ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS
THEORY
These lecture slides
have been compiled
by Mohammed
SalahUdDin Ayubi.
LECTURE 0
Electrical Technology Introduction

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 1

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

L
R1
+
R2 vO
vS +
- −
C

TYPICAL LINEAR
IRCUIT
05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 2
 EE Subdisciplines
• Power
• Electromagnetics
• Communication/Signal Processing
• Digital
• Controls
• Solid State

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 Power
• Generation of electrical energy
• Storage of electrical energy
• Distribution of electrical energy
• Rotating machinery-generators, motors

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 Electromagnetics
• Propagation of electromagnetic energy
• Antennas
• Very high frequency signals ~ 108 Hz
• Fiber optics ~ 1G b/s

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 Communications/Signal Proc.
• Transmission of information electrically
and optically
• Modification of signals
– enhancement
– compression
– noise reduction
– filtering

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 Digital
• Digital (ones and zeros) signals and
hardware
• Computer architectures
• Embedded computer systems
– Microprocessors
– Microcontrollers
– DSP chips

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 Controls
• Changing system inputs to obtain desired
outputs
• Feedback
• Stability

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 8

 Solid State
• Devices
– Transistors
– Diodes (LED’s, Laser diodes)
– Photodetectors
• Miniaturization of electrical devices
• Integration of many devices on a single
chip (VLSI)

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 9

 Electric Power

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 10

 The Electrical Power System
• Power is one of the main subdisciplines of
EE.
• The power generation, transmission and
distribution system is something we all use
all the time.
• It is an excellent example of a case where
electrical networks are used to model the
flow of energy.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 11

 Consider what we do here.
• We usually generate a huge amount of power in
a centralized location.
• We ship it to you when you flip the switch
• You then decide that you will light a desk lamp
located 18 inches above your desk, about 2 feet
in on the right.
• You can easily change your mind and put the
lamp on the left!
• This is magic.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 12

 Electric Load
• The load changes continuously • Base load (large thermal and
– Daily nuclear plants)
– Seasonal • Intermediate loads (medium
steam and hydro)
• The daily maximum occurs
• Peak load (gas turbine and
around 4-6 PM , the minimum at
combined cycle plants)
night.
• The load or demand is defined Typical Daily Load Curve
as the average load (MW) for 15 P_max
minutes
• Seasonal changes: Summer load Peak
is higher than the winter load in load
AZ. Intermediate load
Base load

0 6 12 18 24

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 13

 What to notice about what
follows
• We do NOT create energy out of nowhere.
• Instead, we convert some form of energy.
In a fossil power plant, chemical energy is
converted to a mechanical motion of a
rotating turbine and generator. The result is
electric energy.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 14

 Electrical Power Transmission
1) The generating station converts the energy of gas, oil, coal or nuclear fuel to electric
energy. The generator voltage is around 15-25 kV

2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 230-765 kV. This reduces the current
and losses.

3) The high voltage transmission line transports the energy from the generating station to
the large loads, like towns. Example: Energy generated at Palo Verde is transported by
500 kV lines to Phoenix, San Diego, Los Angeles, Albuquerque and El Paso.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 15

 Electrical Power Transmission
4) The high voltage substation reduces the voltage to 120-69 kV. The
substation serves as a node point for several lines.

5) The sub-transmission lines (69 kV-120 kV) connect the high voltage
substation with the local distribution station.

6) Distribution lines (12 -15 kV) distribute the energy along streets or
underground. Each line supplies several step down transformers
distributed along the line.

7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to 230/115V, which

supplies the houses, shopping centers etc..

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 16

 Generating Station
Type of Generation stations
• Thermal Power Plant. The large (more than 500 MVA) plants carry
constant load (base load plant), Smaller plants loads are regulated but
they operate continuously. Minimum down time is 20-35 hours.
• Nuclear Power Plant. These plants carry constant load and are used as
base loads plants.
• Hydroelectric Plants. It is economically desirable to load these plants to
the maximum capacity, because of the low energy cost. (Water is free).
Other factors: flood control, irrigation and salmon migration.
• Combined steam and Gas-Turbine Power Plants. High efficiency plants
for variable load.
• Gas-turbine. Peak load plants, high operating and low investment cost
• Solar, Wind. Loaded to the maximum capacity, when sun or wind power
available.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 17

 Hydro Power Plant
• The water is stored in the lake, which is at higher
ground (Lake Pleasant).
• A canal and pipe system transfers the water to
the power house.
• The potential energy of the water is transformed
to mechanical energy in the turbine.
• The turbine drives the generator and converts
the water mechanical energy to electrical energy.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 18

 Motion to Electricity

When magnets are moved near a wire,

an electric current is generated in that wire.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 19

 Generating Station

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 Transmission Lines

Type of transmission lines:

• Extra high voltage lines • Sub-transmission lines
– 345 kV, 500 kV, 785 kV – 45 kV, 69 kV, 120 kV
– Interconnection between – Substation and large customer
systems. (National Grid) • Distribution Line
– 2.4 kV- 45 kV , 15 kV
– Supplies houses
• High Voltage lines
• High Voltage DC lines
– 120 kV, 220 kV
– 120 kV- 600 kV
– Inter connection between
– Interconnection between
substations. regions. (Oregon-California)

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 21

 AC versus DC
• AC is alternating • DC is direct current
current • DC quantities are
• AC quantities always always constant in
vary sinusoidally in time.
time • DC can not be directly
• Usually, we will know transformed to lower
the frequency and or higher voltages.
solve for the
amplitude and phase.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 22

 Why do we use AC for power
transmission?
• Power levels correspond to V2. Therefore,
to get a huge power out of Palo Verde, we
need huge V’s. We need to step the
voltage down before it reaches our
classroom. The power company wants to
do this in a lossless fashion. AC allows
them to do this by using transformers.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 23

 Why Are There Three
Conductors in Power
Transmissions Lines?
• Most AC power transmission systems
have three conductors.
• The voltage on each phase (referenced
with respect to earth ground) is a sinusoid
with a phase difference of 120° from the
voltages in the other two phases.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 24

 Three Phase
• A three conductor transmission system is
called a three-phase system.
• The power delivered by a three phase system
(assuming a balanced load) is constant, even
though the voltages in each phase vary
sinusoidally.
• Three phase systems are more efficient than
single systems due to reduced power losses.

05 August 2005 Engineer M S Ayubi 25