F

g
=
G M
1
M
2
r
2
g
d
= g(1-
d
)
R
g
h
= g(1-
2h
)
R
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Chemistry formulas
Physics formulas for high school
Physics formulas for grade 11, grade 12 and under graduates.
Density is mass per unit volume
Density = mass / volume
velocity = displacement / time
Force = rate of change of momentum Momentum = mass . velocity
Power is rate of work done
Power = work / time
Unit of power is watt
Potential energy (P)
PE = m.g.h
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s
2
)
h = height
Kinetic energy (P)
P = (1/2).m.v
2

m = mass
v = velocity
Gravity (Force due to gravity)
F
g
: Force of attraction
G : Gravitational constant
M
1
: Mass of first object
M
2
: Mass of second object
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth
'd' from earth surface is :
Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h'
from earth surface is :
h is very much smaller than R
Escape velocity
Escape velocity from a body of mass M and
radius r is
For example if you want to calculate the
escape verlocity of sa object from earth
then,
M is dmass of earth
r is radius of earth
OPTICS
Index of refraction
n = c/v
n - index of refraction
c - velocity of light in a vacuum
v - velocity of light in the given material
Under constant acceleration linear motion
v = final velocity
u = intitial velocity
a = acceleration
t = time taken to reach velocity v from u
s = displacement
v = u + a t
s = ut + (1/2)a t
2

s = vt - (1/2)a t
2

v
2
= u
2
+ 2 a s
Friction force (kinetic friction)
When the object is moving then Friction is
defined as :
F
f
= F
n

where
F
f
= Friction force, = cofficient of
friction
F
n
= Normal force
Linear Momentum
Momentum = mass x velocity
Capillary action
The height to which the liquid can be
lifted is given by:
h =
2cos
gr
: liquid-air surface
tension(T)(T=energy/area)
: contact angle
Simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion is defined by:
d
2
x/dt
2
= - k x
Physics Formulas Molecular Physics Physics Gravity Friction Physics
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Physics Formulas For Class 11,12 and Graduates
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Definations
Physics definations and formulas for class
9,10, 11 ,12 and graduates
definitions
f = f
0
(
v
)
v +
v
s
frequency = f =
nv
2L
Approximate frequency = f =
nv
2L
frequency = f =
nv
2(L+0.8D)
Approximate frequency = f =
nv
4L
frequency = f =
nv
4(L+0.8D)
intensity of sound =
Sound Power
area
intensity of sound in decibel= 10log
10

I
I
0
dB = 10log
10

I
I
0
: density of liquid
g: acceleration due to gravity
r: is radius of tube
Time period of pendulum

Waves
f =
1
T
=
2
T
v = f .
where
= Angular frequency, T=Time period, v =
Speed of wave, =wavelength
Doppler effect Relationship between observed
frequency f and emitted frequency f
0
:
where,
v=velocity of wave
v
s
=velocity of source. It is positive if
source of wave is moving away from
observer. It is negative if source of wave
is moving towards observer.
Resonance of a string
where,
L: length of the string
n = 1, 2, 3...
Resonance of a open tube of
air(approximate)
where,
L: length of the cylinder
n = 1, 2, 3...
v = speed of sound
Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate)
where,
L: length of the cylinder
n: 1, 2, 3...
v: speed of sound
d:diameter of the resonance tube
Resonance of a closed tube of
air(approximate)
where,
L: length of the cylinder
n = 1, 2, 3...
v = speed of sound
Resonance of a closed tube of
air(accurate)
where,
L: length of the cylinder
n: 1, 2, 3...
v: speed of sound
d:diameter of the resonance tube
intensity of sound Bragg's law
n = 2d sin
where
n = integer (based upon order)
= wavelength
d = distance between the planes
= angle between the surface and the ray
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=
h
=
h
p mv
=
h


= 1 -
T
c
T
h
where
I=intensity of interest in Wm
-2

I
0
=intensity of interest in 10
-12
Wm
-2

de Broglie equation
where
p = momentum
= wavelength
h = Planck's constant
v = velocity
Relation between energy and frequency
E = h
where
E = Energy
h = Planck's constant
= frequency
Davisson and Germer experiment
where
e = charge of electron
m = mass of electron
V = potential difference between the plates
thru which the electron pass
= wavelength
Centripetal Force (F)
F =
m v
2
= m
2
r
r
Circular motion formula
v = r
Centripetal acceleration (a) =
v
2
r
Torque (it measures how the force acting
on the object can rotate the object)
Torque is cross product of radius and
Force
Torque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin
T = F L sin
whete = angle between force and moment
arm
Forces of gravitation
F = G (m
1
.m
2
)/r
2

where G is constant. G = 6.67E - 11 N m
2
/
kg
2

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The energy radiated by a blackbody
radiator per second = P
P = AT
4

where,
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.6703 10
-8
watt/m
2
K
4

Efficiency of Carnot cycle Ideal gas law
P V = n R T
P = Pressure (Pa i.e. Pascal)
V = Volume (m
3
)
n = number of of gas (in moles)
R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m
3
.Pa.K
-1
mol
-
1
] )
T = Temperatue ( in Kelvin [K])
Boyles law (for ideal gas)
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

T (temperature is constant)
Charles law (for ideal gas)
V
1
=
V
2
T
1
T
2
P (pressure is constant)
Translational kinetic energy K per gas
molecule (average molecular kinetic
energy:)
K =
3
k T
2
Internal energy of monoatomic gas
K =
3
n R T
2
n = number of of gas (in moles)
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h=
2T
rg
R =
L
A
k = 1.38066 x 10
-23
J/K Boltzmanns constant
R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m
3
.Pa.K
-1
mol
-
1
] )
Root mean square speed of gas
V
2
rms
=
3 k T
m
k = 1.38066 x 10
-23
J/K Boltzmanns constant
m = mass of gas
Ratio of specific heat ()
=
C
p
C
v
C
p
= specific heat capacity of the gas in
a constant pressure process
C
v
= specific heat capacity of the gas in
a constant volume process
Internal entergy of ideal gas
Internal entergy of ideal gas (U) = c
v
nRT
In Adiabatic process no heat is gained or
lost by the system.
Under adiabetic condition
PV

= Constant
TV
-1
= Constant
where is ratio of specific heat.
=
C
p
C
v
Boltzmann constant (k)
k =
R
N
a
R = gas constant
N
a
= Avogadro's number.
Speed of the sound in gas

R = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K)
T = the absolute temperature
M = the molecular weight of the gas
(kg/mol)
= adiabatic constant = c
p
/c
v

Capillary action
The height to which the liquid can be
lifted is given by
h=height of the liquid lifted
T=surface tension
r=radius of capillary tube
Resistance of a wire
= rsistivity
L = length of the wire
A = cross-sectional area of the wire
Ohm's law
V = I . R
V = voltage applied
R = Resistance
I = current
Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x
(current)
P = V . I = I
2
. R
V = voltage applied
R = Resistance
I = current
Resistor combination
If resistors are in series then
equivalent resistance will be
R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ . . . . . . + R
n

If resistors are in parallel then
equivalent resistance will be
1/R
eq
= 1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
+ 1/R
3
+ . . . . . . +
1/R
n

In AC circuit average power is :
P
avg
= V
rms
I
rms
cos
where,
P
avg
= Average Power
V
rms
= rms value of voltage
I
rms
= rms value of current
In AC circuit Instantaneous power is :
P
Instantaneous
= V
m
I
m
sint sin(t-)
where,
P
Instantaneous
= Instantaneous Power
V
m
= Instantaneous voltage
I
m
= Instantaneous current
Capacitors
Q = C.V
where
Q = charge on the capacitor
C = capacitance of the capacitor
V = voltage applied to the capacitor
Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLEL
Capacitor Combinations:
C
eq
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ . . . . . . + C
n

Total capacitance (Ceq) for SERIES
Capacitor Combinations:
1/C
eq
= 1/C
1
+ 1/C
2
+ 1/C
3
+ . . . . . . +
1/C
n

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Parallel Plate Capacitor
C =
0

A
d
where
C = [Farad (F)]
= dielectric constant
A = Area of plate
d = distance between the plate

0
= permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10
-
12
C
2
/N m
2
)
Cylindrical Capacitor
C = 2
0
L
ln
(b/a)
where
C = [Farad (F)]
= dielectric constant
L = length of cylinder [m]
a = outer radius of conductor [m]
b = inner radius of conductor [m]

0
= permittivity of free space (8.85 X
10
-12
C
2
/N m
2
)
Spherical Capacitor
C = 4
0
a b
b -
a
where
C = [Farad (F)]
= dielectric constant
a = outer radius of conductor [m]
b = inner radius of conductor [m]

0
= permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10
-
12
C
2
/N m
2
)
Magnetic force acting on a charge q
moving with velocity v
F = q v B sin
where
F = force acting on charge q (Newton)
q = charge (C)
v = velocity (m/sec
2
)
B = magnetic field
= angle between V (velocity) and B
(magnetic field)
Force on a wire in magnetic field (B)
F = B I l sin
where
F = force acting on wire (Newton)
I = Current (Ampere)
l = length of wire (m)
B = magnetic field
= angle between I (current) and B
(magnetic field)
In an RC circuit (Resistor-Capacitor),
the time constant (in seconds) is:
= RC
R = Resistance in
C = Capacitance in in farads.
In an RL circuit (Resistor-inductor ), the
time constant (in seconds) is:
= L/R
R = Resistance in
C = Inductance in henries
Self inductance of a solenoid = L = n
2
LA
n = number of turns per unit length
L = length of the solenoid.
Mutual inductance of two solenoid two long
thin solenoids, one wound on top of the
other
M =
0
N
1
N
2
LA
N
1
= total number of turns per unit length
for first solenoid
N
2
= number of turns per unit length for
second solenoid
A = cross-sectional area
L = length of the solenoid.
Energy stored in capacitor
E =
1
C V
2
2
Coulomb's Law
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
F = k (q
1
. q
2
)/r
2

where k is constant. k = 1/(4
0
) 9 x
10
9
N.m
2
/C
2

q
1
= charge on one body
q
2
= charge on the other body
r = distance between them
Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law
Ohm's law
V = IR
where
V = voltage
I = current
R = Resistence
Electric Field around a point charge (q)
E = k ( q/r
2
)
where k is constant. k = 1/(4
0
) 9 x
10
9
N.m
2
/C
2

q = point charge
r = distance from point charge (q)
Electric field due to thin infinite sheet
E =

0
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E
photon
= E
0
(
1
-
1
)
n
1
2
n
2
2
t
1/2
=
ln(2)

=
1

where
E = Electric field (N/C)
= charge per unit area C/m
2

0
= 8.85 X 10
-12
C
2
/N m
2

Electric field due to thick infinite sheet
E =

0
where
E = Electric field (N/C)
= charge per unit area C/m
2

0
= 8.85 X 10
-12
C
2
/N m
2

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r
is greater than the radius of the wire.
B =

0
I
2
r
where
I = current
r = distance from wire
and r Radius of the wire
Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is
less than the radius of the wire.
B =

0
I r
2
R
2
where
I = current
R = radius of wire
r = distance from wire
and r Radius of the wire (R)
Magnetic Field At the center of an arc
B =

0
I
4
r
where
I = current
r = radius from the center of the wire
Bohr's model
L =
nh
2

where
L = angular momentum
n = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...n
h = Planck's constant.
Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula)
where
n
1
< n
2

E
0
= 13.6 eV
Half life of radioactive element Average life of radioactive element
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