Advanced Application 6

Construction Stage Analysis for ILM

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CONTENTS

Overview 1
Cross Section 3
Materials and Allowable Stresses 6
Loads 6
Setting Work Environment and Defining Section/Material Properties 8
Setting Work Environment 8
Definition of Material Properties 9
Definition of Section 13
Bridge Modeling using ILM Bridge Model Wizard 16
ILM Model 17
Launching Nose & Bridge Information 17
Bridge Model 17
Boundary Conditions 19
Boundary Condition Input for Fabrication Plant 20
Top & Bottom Tendons 22
Tendon property definition 22
Primary Tendon Input 24
Web Tendon 26
DEFINITION OF ILM CONSTRUCTION STAGE 37
ILM Bridge Stage Wizard 38
Input Diaphragm and Superimposed Dead Load 44
Self-weight of diaphragm 44
Perform Structural Analysis 55
Review Analysis Result 56
Stress review by graph 56
Deflection Graph at Nose End 62
Reviewing Results by Table 63
Reviewing Prestress Loss 64
Reviewing Tendon Coordinates 65
Reviewing Tendon Elongation 66
Reviewing reactions at each construction stage 67
Reviewing Section Forces by Factored Load 68







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







1
Overview
The basic concept of Incremental Launching Method (ILM) is that approximately 15
to 30m long units of bridge segments are prefabricated under plant conditions behind
an abutment and launched by means of sliding (on Teflon bearings), one segment at
a time. Each current prefabricated segment is post-tensioned with the previously
erected box girder segments and pushed in the direction of the bridge by launching
equipment, which consists of a combination of hydraulic jacks acting vertically and
horizontally and sliding bearings. The structural system continuously changes during
the construction stage. The geometry, support condition and loading condition of the
temporary structure of each stage vary from one stage to the next, without having
any resemblance to the finally completed structure. In addition, bridges constructed
by ILM are affected by time dependent material properties such as concrete strength
(elasticity of modulus), creep and shrinkage. Without reflecting all these time
dependent variables, analysis results will deviate considerably from the true
behaviors.


















Figure 1 Construction stage of super structure







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







2
This example examines the procedure of carrying out a construction stage analysis
for a PSC (pre-stressed or post-tensioned concrete) box bridge constructed by ILM
reflecting the change of structural system.

midas Civil provides the following special functions for the convenience of analysis
and design by ILM:

I. ILM Bridge Model Wizard : automatic generation of bridge model including
tendon placement.
II. ILM Bridge Stage Wizard : automatic definition of conditions such as
element activation and deactivation, change of boundary condition, loading
input, etc. for each construction stage.

The construction stage analysis by ILM must reflect upon the changes in boundary
conditions and loadings through advancing construction stages as shown in Fig. 1.
The following outlines the procedure for performing a construction stage analysis of
an ILM bridge by using ILM Bridge Wizard:

1. Define material properties and sections
2. Model the bridge using ILM Bridge Model
3. Define the construction stages using ILM Bridge Stage
4. Perform structural analysis
5. Verify results









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







3
The example presents the bridge type and span configuration as follows:


Bridge type: PSC box bridge continuous over 3 spans (constructed by ILM)
Bridge Length: L = 3@50.0 = 150.0 m
Bridge width: B = 12.315 m
Skew: 90(Straight bridge)






















Figure 2 Analysis model






Cross Section



[unit : mm]







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







4












Figure 3 Typical section

In the case of a PSC bridge constructed by ILM, the tendon placement generally
takes place in two main stages. The primary tendons placed in the top and bottom
slabs resist the self-weight. The secondary tendons are placed and tensioned in the
webs after the entire bridge becomes completed (upon completion of launching all
the bridge segments).
















1,400
2,708
2
4
3
1,308
5
4
5
4
0
3
550 1,200 1,700
5,800
1,200 1,700 550
3,773
16-39-2"
4
0
0
600X353
600
2
5
0
2
,
2
7
0
2
,
9
5
0
2,708
4
7
0
4
5
0
545
465
2
8
0
1,700 650
12,315
1,100 1,100 1,700 650 1,400 1,308
450
L
C
600X353
600
2
0
0
4
0
2
0
0
1
,
8
6
0
6
5
0
2
,
9
5
0
The primary
tendons are post-
tensioned in 2 cycles
(tensioning over 2
segments) or 3
cycles (tensioning
over 3 segments).
This example adopts
a 2-cycle tensioning
method. The first
cycle and second
cycle tendons can be
separately identified.
Figure 4 Segment diagram and tendon layout








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







5
Maximum forces result in the bridge superstructure constructed by ILM immediately
before a pier supports it during the construction stage. This pertains to a stage where
its cantilever becomes the longest. In order to reduce the high temporary negative
moment, a lightweight structural steel girder, which is referred to as a launching nose,
is attached to the front segment. The length of the nose is usually 70% of the normal
span, and its stiffness is about 10% of the PSC box girder. The actual configuration
must be determined on the basis of the span, stiffness and self-weight of the bridge.






Figure 5 Nose Side Elevation









Figure 6 Nose Plan









Figure 7 Nose Section







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







6
Materials and Allowable Stresses

- Concrete (Using compressive strength gain curve for concrete maturity)
Design compressive strength : ASTM Grade C5000

- Prestressing strands: 12.7 mm (0.5)

Yield strength:
2
/ 1600 mm N f
py
=

Ultimate strength:
2
/ 1900 mm N f
pu
=

Modulus of elasticity:
2 5
/ 10 0 . 2 mm N E
p
=

Prestress transfer:
2
/ 1330 7 . 0 mm N f f
pu pj
= =

Anchorage slip:
mm 6 s = A

Friction loss coefficients: rad / 30 . 0 =
m / 0066 . 0 k =


Loads

- Dead load (self-weight applied during erection)
The program automatically computes the self-weight.
The self-weights of diaphragm, deviation blocks and anchor blocks can be
input as beam loads. (nose connection part: 763 kN, pier part: 516.1 kN)

- Prestress
- Primary tendon
Top tendon : ) 12 5 . 0 ( 12 mm 7 . 12
2
p
cm 85 . 11 12 9871 . 0 A = =
Duct size : mm 63

Bottom tendon :
) 9 5 . 0 ( 9 mm 7 . 12


2
p
cm 88 . 8 9 9871 . 0 A = =
Duct size : mm 51

- Secondary tendon : ) 15 5 . 0 ( 15 mm 7 . 12

2
p
cm 81 . 14 15 9871 . 0 A = =
Duct size : mm 75
- Post-tensioned force: 70% of tension strength at transfer

2
/ 1330 7 . 0 mm N f f
pu pj
= =









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







7
Loss immediately after anchoring (calculated internally by program)
Friction loss:
) kL (
0 ) X (
e P P
+ o
=
( 30 . 0 = , 0066 . 0 k = )
Loss due to anchorage slip:
mm 6 I
c
= A

Loss due to elastic shortening: magnitude of loss,
SP P E
A f P A = A

Final loss (calculated internally by program)
Relaxation
Losses due to creep and shrinkage

- Creep and Shrinkage
- Conditions
Cement: Normal Portland cement
Concrete age at the time of launching: days t 7
'
=
Concrete age when exposed to air: s 3day t
s
=
Relative humidity: RH = 70 %
Ambient or curing temperature: C 20 t =

- Creep coefficient (calculated internally by program as per CEP-FIP code)
Deformation due to concrete creep and shrinkage (calculated internally by
program as per CEP-FIP code)








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







8
Setting Work Environment and Defining Section/Material
Properties
To model the ILM bridge, open a new file ( New Project) and save ( Save) as
ILM-Bridge.

File / New Project
File / Save ( ILM-Bridge )


Setting Work Environment
Define the unit system for modeling with kN (force) and m(Length).

Tools / Unit System
Length>m ; Force>kN .



















Figure 8 Initial screen and unit system dialog box
Unit system may
be changed using
the status bar at the
lower part of the
screen (Fig. 8)







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







9
Definition of Material Properties

Define the material properties for the nose and girder using the database contained
in midas Civil. Define the tendon as a user defined type by entering only its modulus
of elasticity.

Model / Property / Material
Type>Steel ; Standard>ASTM(S)
DB>A36 .

Type>Concrete ; Standard>ASTM(RC)
DB>Grade C5000 .
Type>User Defined ; Name ( Tendon ); Standard>None
Analysis Data>Modulus of Elasticity ( 2e8 ) .




















Figure 9 Input for Material Property data
Use the
button when entering a
number of material
properties at the same
time.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







10
The characteristics of time dependent material properties are separately defined to
reflect the changing modulus of elasticity due to the change of concrete strength and
creep and shrinkage based on maturity. The time dependent material properties are
defined as per CEB-FIP code.
28 day strength : 35 N/mm
2

Relative humidity : 70%
Notational size : automatically calculated based on box girder section
area and perimeter length
Type of concrete : normal weight concrete
Time of form removal : 3 days after casting (time at which shrinkage
begins)


Model / Property / Time Dependent Material (Creep & Shrinkage) >Add
Name (Mat-1) ; Code>CEB-FIP(1990)

Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days (3500)
Relative humidity of ambient environment (40 ~ 99) (70)
Notational size of member (1)
Type of cement>Normal or rapid hardening cement (N, R)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage (3) .













ACI, CEB-FIP or user-
defined properties can be
used for Creep and
shrinkage properties. If user
defined, appropriate
properties are directly
defined in Time Dependent
Material (Creep/Shrinkage)
Function.
Click
to check the entered
creep and shrinkage
properties in graphs.
Notational size of
member is automatically
assigned by selecting the
element after modeling
the girder. For details,
refer to Using Civil
>Model>Properties>Chan
ge element dependent
property of On-line
manual
Fig. 10. Definition of time dependent properties of concrete
(Creep and shrinkage)








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







11
Concrete strength increases with time. We will use the CEB-FIP code for the
concrete strength gain function in this example. Refer to the material properties used
for defining the creep and shrinkage properties.

Model / Property / Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength)
Name (Mat-1) ; Type>Code

Development of Strength>Code>CEB-FIP
Concrete Compressive Strength at 28 Days (S28)(3500)
Cement Type(a) (N, R : 0.25) .























Figure 11 Definition of strength development function varying with time

In defining the
concrete strength
development function, the
proposed equations of
ACI, CEB-FIP and Ohzagi
can be adopted.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







12
midas Civil requires that the time dependent and general material properties be
independently defined and subsequently linked. This example links the material
properties (C5000) of the box girder to the time dependent material properties.


Model / Property / Time Dependent Material Link
Time Dependent Material Type>Creep/Shrinkage>Mat-1
Comp. Strength>Mat-1
Select Material for Assign>Materials>2:Grade C5000 Selected
Materials ; Operation>























Figure 12 Link between general and time dependent material properties







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







13
Definition of Section

The cross section of the launching nose is a tapered section varying from one end to
the other, which is made up of a pair of girders inter-connected by cross bracings.
Since the PSC box is modeled as a single member, the double-section nose girder
will be idealized as a single member as well. For equivalent sections, the flange width
and web thickness are doubled at each end. mm unit is used for dimensions.

Nose section
Location Actual girder size Equivalent girder size
End of nose I 125040010/20 I 125080020/20
Connection part to the
main
I 295090026/30 I 2950180052/30

Tools / Unit System
Length>mm

Model / Property / Section >Add
Tapered tab
Section ID (1) ; Name (Nose) ; Offset>Center-Bottom

Section Type>I-Section ; User
Section-i >H (1250) ; B (800) ; tw (20) ; tf1 (20)
Section-j >H (2950) ; B (1800) ; tw (52) ; tf1 (30)
y-Axis Variation>Cubic ; z-Axis Variation>Cubic .

The shape and section dimensions of
the girder are as shown in Fig. 14.





[Unit : mm]
Offset refers to a
location on the cross-
section, at which the
stiffness center of the
beam element is
located. If Center-
Bottom is selected for
the Offset, separate
offset distances need
not be entered to specify
boundary conditions.
y(z)-Axis Variation
defines the method of
varying element stiffness
in y(z)-Axis. For details,
refer to Using CIVIL>
Properties>Section of
On-line manual.
[unit : mm]
Figure 13 Nose section & input dialog box








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







14











Figure 14 Typical section of bridge

















Figure 15 Section data input









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







15
PSC tab
Section ID (2) ; Name (Girder), PSC-1Cell, 2Cell
Section Type>1 Cell
Joint On/Off>JO1 (on), JO3 (on), JI2(on), JI3(on), JI4(on)
Offset>Center-Bottom
Outer
HO1 (200) ; HO2 (240) ; HO2-1 (40)
HO3 (2510) ; HO3-1 (650)
BO1 (2708) ; BO1-1 (1308) ; BO2 (550)
BO2-1 (0) ; BO3 (2900)
Inner
HI1 (280) ; HI2 (190) ; HI2-2 (0) ; HI3 (1707)
HI3-1 (653) ; HI4 (373) ; HI4-2 (0) ; HI5 (400)
BI1 (2800) ; BI1-1 (1100) ; BI2-1 (2800)
BI3 (2486.5) ; BI3-1 (1886.5) .
Shear Check >Z1 & Z3>Auto (Checked)
Web Thick> t1, t2, t3 & For Torsion (min.)>(Checked)
Consider Shear Deformation > (Checked)


















Figure 16 Section shape reflecting the dimension entries







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







16



Bridge Modeling using ILM Bridge Model Wizard


An ILM Bridge can be modeled using the ILM Bridge Model Wizard or general
modeling functions of midas Civil. We will first review the method of generating a
bridge model using the ILM Bridge Model Wizard, which includes the nose and
tendon placement.

If the general method is applied, the 2-D (X-Z) plane needs to be defined in the
Structure Type for this straight bridge example. Since we model the bridge by the ILM
Bridge Model Wizard, the Wizard automatically determines if it is 2-D or 3-D.









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







17
ILM Model

Launching Nose & Bridge Information

The element length for the launching nose is 2.5 m, and the nose is 35m long, which
generates a 14@2.5m nose. The number of workdays for each segment is set to 12
days. The initial maturity of concrete is set to 7 days, which means the concrete is
poured after 5 days of re-bar placing and cured for 7 days before launching.

Tools > Unit System> Langth > m
Model / Structure Wizard / ILM Bridge Model
ILM Model tab
Bridge Information
Launching Distance (2.5) ; Stage Duration (12)
Segment Age (7)

Launching Nose
Material>1:A36 ; Section>1:Nose ; Length (35)



















Bridge Model

We now enter the information on the material and section properties of the bridge
segments. There are 15 segments (L = 12.5 + 5@25.0 + 12.5 = 150.0 m) in total.
Each segment length must be a multiple of the launching distance, otherwise it will
When a curved
bridge is modeled, the
radius of the bridge is
defined.
The age (7 days)
at which the concrete
segment becomes
activated.
Figure 17 ILM Bridge Model Wizard Dialog Box-ILM Model tap







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







18
prompt an error message when the button is clicked.


Bridge Model
Material>2:Grade C5000 ; Section>2:Girder
Segment>Length (12.5) ; Repeat (1)
Segment>Length (25) ; Repeat (5)
Segment>Length (12.5) ; Repeat (1)




















Figure 18 ILM Bridge Model Wizard - Bridge Model Input Dialog Box







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







19
Boundary Conditions

Boundary condition for the Final (completed) structure

The support condition of piers and abutments (3@50 m = 150 m) is entered and
used for the construction stage analysis. In this example, a hinge condition is
assigned at the launching abutment where braking saddle is located throughout all
the stages. The boundary condition for the final structure is entered at the last stage.


Boundary Condition
Final
Distance>0, 50, 100, 150

Type>Support ; Dy, Dz, Rx(on)





















Fig. 19 ILM Bridge Model Wizard Piers of Final System
A number of piers
(support conditions)
can be selected while
the [Ctrl] key is
pressed.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







20
Boundary Condition Input for Fabrication Plant

The Temporary Boundary Position defines the boundary condition reflecting the box
girder fabrication plant and temporary piers (refer to of Fig. 20). These are not
capable of resisting uplift reactions, and as such the compression-only type of
boundary conditions are assigned. To avoid a Singular Error (instability) during the
stages, a boundary constraint (Dx) is assigned to the end of the bridge.


Boundary Condition
Temporary
Temporary Boundary Position>Length (150)

; Repeat (1)
Temporary Boundary Position>Length (15) ; Repeat (2)
Temporary Boundary Position>Length (5) ; Repeat (1)
Temporary Boundary Position>Length (10) ; Repeat (2)
Temporary Boundary Position>Length (5) ; Repeat (1)
Distance>150
Type>Support ; Dx (on)
Distance>165, 180, 185, 195, 205, 210
Type>Elastic Link ; Elastic Link Length (1)
Link Type>Comp.-only ; SDx (1e10) ; Beta Angle (0)


The length in
Temporary Boundary
position represents the
relative distance from
the starting point of the
bridge. Note that the
launching direction
starts from the finishing
point of the bridge (right
side)







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







21





















Fig. 20 ILM Bridge Model Wizard Boundary Condition

Girder Fabrication Plant
Abutment
Pier







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







22
Top & Bottom Tendons

We enter the slab tendons (primary tendons), which are tensioned at the time of
launching.


















Figure 21 The conceptual tendon placement

Tendon property definition

First, we define the characteristics of the primary (slab) and secondary (web) tendons.
The tendons are defined as to whether or not they are internal or external, followed
by defining tendon section area, duct diameter, relaxation coefficient, curvature
friction factor, wobble friction factor, ultimate strength, yield strength, jacking method
and the slip quantity at the anchor locations. Table 1 summarizes the number of
strands, duct diameters and tendon names pertaining to each location.

Table 1 Tendon information at each location

Location Number of
strands
Duct diameter Tendon name
Primary
tendon
Top slab 12EA 0.063 m TT
Bottom slab 9EA 0.051 m BT
Secondary tendon 30EA 0.106 m WT
Select One Cell among the types standardized in MIDAS/CIVIL, and define the
primary and secondary tendons at the same time. The secondary (web) tendons are







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







23
made up of 15 strands. Assume that 2 tendons are combined into one, thereby
defining the number of strands as 30 and the duct diameter as
m 1061 . 0 m 075 . 0 2 2 = = | (refer to the detail portion of Fig. 21). Specify the
jacking force of the tendons assuming 70% of the ultimate strength. Refer to the
example definition part for various coefficients.

Top & Bottom Tendon tab (Fig. 22 )
Type>
Tendon Property ;
Tendon Name (TT) ; Tendon Type>Internal ; Material>3:Tendon
Total Tendon Area
Strand Diameter>12.7mm (0.5) ; Number of Strands (12)
Duct Diameter (0.063) ; Relaxation Coefficient>45

Curvature Friction Factor (0.3) ; Wobble Friction Factor (0.0066)
Ultimate Strength (190000) ; Yield Strength (160000)
Load Type>Post-Tension
Anchorage Slip>Begin (0.006) ; End (0.006) .

Refer to Table 1 for the remaining tendon data input.



















Figure 22 Dialog Box for defining primary and secondary tendon properties
Tendon types
determine Relaxation
Coefficients. Use 45 for
low relaxation tendons.
Check off the box to the
right if relaxation is to be
ignored.








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







24
Primary Tendon Input

Specify the primary tendons as per Fig. 23.














Figure 23 Primary tendon layout



















Figure 24 Dialog box for primary tendon input
[unit : mm]







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







25
Select 2 cycle for placing the primary tendons. The tendons are tensioned in 2
cycles, the group of tendons stressed first and the remaining tendons stressed next.
The tendons in the first group start from the most-exterior tendon as shown in Fig. 24.
Likewise, the bottom slab tendons are defined as the top slab. A 2 cycle method
refers to tensioning the total tendons in two stages over 2 segments. A 3-cycle
method involves dividing the total tendons into three groups and tensioning 3
segments together at each stage. Also, define the tendon jacking orders for Tendon A
(Top slab) and Tendon B (bottom slab) in Tendon A Jacking Order and Tendon B
Jacking Order respectively.

Enter 0 for B3 if an odd number of tendons is placed in the bottom slab, and enter
a one half spacing for B3 if an even number of tendons is placed.


Top & Bottom Tendon tab
Type>
Tendon Property>Top>TT ; Bottom>BT
Tendon Arrangement>Arrangement Type>2 Cycle
Tendon A Jacking Order>1st ; Tendon B Jacking Order>1st
Jacking Stress>Top (0.7), Su ; Bottom (0.7), Su
Grouting>Every (1)

B1 (3.65), B2(2.95), B3 (0), H1 (0.165), H2(2.75)
St (0.23), Sb (0.21), N1 (4), N2 (6), N3 (9)


If Prestressing Step
is selected in Grouting,
the grouting takes place
at the stage of
tensioning the tendons.
If Every is selected, the
tendons are tensioned at
the number of stages
entered, and the
grouting takes place at
the beginning of the
subsequent stage.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







26
Web Tendon

Specify the secondary tendons as per Fig. 25. Two groups of tendons are placed to
overlap and alternate over two segments at each stage throughout the entire bridge
length. Additional tendons will be placed in the first three and the last three segments
of the bridge. Those tendons that are placed in a regular cycle are entered under
Web Tendon tab of ILM Model Wizard, and the additional tendons at the beginning
and end are entered by the Tendon Profile function.












Figure 25 Secondary tendon arrangement diagram (longitudinal vertical cross
section) and tendon coordinates

















CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







27
Select a type of type-2 among the standardized types predefined in the program. The
secondary tendons can then be defined by simply filling in the entry fields.


Web Tendon tab
Type>
Tendon Property>1st Tendon>WT
Jacking Stress (0.7), Su
Position>Ey (2.503) ; Theta (16.39)
Grouting>Every (1)
H (1.6), G1 (0.24), G2 (0.15), G3 (0.312), C (0.2)
S1 (0.38), S2 (0.2), S3 (0.075), a (4), b (4) .






















Figure 26 Secondary tendon input dialog box







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







28
Once the model is completed using Wizard, use the Change Element Dependent
Material Property function to enter the value of Notational Size of Member that will
be used at the time of computing shrinkage.

Model / Property / Change Element Dependent Material Property
Select Identity-Elements
Select Type>Section
2:Girder
Option>Add/Replace
Element Dependent Material
Notational Size of Member>Auto Calculate .





















Figure 27 Revision of the value of Notational Size of Member for Girder








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







29
Once the modeling is completed, verify the section shape using Hidden and the
tendon placement in a 3-D view.

Hidden (on)

Display
Misc>Tendon Profile (on) .
Boundary>All ; Support (on), Elastic Link (on ) .























Figure 28 ILM bridge and tendon placement diagrams after completing input

After the bridge model is generated by ILM Bridge Model Wizard, the Structure
Group (Fig. 28) for the nose and each segment, the Boundary Group (Fig. 28) for
the Final System and Temporary Group (Fabrication plant), and the Load Group for
jacking forces and self-weights are automatically generated.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







30
Define the additional tendons at the starting and ending zones of the bridge using
the Tendon Profile function. Activate the corresponding segments first and input
the tendon layout as per Fig. 29.



















Figure 29 Secondary tendon layout

Table 2 Coordinates of secondary tendons

Description 1 2 3 4 5
Distance 0 19 40 50 60
Ez 2.160 0.500 1.717 2.785 1.763


[unit : m]







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







31
Point Grid (off), Point Grid Snap (off), Line Grid Snap (off)
Hidden (off)

Display
Misc>Tendon Profile Point (off) .
Boundary>All ; Elastic Link (off) .

Active Identity
Group>Segment1, Segment2, Segment3























Figure 30 Activation of segments 1, 2 & 3 only








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







32
The Tendon Profile function automatically places tendons in an optimum curvature
that minimizes the rate of curvature changes by incorporating the user defined
tendon coordinates. The more coordinates that the user specifies the closer to the
actual profile of the tendons will be placed.

The profile of the web tendons is defined with the y-coordinates being 0 as if the
tendons were placed on the vertical x-z plane. Only the variation in the vertical (z)
direction along the (x) direction of the bridge is identified, and the coordinates are
projected later onto the web in the y-direction. The rotational angle of the web is
entered to identify the projection plane. The highest and lowest points of the profile
are fixed to specify fixed curvature vectors. In this case, the vectors are fixed to the
horizontal-tangential direction in the direction of the bridge.


Element Number (on)

Load / Prestress Loads / Tendon Profile
Tendon Name (WT-End1) ; Tendon Property>WT
Select Window (Elements : 15 ~ 38) or Assigned Elements
(15to38)
Straight Length of Tendon>Begin (4) : End (4) : input Type>3D : Curve
Type>Spline:
Reference Axis>Straight ; Profile Insertion Point (35, 2.503, 0)
x Axis Direction>X ; x Axis Rot. Angle (-16.39), Projection (on)
Grad Rot. Angle>Y, (0)


1>x (0) ; y (0) ; z (2.16)
2>x (19) ; y (0) ; z (0.5) ; fix (on)
3>x (40) ; y (0) ; z (1.717)
4>x (50) ; y (0) ; z (2.785) ; fix (on)
5>x (60) ; y (0) ; z (1.763) .


Grad. Rot. Angle
represents the angle of
the bridge expressed in
terms of rotation about
the axis specified. Y & 0
represent that no vertical
slope exists.







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







33























Figure 31 Definition of additional tendons in left web at left end of the bridge








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







34
Copying the tendon WT-End1 and changing the Profile Insertion Point and web
rotation angle can create the tendons in the right web at the left end of the bridge.

Load> Prestress Loads> Tendon Profile> Name> WT-End1 ; Postfix (-1)

WT-End1-1
Profile Insertion Point (35, -2.503, 0)
x Axis Direction>X ; x Axis Rot. Angle (16.39), Projection (on) .






















Fig. 32 Definition of additional tendons in right web at left end of the bridge


Active Identity
Group>Segment5, Segment6, Segment7


Activate only the segments 5, 6 & 7 for defining the web tendons at the right end of
the bridge.







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







35
Similarly, copying the tendon WT-End1 and changing the Profile Insertion Point, x
Axis direction and web rotation angle can create the additional tendons in the left
web at the right end of the bridge.


Tendon Profile>Name>WT-End1 :
WT-End1-Copy
Unselect All, Select Window (Elements : 51 ~ 74)
Tendon Name (WT-End2)
Profile Insertion Point (185, 2.503, 0)
x Axis Direction>Vector (-15, 0)
x Axis Rot. Angle (16.39), Projection (on) .
Tendon Profile>Name>WT-End2 ; Postfix (-1)
WT-End2
Profile Insertion Point (185, -2.503, 0)
x Axis Rot. Angle (-16.39), Projection (on) .





















Figure 33 Definition of additional tendons in left web at right end of the bridge

Assign the jacking forces for the additional tendons placed at both ends of the bridge.
Tension the tendons at the left end of the bridge first, and specify the tension forces
at both ends of the tendons.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







36


Load / Prestress Loads / Tendon Prestress Loads
Load Case Name>Prestress

Load Group Name>Web-Prestress
Selected Tendon for Loading>Tendon>
WT-End1, WT-End1-1 Selected
Stress Value>Stress ; 1st Jacking>Begin (left-end of bridge)
Begin (133000) ; End (133000)
Grouting>After (1)
Selected Tendon for Loading>Tendon>
WT-End2, WT-End2-1 Selected
WT-End1, WT-End1-1 Tendon
Stress Value>Stress ; 1st Jacking>End (right-end of bridge)
Begin (133000) ; End (133000)
Grouting>After (1)














When ILM Bridge
Model Wizard is
executed, SelfWeight
and Prestress load
conditions are
automatically generated
and entered.
Fig. 34 Jacking force input of the additional tendon at the end of a bridge







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







37
DEFINITION OF ILM CONSTRUCTION STAGE

midas Civil has two types of work modes(Base Stage Mode and Construction Stage
Mode) when Construction Stage is defined for the construction stage analysis.

Base Stage mode denotes the stage where all structural structural modeling, and the
input of loading conditions and the input for boundary conditions are possible, and
the analysis of this stage is not actually performed. Construction Stage indicates the
model condition that the structural analysis is performed. In Construction Stage mode,
the structural model can not be revised, and no data information can be revised and
deleted except the boundary condition and the loads.

Construction Stage consists of Activation and Deactivation commands of Structure
Group, Boundary Group and Load Group. In Construction Stage Mode, the boundary
condition and the load condition can be revised and deleted, which are included in
the activated Boundary Group and Load Group.

The girder self-weight and pre-stress load of construction stage in the ILM bridge are
automatically input by ILM Bridge Model Wizard. The additional load and boundary
condition can be revised or be input in Base Stage after activation or deactivation of
the concerned Construction Stage.









ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







38
ILM Bridge Stage Wizard

In the construction stage analysis, the boundary conditions are changed at every
construction stage because the segments are cured at the manufacturing plant and
are launched in a particular order. MIDAS / Civil provides ILM Bridge Stage Wizard
function which can define the construction stage easily otherwise it is complicated to
define the construction stages considering all the boundary conditions and the
changes of the elements. If the Boundary Group of the manufacturing plant, the
Boundary Group of the final system, and the launching distance of each construction
stage are input, the ILM Bridge Stage Wizard function automatically defines the
construction stages considering the change in boundary condition.

The data is inputted in ILM Bridge Stage Wizard is as follows.

1. Select the Boundary Group, The boundary condition of a pier and an
abutment which will be applied in the bridge model of final
system.(Boundary Group is known as Final is automatically generated in
ILM Bridge Wizard function)
2. Input the total launching distance and direction in Launching Direction.
I. Set the Reference Node as the end of the nose.
II. Input as Start Node where the nose is resting at the initial
construction stage.
III. If End Node is set at an arbitrary node in the left side of the Start
Node, the segments are launched towards the end node direction
starting from the start node.
3. If the launched location at the time of modeling and the location of piers
and abutments after completion do not coincided, input General
Tolerance which will consider the two locations as equivalent.
4. Input of launching information per each segment
I. Activate/deactivate all boundary conditions automatically at every
construction stage including the boundary condition of the starting
and ending construction stage using the final boundary condition of
the completed bridge and the previously entered field boundary
condition known as Field.
II. The boundary conditions are automatically input at every
construction stage if the boundary conditions of the field and the
temporary piers at the initial construction stage are activated.
III. As the boundary conditions of the field and the temporary piers are







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







39
not needed at the final construction stage, which the jacking of the
second tendon is completed, deactivate the Field boundary condition
at the final construction stage.

Select the boundary condition of the final bridge, and input the reference launching
node and the launching direction. Input the reference node at the end of nose, Start
Node at the start point of launching which is the right end of the bridge, and End
Node which is an arbitrary node at the left side of Start Node.

Element Number (off), Active All
Display
Misc>Tendon Profile (off) .

Model / Structure Wizard / ILM Bridge Stage
Piers of Final Structure System>Boundary Group>Final
Launching Direction>Reference Node (1)

Start Node (75)

; End Node (73)

Generation Tolerance>T (0.01)

Input
allowabletolerance to
account for the
difference between
location of pier and
segment boundary
due to modeling error.
Detailed explanation
can be found ILM
Bridge Stage Wizard
in on-line manual.
Input radius in the
case of curved bridge
to be launched as
curved bridge.
Fig. 35 Definition of construction stage using ILM Bridge Stage
Wizard








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







40
Input information about launching that will be used in construction stage definition. Input the
launching length as 5m because the length for beginning/ending parts and inner parts are
not identical. For the 1st segment, construction stages can be defined automatically as 2.5m
lengths by input 2 for step because the total length is 12.5m. If the Field boundary conditions
are activated for the 1st segment during the incremental launching information is defined, the
defined boundary conditions are maintained until they are deactivated.


Model> Structure Wizard> ILM Bridge Stage>
Launching Information>Stage>CS1
Launching Information>Distance (10) ; Step (2)
Save Stage Result (on) ; Save Step Result (on)

Boundary Group for Temporary Support>Boundary Group>Temporary
Active Group .


















Fig. 36. Input Launching information for the 1st segment
Analysis results for
each construction
stage can be saved if
Save Stage Result is
selected







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







41
Construction stages between CS2 to CS6 are defined at the same time because
segment lengths are identical as 25m. Segment 7 is last segment and hence the end
of segment should be launched at the location of abutment. Therefore the segment
should be launched at 50m that is summation of segment length 12.5m and the
distance between manufacturing yard and abutment (2@15m+5m). CS8 is the
construction stage during which the 2nd tendon is acked. Boundary conditions in
CS8 are the same as those of the other construction stages. In CS8 segment 7 is
totally launched and only 2nd tendon is activated. Therefore the launching
information is not given and only the results are saved. Deactivate the Field
Boundary Group that represents temporary piers used during construction and
manufacturing yard. CS9 represents the construction stage in which web tendons are
grouted.


Launching Information>Stage>CS2~CS6
Launching Information>Distance (25) ; Step (5)
Save Stage Result (on) ; Save Step Result (on) .
Launching Information>Stage>CS7
Launching Information>Distance (50) ; Step (10)
Save Stage Result (on) ; Save Step Result (on) .
Launching Information>Stage>CS8
Save Stage Result (on) ; Save Step Result (on)
Boundary Group for Temporary Support>Boundary Group>Temporary
Deactive Group .
Launching Information>Stage>CS9
Save Stage Result (on) ; Save Step Result (on) .









Figure 37 Input
Launching Information
for each Segment







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







42
After completion of construction stage definition by ILM Bridge Stage Wizard function,
select construction stages that are to be modified and modify them. The hinge
condition (Field Group) defined for the end of bridge is effective for all construction
stages. After launching is completed, 2nd tendon is jacked and superimposed dead
loads are applied in the construction stage CS8. In this construction stage the
boundary conditions should be modified to simulate construction completed stage. It
is convenient to modify boundary condition and load condition at each construction
stage.


Hidden (off)
Stage>CS8 (Fig 38 )
Model>Boundary>Supports
Boundary Group Name>CS15-Dfm19
Select Window (Node : 35)
Options>Add ; Support Type>Dx (on) .

In CS9, input the boundary condition at joint 35 similar to the procedures for CS8.



















Figure 38 Modification of Boundary Conditions at CS8

Modified results
can be reviewed using
Zoom Window.








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







43
After completion of analysis model input (element, boundary condition and load) and
definition of construction stage, the tendon arrangement and boundary conditions
can be easily reviewed using Stage Toolbar.


Hidden (on)
Display
Misc>Tendon Profile (on) .
Stage>CS1 (Fig 39)























Figure 39 Element and Boundary Condition Review at Construction Stage CS1
The construction
stages can be easily
changed using arrow
key in keyboard.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







44
Input Diaphragm and Superimposed Dead Load

After completion of construction stage definition, input the self-weight of diaphragm
as beam load at the construction stage at which the segment that contains support
diaphragm is activated. At stage CS8, input 2nd dead load as beam load.

Superimposed dead load (2nd dead load)
Input beam loads 31.5 kN/m for all bridge length at CS8.

Self-weight of diaphragm

Assume diaphragm makes little contribution to the stiffness of girder but only acts as
load.
Therefore diaphragm is defined as the same section as other general sections and
additional load is applied. In this tutorial, apply beam load at the construction stage at
which support segment is activated.
I. INose connection part: 763.0 kN
II. Pier parts & Abutment part at bridge end: 516.1 kN

The self-weight of diaphragm is assigned as a uniform load along the thickness of
diap-hragm which is 2m long.













Figure 40 Input Diagram for Diaphragm Load








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







45
Table 3 Input Location for Diaphragm self-weight
Construction
stage
Load Location(m)
(from Beginning point of
Bridge
)
Remark Load Group
CS1 0
~2
Nose connection part Diaphragm1
CS8 49 ~
51
Pier part Diaphragm2
CS8 99 ~
101
Pier part Diaphragm2
CS7 148 ~
150
Abut part at bridge end Diaphragm3







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







46
Define Load Group (2nd Dead) and Load Group (Diaphragm1, 2, 3) to input Super- imposed dead load
and diaphragm load, respectively. Change the stage to Base Stage by Stage toolbar because addition of
Groups is possible only at Base Stage. At Base Stage, analysis is never performed but boundary
conditions, load conditions and elements for all construction stages are displayed. And so it is possible
to modify, add and delete for these properties for all construction stages.


Display
Misc>Tendon Profile (off) .

Stage>Base

Group>Load Group New
Name (Diaphragm) ; Suffix (1to3)
Name (2nd Dead)





















Figure 41 Generate Load Group
C







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







47
Activate load group Diaphragm1 and Diaphragm3 to CS1 and CS7, respectively.


Load>Construction Stage Analysis Data> Define Construction Stage
Name>CS1
Load tab
Group List>Diaphragm1
Activation>Active Day>First ; Group List .

Name>CS7
Load tab
Group List>Diaphragm3
Activation>Active Day>First ; Group List .





















Figure 42 Addition of Diaphragm Self-weight
If the time step for
activation is defined
at First, load is
applied from the 1st
date during the
duration of specific
construction stage.
The names for
element group,
boundary group and
load group that are
generated by Bridge
Wizard can be
referred Define
Structure(Boundary,
Load) Group at on-
line manual.
Among
automatically
generated
construction stages,
some construction
stages end with p.
At these construction
stages, the end of
nose is located at
piers. But it is
considered as
cantilever beam
because these are
the construction
stages to confirm the
maximum negative
reactions.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







48
At CS8, deactivate nose because in this stage diaphragm self-weights and super-
imposed dead loads are applied and launching is finished. At CS9, grouting for web
tendon is performed and creep, shrinkage and long-term loss for jacking forces are
considered until 10,000 days.


Load>Construction Stage Analysis Data> Define Construction Stage
Name>CS8
Element tab
Group List>Nose
Deactivation>Element Force Redistribution (100) ; .
Load tab
Group List>Diaphragm2, 2nd Dead
Activation>Active Day>First ; Group List .

Name>CS9
Stage>Duration (10000), Save Result>Additional Step .


















Figure 43 Activation of Load Group and Deactivation of Element Group for CS8








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







49
Input load at each construction stages because load group is activated for each
Construction stages. First, input self-weight of nose connection part diaphragm at
CS1.


Stage>CS1

Front View

Load>Line Beam Loads
Load Case Name>SelfWeight ; Load Group Name>Diaphragm1
Options>Add ; Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z ; Projection>No
Value>Absolute ; x1 (0), x2 (2), w (-763/2)

Nodes for Loading Line (15, 16)

Figure 44 Input Diaphragm weight at Nose Connection Part

Because the
beam element is
modeled as 2.5m
spacing, select
Absolute at Value,
and assign 2m for
real load input
distance.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







50
Input bridge end part diaphragm load at CS7.


Stage>CS15

Display
Load>All ; Beam Load (on) .

Load>Line Beam Loads
Load Case Name>SelfWeight ; Load Group Name>Diaphragm3
Options>Add ; Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z ; Projection>No
Value>Absolute ; x1 (0), x2 (2), w (-516.1/2)
Nodes for Loading Line (75, 74)

Figure 45 Input Self-weight of Diaphragm at bridge end







CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







51
Input diaphragm self-weight at CS8 as follows. Pier diaphragm is manufactured as
1m length to both bridge longitudinal directions from the center of pier and defined as
2 elements including boundary conditions. Because same loads are applied to all
piers, loads can be copied and then applied.

Stage>CS8

Load>Line Beam Loads
Load Case Name>SelfWeight ; Load Group Name>Diaphragm2
Options>Add ; Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z ; Projection>No
Value>Absolute ; x1 (1.5), x2 (3.5), w (-516.1/2)
Copy Load (on)
Axis>x ; Distance (50)

Nodes for Loading Line (34, 36)

Figure 46 Input Diaphragm self-weight at CS8
Copy load and
input because the
pier spacing is
identical as 50m.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







52
Input superimposed dead load at CS8.

Hidden (off)

Load>Element Beam Loads
Select All
Load Case Name>SelfWeight ; Load Group Name>2nd Dead
Options>Add ; Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z ; Projection>No
Value>Relative ; x1 (0), x2 (1), w (-31.5) .





















Figure 47 Input Superimposed Dead Load at CS8










CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







53
Stage>Base

Analysis>Construction Stage Analysis Control
Final Stage>Last Stage

Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (on)

Time Dependent Effect
Creep Shrinkage (on) ; Type>Creep & Shrinkage
Convergence for Creep Iteration
Number of Iteration (5) ; Tolerance (0.01)

Internal Time Step for Creep (1)
Auto Time Step Generation for Large Time Gap (on)

Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Creep & Shrinkage) (on)
Variation of Comp. Strength (on)
Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Elastic Shortening) (on)

.




Define
convergence
condition for the
creep and shrinkage
analysis.
The long term load
effect can be
considered by
generating time steps
internally for
construction stages
that have adequate
duration by checking
on Auto Time Step
for Generation for
Large Time Gap.
This is the item to
consider tendon
prestress losses by
elastic shortening,
creep and shrinkage.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







54




















Figure 48 Dialog Box for Construction Stage Analysis Control Data











CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







55
Perform Structural Analysis

All input for construction stage analysis of ILM bridge is finished, perform structural
analysis.

Analysis> Perform Analysis









ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







56
Review Analysis Result

There are two methods for reviewing analysis results for construction stage analysis
results. The one is to review accumulated stresses and displacements until specified
construction stage and the other is to review for a specified construction stage. In
MIDAS / Civil the construction stage analysis results can be reviewed using graph
and table by either of above method.

Stress review by graph

Stress graph at CS9 is reviewed.

Stage>CS9
Results / Bridge Girder Stress Diagram
Load Cases/Combinations>CS:Summation (on) : Step>Last Step
Components>Combined (on) ; 2(+y, +z), 3(+y, -z)
Bridge Girder Elem. Group>Bridge Girder
Draw Allowable Stress Line (on)>Comp. ( 16000 ) ; Tens. ( 3200 )

General Option > Current Stage/Step (on) .



















If Axial, Bending
My and Bending Mz
are all selected,
stresses at each
extreme outer fiber
location can be
reviewed.
In ILM wizard,
Structure Group, that
is required to review
section stresses, are
automatically
generated.
If Draw Allowance
Stress Line is
checked on, the
allowable stressed for
compression and
tension are plotted by
dashed lines on
stress graph.
Figure 49 Stress Graph at Top/Bottom fiber at CS9








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







57
For detailed review for specific range of graph, the graph can be magnified by
locating mouse on the graph and dragging. After reviewing, it can be returned to its
original status by selecting Zoom Out All, clicking mouse right button.





























Figure 50 Stress Graph Magnification









ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







58
The Min/Max stage produces the maximum and minimum values out of the analysis
resultsof all the construction stages. Min/Max Stage is used to review maximum and
minimum stresses during construction along the girder.

Stage>Min/Max
Results / Bridge Girder Diagram
Load Cases/Combinations>CSmax:Summation, CSmin:Summation
Diagram Type>Stress; X-Axis Type>Distance
Components> Combined (on) ; 2(+y, +z), 3(+y, -z)
Bridge Girder Elem. Group>Bridge Girder
Draw Allowable Stress Line (on)>Comp. ( 16000 ) ; Tens. ( 3200 ) .



















Figure 51 Maximum / Minimum Stress Graph









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







59
Min/Max Stage is used to review maximum and minimum moments during
construction alongthe girder.

Stage>Min/Max
Results / Bridge Girder Diagram
Load Cases/Combinations>CSmax:Summation, CSmin:Summation
Diagram Type>Force ; X-Axis Type>Node
Bridge Girder Elem. Group>Bridge Girder
Components>My.





















Figure 52 Maximum / Minimum Moment Graph



Maximum Positive Moment
Maximum Negative Moment







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







60
The maximum and minimum moments diagram can be also displayed using
BeamDiagrams.


Stage>Min/Max
Click on Model View Tab (Figure 53)
Results / Forces / Beam Diagrams
Load Cases/Combination> CSmin:Summation, CSmax:Summation
Components> My
Output Options> 5 Points ; Line Fill
Type of Display> Contour (on) .





















Figure 53 Maximum / Minimum Moment Diagram









CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







61
Moment history graph by stages at a specific point, for example, I end, element 67
and I end, element 25 at which maximum positive and negative moment occur,
respectively, can be displayed.


Stage>CS9
Results / Stage/Step History Graph
Define Function>Beam Force/Stress
Beam Force/Stress>Name (67-Moment) ; Element No. (67) ; Force
Point>I-Node ; Components>Moment-y .

Define Function>Beam Force/Stress
Beam Force/Stress>Name (25-Moment) ; Element No. (25) ; Force
Point>I-Node ; Components>Moment-y
Mode>Multi Func. ; Step Options>All Step

Check Functions To Plot>25-Moment, 67-Moment (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation ; Graph Title (Moment)

















Figure 54 Moment History Graph for elements 67 and 25








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







62
Deflection Graph at Nose End

Deflections at nose end for each construction stage are reviewed. Displacements,
section forces and stresses can be traced by construction stages and they can
be reviewed by graph using Stage/Step History Graph function.


Stage>CS7-10
Model View (Fig 55)
Results / Stage/Step History Graph
Define Function>Displacement
Displacement>Name (Nose) ; Node Number (1)
Components>DZ .
Mode>Multi Func. ; Step Options>All Steps
X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Functions To Plot>Nose (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation
Graph Title (Displacement)

















Figure 55 Node End Deflection at Each Construction Stage
To review
deflections at nose
end by graph, first
change construction
stage to the stage at
which the nose is
activated, and then
review the results.
After completion
of graph, the name of
graph or axis can be
changed by clicking
mouse right button
on graph.








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







63
Reviewing Results by Table

The construction stage analysis results can be reviewed by table using Records
Activation Dialog function. In this function, various filtering options like element, load,
construction stage and stress output location could be applied. Stress changes at I
end, element 25 at which maximum stresses occur can be reviewed by table.


Results / Results Table / Beam / Stress
Node or Element (25)
Loadcase/Combination>Summation(CS) (on)
Stage/Step>CS1:001(last) ~ Min/Max:min (on)
Part Number>Part i (on) .



















Figure 56 Stress Table at I end, Element 25








ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







64
Reviewing Prestress Loss

Tensioning changes by construction stages due to prestress loss are reviewed.
Change construction stage to the stage that includes the tendons, which will be
reviewed, for only the tendons that are included at current construction stage can be
reviewed. And then select Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph menu. By clicking
button, the tensioning changes according to the construction stages can
be reviewed by animation.


Results / Tendon Time-Dependent Loss Graph
Loss Graph Tendon>BOT1-1 ; Stage>CS9 ; Step>Last Step













Figure 57 Tendon Force Loss Graph















CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







65
Reviewing Tendon Coordinates

In midas Civil, tendon coordinates can be reviewed by table for every quarter points
within each element. And tendon profile can be verified by clicking mouse right button
and selecting Show Graph.


Results / Result Tables / Tendon / Tendon Coordinates
























Figure 58 Prestress Force Loss Table









ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







66
Reviewing Tendon Elongation

Tendon elongation and girder shortening are reviewed by table.


Results / Result Tables / Tendon / Tendon Elongation






















Figure 59 Tendon Elongation and Girder Shortening Table












CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







67
Reviewing reactions at each construction stage

If the ILM Wizard is used, the support points are auto-generated. Otherwise, the
information on the reaction points should be defined in Reaction by Position data in
the results menu. In the case of a bridge constructed by the ILM, the reactions in
GCS are produced, according to the change of construction stages at the piers and
abutments, in the table in Spread Sheet format.
The reactions at each construction stage for the summation load case are reviewed
are reviewed.


Results / ILM Reaction / Reaction by Position Table (Global)

























Figure 60 Reaction Table at each construction stage
Node Columns
can be shown or
hidden by clicking
Show/Hide Node
Columns in the text
menu.







ADVANCED APPLICATIONS







68
Reviewing Section Forces by Factored Load

Ultimate Strength for post-construction stage should be checked. The factored load
includes live load, temperature load, support settlement and dead loads. The
structural analysis results for loads that are defined other than Construction Stage
Load Type is performed at PostCS Stage and it can be combined with the
construction stage analysis results.


Stage>PostCS
Results / Combinations
Active (on) ; Name (Dead) ; Type>Add
Load Case>Dead Load (CS) ; Factor (1.3)
Load Case>Tendon Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1)
Load Case>Creep Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1.3)
Load Case>Shrinkage Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1.3)



















Figure 61 Load Combination Dialog Box








CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS FOR ILM







69
Moment diagram due to factored load combination is reviewed.


Results / Forces / Beam Diagrams
Load Cases/Combination>CS:Dead
Components>My
Output Options>5 Points ; Line Fill
Type of Display>Contour (on) .





















Figure 62 Beam Moment Diagram