Ohms Law
a) 6a8e sure that the DC power supply is off and unplu##ed. 6a8e sure that the
re(ulatin( 8no%s are in minimum positions.
9our instructor will e:plain to you the operation of DC power supply" the ammeter"
and the voltmeter.
%) Construct the circuit as in 5i(. #a" usin( the resistor mar8ed !
$
in your sample.
.se the ;< ma scale ammeter scale and ma8e sure that % and & mar8in(s are
e:actly as in 5i(. #a.
c) !et the voltmeter scale to read ; volt ma:imum

. &ttach connectors to your voltmeter


(su((estion= use a red connector for the % terminal and a 'lac( one for )). Connect
the % terminal to point * (where the current enters the resistor) and the other one to
point &.
6a8e sure all connections are ti#ht. +f you have a faulty connector" immediately
hand it to your instructor (do not return it where you too8 it from>)
C&LL 9O.2 +/!T2.CTO2 TO C?,C@ 9O.2 C+2C.+T. DO /OT 2OC,,D
'+T?O.T ?+! O2 ?,2 ,26+!!+O/.
d) &fter your instructors approval" prepare on your data sheet
your first ta%le" as shown. lu( in the power supply. 'ith the
re(ulatin( 8no%(s) in *in position" turn the power AO/B.
Turn slowly the re(ulatin( 8no%(s) and watch %oth the
ammeter and the voltmeter readin(s to increase (if not" turn
off the power at once and call your instructor). @eep doin(
this until the ammeter reaches ;<ma or the voltmeter reaches
2,!+!TO2 2
1
+
(ma)
0
(volts)
" " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
; volts whiche+er comes first.
2ecord the current I and the volta(e to three si#nificant di#its" %y estimatin(
fractions of smallest divisions on the scales.

+f your voltmeter has no such scale" use the # volt scale %ut chec8 with your +nstructor
for a revision of the instructions for the e:periment.
104
Experiment 20
e) Decreasin( the current" record I and four more times (a total of ; readin(s)" in
rou(hly e)ual intervals. The lowest current should %e ; to 1< ma.
f) 2epeat the steps (d) and (e) for your resistors !
2
and !
,
" with ma:imum current
close to ;< ma %ut usin( the finest +oltmeter scale possi'le for each (iven resistor
(it could %e 2.; volt scale).
!ecord the voltmeter scale used" for each sample.
() Turn the power AO55B" and record:
1) The uncertainties in your readin(s on all scales of ammeter and voltmeter
which you have used.
2) The -ero readin#s of your ammeter= these are their readin(s when
they are completely disconnected from any circuits. They should %e close to
Cero" %ut not necessarily e:actly so (consult your instructor" if in dou%t).
Procedure Part II: .om'inations of !esistors
h) Connect all three resistors !
$
/ !
2
/ !
,
in series (if not sure how to do this" chec8
with your instructor) and use the $0 +olt scale on the voltmeter.
2ecord ; runs as %efore. (/ote= your ma:imum current may %e less than ;< ma
%ecause the volta(e must not e:ceed 1<mvolts).
D) Connect all these resistors in parallel (if not sure" call your instructor). &(ain" use the
finest +oltmeter scale possi'le" with the ma:imum current close to ;< ma. 2ecord
; runs" as %efore.
8) ,stimate (from your data in art +) the values of !
$
/ !
2
/ !
,
" Ta8e the two hi#her
resistances (record which ones you are usin() and connect them in parallel.
Connect this com%ination in series with the remainin( resistor (if in dou%t" call
your instructor>). 2ecord ; runs" as usual.
*,5O2, 9O. L,&0, T?, L&*=
&) Disconnect all wires" unplu# the power supply" and clean up your station
.
*) 9our data sheet should have E ta%les" clearly mar(ed with= (i) which resistors were
used" (ii) which scales were used" (iii) the uncertainties of every scale used" (iv) Cero
readin(s.
La' !eport
Part I
1) .sin( #raph paper" plot vs. I for each of your resistors !
$
/ !
2
/ !
,
" Draw the
line of %est fit in each case and (from the slope) determine the resistance in ohms" to
105
Experiment 20
# si(nificant di(its.
Display all calculations on the (raph sheet.
Part II"
2) .sin( (raph paper" plot vs. I for each of the three com%inations. Determine
2
e)
for each case" as in (1) a%ove.
#) 5rom your results in (1) calculate the predicted (1 theoretical) +alues of 2e)
for each of the three com%inations. Display the calculations clearly.
F) !ummariCe your results
in the ta%le shown. 5or
G discrepancies use the
predicted values as more
relia%le (that is" refer to
them as if they were
e:act).
CO6*+/&T+O/
2,D+CT,
D 2
6,&!.2,D
2
G
D+!C2.
&LL +/ !,2+,!
&LL +/ &2&LL,L
!,2+,! H
&2&LL,L
;) &nswer the 5ollowin(=
-uestion I1= ,:plain" whether a line of %est fit should" or should not" pass throu(h
the ori(in of the (raph (0 vs. +).
-uestion I2= Could the Cero readin(s of your ammeter and voltmeter %e also used
(as a data point) when drawin( the (raphJ ,:plain.
-uestion I #= !uppose some%ody" usin( the same apparatus which you did use"
measures + 1 F;.; ma" and 0 1 K.2 volts on some resistor.
On the %asis of your recorded uncertainties for ;< ma and 1< volt
scales" what would %e the ma:imum uncertainty ( in G ) in ! if it
were calculated directly from formula (1)J (hysics F students should
use calculus methods (estimatin( errors %y differentials) to answer this
)uestion.
E) +f your actual discrepancies in (#) are su%stantially different from your estimate in
-uestion I#" find and state the true causes of this.
106

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