Seminar Report ’03 Virtual Keyboard

INTRODUCTION

Virtual Keyboard is just another example of today’s computer

trend of ‘smaller and faster’. It uses sensor technology and artificial
intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard.

Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily

create multilingual text content on almost any existing platform and
output it directly to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small, handy,
well-designed and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution
for cross platform multilingual text input.

The main features are: platform-independent multilingual

support for keyboard text input, built-in language layouts and settings,
copy/paste etc. operations support just as in a regular text editor, already
existing system language settings remain intact, easy and user-friendly
interface and design, and small file size.

Virtual Keyboard is available as Java applet and Java-script. It

uses a special API to interact with a web page. You can invoke its public
methods from Java script to perform certain tasks such as Launch
Virtual Keyboard, Move the Virtual Keyboard window to exact screen
coordinates, etc. The application also uses a bound text control to
transfer the text to/from the page.

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QWERTY KEYBOARDS

Inside the keyboard

The processor in a keyboard has to understand several things

that are important to the utility of the keyboard, such as:
• Position of the key in the key matrix.
• The amount of bounce and how to filter it.
• The speed at which to transmit the typematics.

The microprocessor and controller circuitry of a keyboard.

The key matrix is the grid of circuits underneath the keys. In all
keyboards except for capacitive ones, each circuit is broken at the point
below a specific key. Pressing the key, bridges the gap in the circuit,
allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through. The processor
monitors the key matrix for signs of continuity at any point on the grid.
When it finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the location of that
circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its ROM. The
character map is basically a comparison chart for the processor that tells
it what the key at x,y coordinates in the key matrix represents. If more
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than one key is pressed at the same time, the processor checks to see if
that combination of keys has a designation in the character map. For
example, pressing the ‘a’ key by itself would result in a small letter "a"
being sent to the computer. If you press and hold down the Shift key
while pressing the ‘a’ key, the processor compares that combination
with the character map and produces a capital letter "A."

A different character map provided by the computer can

supersede the character map in the keyboard. This is done quite often in
languages whose characters do not have English equivalents. Also, there
are utilities for changing the character map from the traditional
QWERTY to DVORAK or another custom version.

A look at the key matrix.

Keyboards rely on switches that cause a change in the current

flowing through the circuits in the keyboard. When the key presses the
keyswitch against the circuit, there is usually a small amount of
vibration between the surfaces, known as bounce. The processor in a
keyboard recognizes that you pressing the key repeatedly do not cause
this very rapid switching on and off. Therefore, it filters all of the tiny
fluctuations out of the signal and treats it as a single keypress.

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If you continue to hold down a key, the processor determines
that you wish to send that character repeatedly to the computer. This is
known as typematics. In this process, the delay between each instance
of a character can normally be set in software, typically ranging from 30
characters per second (cps) to as few as two cps.

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TYPES OF KEYBOARDS

Keyboards have changed very little in layout since their

introduction. In fact, the most common change has simply been the
natural evolution of adding more keys that provide additional
functionality.
The most common keyboards are:
• 101-key Enhanced keyboard
• 104-key Windows keyboard
• 82-key Apple standard keyboard
• 108-key Apple Extended keyboard

Portable computers such as laptops quite often have custom

keyboards that have slightly different key arrangements than a standard
keyboard. Also, many system manufacturers add specialty buttons to the
standard layout. A typical keyboard has four basic types of keys:
• Typing keys
• Numeric keypad
• Function keys
• Control keys

The typing keys are the section of the keyboard that contains
the letter keys, generally laid out in the same style that was common for
typewriters. The numeric keypad is a part of the natural evolution
mentioned previously. Since a large part of the data was numbers, a set
of 17 keys was added to the keyboard. These keys are laid out in the
same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators, to
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facilitate the transition to computer for clerks accustomed to these other
machines. In 1986, IBM extended the basic keyboard with the addition
of function and control keys. The function keys, arranged in a line
across the top of the keyboard, could be assigned specific commands by
the current application or the operating system. Control keys provided
cursor and screen control. Four keys arranged in an inverted T formation
between the typing keys and numeric keypad allows the user to move
the cursor on the display in small increments.

Keyboard Technologies

Keyboards use a variety of switch technologies. It is interesting

to note that we generally like to have some audible and tactile response
to our typing on a keyboard. We want to hear the keys "click" as we
type, and we want the keys to feel firm and spring back quickly as we
press them. Let's take a look at these different technologies:
• Rubber dome mechanical
• Capacitive non-mechanical
• Metal contact mechanical
• Membrane mechanical
• Foam element mechanical

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From the Keyboard to the Computer

As you type, the processor in the keyboard is analyzing the key

matrix and determining what characters to send to the computer. It
maintains these characters in a buffer of memory that is usually about 16
bytes large. It then sends the data in a stream to the computer via some
type of connection.
The most common keyboard connectors are:
• 5-pin DIN (Dutch Industries Norm) connector
• 6-pin IBM PS/2 mini-DIN connector
• 4-pin USB (Universal Serial Bus) connector
• Internal connector (for laptops)

Normal DIN connectors are rarely used anymore. Most

computers use the mini-DIN PS/2 connector; but an increasing number
of new systems are dropping the PS/2 connectors in favor of USB. No
matter which type of connector is used, two principal elements are sent
through the connecting cable. The first is power for the keyboard.
Keyboards require a small amount of power, typically about 5 volts, in
order to function. The cable also carries the data from the keyboard to
the computer. The other end of the cable connects to a port that is
monitored by the computer's keyboard controller.

This is an integrated circuit (IC) whose job is to process all of

the data that comes from the keyboard and forward it to the operating
system.

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Difficulties and alternatives

It is now recognized that it is important to be correctly seated

while using a computer. A comfortable working position will help with
concentration, quality of work, and reduce the risk of long-term
problems. This is important for all who use computers, and especially so
for those with disabilities.

The increased repetitive motions and awkward postures

attributed to the use of computer keyboards have resulted in a rise in
cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) that are generally considered to be
the most costly and severe disorders occurring in the office. Lawsuits for
arm, wrist, and hand injuries have been filed against keyboard
manufacturers allege that keyboarding equipment is defectively
designed and manufacturers fail to provide adequate warnings about
proper use to avoid injury.

As early as1926, Klockenberg described how the keyboard

layout required the typist to assume body postures that were unnatural,
uncomfortable and fatiguing. For example, standard keyboard design
forces operators to place their hands in a flat, palm down position called
forearm pronation. The compact, linear key arrangement also causes
some typists to place their wrist in a position that is skewed towards the
little fingers, called ulnar deviation. These awkward postures result in
static muscle loading, increased muscular energy expenditure, reduced
muscular waste removal, and eventual discomfort or injury. Researchers
also noted that typing on the QWERTY keyboard is poorly distributed

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between the hands and fingers, causing the weaker ring and little fingers
to be overworked.

Alternatives

When a standard keyboard does not meet the needs of the user,
several alternatives can be found. Keyboards come in a variety of sizes
with different layouts. The four alternatives described below are
considered "plug and play" keyboards, as they require no special
interface. Just plug them into the existing keyboard port and use them.

Ergonomic Keyboards:

These keyboards are designed to ensure safe and comfortable

computer use by providing additional supports to prevent repetitive
muscular injuries. Many offer flexible positioning options (Comfort
Keyboard), while others use "wells" for support (ergonomic), or chords
instead of keys (BAT Keyboard), or require minimal finger/hand
movements (Data Hand).

Compact or Reduced Keyboards:

These keyboards are designed with keys in closely arranged

order. These compact or reduced keyboards offer options for students
with a limited range of motion in their hands or arms and can be
accessed with head or mouth pointers. Examples of these are TASH

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mini keyboards (WinMini, MacMini), or the Magic Wand Keyboard;
both provide for keyboard and mouse control.

Enlarged Keyboards:

These keyboards are a larger version of the standard keyboard,

in whole or in part. Larger keys may provide an easier target, as fewer
key choices with clear key labels can provide a successful input method
for many. The IntelliKeys keyboard is one example; it comes with 6
keyboard overlays and varying key layout designs and can be further
customized with the use of Overlay Maker software.

Portable Keyboards :

The last type of keyboard is one which addresses the portability

needs of individuals with disabilities. A portable keyboard is one which
can be used as a not-taker when battery-powered and then connected to
a computer to download the information. The AlphaSmartâ is an
example of a portable keyboard. It connects to the Apple, Mac, and IBM
computers and can be used as the computer keyboard when it is
connected to the computer.

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VIRTUAL DEVICES

Just like every conventional loudspeaker can also be used as a

microphone, for some input devices there is a complimentary form
where they can also be displays. However, just as few loudspeakers are
used as microphones (so few, in fact, that most people forget - if they
even knew - that this was possible), very few input devices incorporate
this duality into their design. Force feedback devices are one exception.
With them, the "display" is felt rather than seen. Touch screens and
other direct input devices appear to have this property, but in fact, this is
appearance only, since their input/output duality is accomplished by
designing two separate technologies into one integrated package. The
acoustic analogy would be integrating a microphone and speaker into
one package, a bit like a telephone handset, rather than using the same
transducer for both the microphone and speaker functions. It is
interesting to note that this is not the case with force feedback devices
since with them, the same motors that generate the force output also
serve as the encoders that capture the actions of the user.

Recently a new class of device has started to emerge which is

conceptually rooted in exploiting this input/output duality. They can be
called Projection/Vision systems, and/or Projection/Scanning or
Projection/Camera technologies. In the "pure" case, these are devices
that use a laser, for example, to project an image of the input controller -
such as a slider or keypad - onto a surface. In doing so, they are
performing a function analogous to an LCD displaying the image of a

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virtual device under a touch screen. However, in this case, the laser is
also used to scan the same surface that it projecting onto, thereby
enabling the device to "see" how your fingers, for example, are
interacting with the projected virtual device.

In a slightly less pure "hybrid" form, the projection and

scanning functions can be performed by two separate, but integrated
technologies. For example, instead of a laser projector, a conventional
video or data projector could be used, and an integrated video camera
(supported by vision software) used for input.

Both the "pure" and "hybrid" classes of device have been used
and have strengths and weaknesses. Since laser projection is far less
advanced than conventional data projection, the hybrid solution
sometimes has advantages on the display side. However, 2D and 3D
scanning using lasers is far more developed than 2D and 3D vision using
video based vision techniques. This is partially due to the degree to
which the laser technology can extract 3D information. Going forward,
one can expect laser projection technology to advance extremely
quickly, especially in its ability to deliver extremely small, low power,
bright, relatively high resolution projection capability. This will likely
have a strong impact on how we interact with small portable devices,
such as PDAs, mobile phones and even wristwatches. Not only does
this technology provide a means to couple large (virtual) I/O transducers
with small devices, it provides the potential for sharing and interacting
with others, despite using devices as small as a wrist watch.

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On the other hand, these technologies have strong potential on
the other side of the scale, in large-scale interaction, where what is
scanned are bodies in a room, rather than fingers on a surface, and the
projection surface may be the floor or ceiling of a room, rather than a
desktop.

Besides the obvious, there are a couple of interesting challenges

with this type of system. First, it is generally not sufficient to simply
know where the fingers are over the display. One has to be able to
distinguish the difference between pointing or hovering, versus
activating. This must be reliable, and responsive. And, to avoid "the
chess player's conflict" ("You touched that piece!", "No I didn't!!") the
system and the user must agree as to if and when activation takes place.
Also, since the device is virtual, a means (acoustic of visual) is likely
needed to provide some form of feedback at the device level. Since,
especially in the mobile case, the projection surface, and hence the input
control surface, is arbitrary, so there would be no opportunity for any
tactile feedback, vertical or lateral. Of course, if the projector was fixed,
then there are a range of techniques that could be used to provide tactile
feedback.

Electronic whiteboards that use projection technologies coupled

with touch screens, such as those available from Smart Technologies,
and 3Com, for example, are related to this class of device. However,
they differ in that the input transducer is integrated with the projection
surface, rather than with the projector. This is a significant
technological difference (but one which may be transparent to a user).
The same could be said of touch screens; especially in the future as
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touch screens become thinner and more inobtrusive, such as if/when
they are made with OLEDs, for example. That is, they could appear the
same to the user as "pure" projection vision systems. However, I treat
touch screens and this latter class of projection boards separately.

What is unique, distinct, or new, from the usage/user

perspective of the type of projection/vision systems that I highlight in
this section is that they are not fixed in position. The same unit may
project/sense in different locations, on different surfaces, and in many
cases be mobile. That is, there is no specific surface, other than the
(perhaps) arbitrary surface on which one is projecting, on which the
system operates. This is especially true of the miniature laser
projector/scanner systems. But it is even true of installed systems, such
as the IBM steerable projection/vision system. In this later case, while
the projector and vision systems are fixed in architural space, they can
be directed to work on different surfaces/areas in the room.

Projection/Vision systems constitute an area where products are

beginning to emerge. Below is a listing of some of the companies who
are playing in this field. As well, there is a body of work emerging from
the research community around this type of interaction.

VIRTUAL TYPING

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Virtual Keyboard is just another example of today’s computer

trend of "smaller and faster". Computing is now not limited to desktops
and laptops, it has found its way into mobile devices like palm tops and
even cell phones. But what has not changed for the last 50 or so odd
years is the input device, the good old qwerty keyboard. Alternatives
came in the form of handwriting recognition, speech recognition, abcd
input (for SMS in cell phones) etc. But they all lack the accuracy and
convenience of a full-blown keyboard. Speech input has an added issue
of privacy. Even folded keyboards for PDAs are yet to catch on. Thus a
new generation of virtual input devices is now being paraded, which
could drastically change the way we type.

Virtual Keyboard uses sensor technology and artificial

intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard.
Virtual Devices have developed a flashlight-size gadget that projects an
image of a keyboard on any surface and let’s people input data by typing
on the image. This system comprises of three modules, the sensor
module, IR-light source and the pattern projector .The device detects
movement when fingers are pressed down. Those movements are
measured and the device accurately determines the intended keystrokes
and translates them into text. This is a set of clips that fit into your hand
and try to sense the motion of the fingers and the hands (wrist) and
translate them into keystrokes. The translation process also uses
artificial intelligence. Once the keystroke has been decoded, it is sent to
the portable device either by cable or via wireless.

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The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer

keyboard onto almost any surface, and disappears when not in use.
Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, the VKey(TM) provides a practical
way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the
user to leave the laptop computer at home. VKey technology has many
applications in various high-tech and industrial Sectors. These include
data entry and control panel applications in hazardous and harsh
environments and medical markets.

Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the

convenience of compactness with the advantages of a full-blown
QWERTY keyboard. An interesting use of such keyboards would be in
sterile environments where silence or low noise is essential like
operation theaters. The advantage of such a system is that you do not
need a surface for typing, you can even type in plain air. The company's
Virtual Keyboard is designed for anyone who's become frustrated with

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trying to put information into a handheld but doesn't want to carry a
notebook computer around. There is also the provision for a pause
function to avoid translating extraneous hand movements function, so
that users can stop to eat ,drink etc …

It is also a superior desktop computer keyboard featuring

dramatically easier to learn touch-typing and leaving one hand free for
mouse or phone. Combination key presses ("chords") of five main and
two extra control keys allow users to type at 25-60 words per minute,
with possibly greater speeds achieved through the use of abbreviation
expansion software. Most users, however, will find memorizing the
chords easy and fun, with the included typing tutorial. The scanner can
keep up with the fastest typist, scanning the projected area over 50 times
a second. The keyboard doesn't demand a lot of force, easing strain on
wrists and digits. virtual keyboards solve the problem of sore thumbs
that can be caused by typing on the tiny keyboards of various gadgets
like PDAs and cell phones. They are meant to meet the needs of mobile
computer users struggling with cumbersome, tiny, or nonexistent
keyboards. It might help to prevent RSI injuries.

An infrared adapter allows PC usage without any driver

software being necessary. The standard coin-sized lithium battery lasts
about eight months before needing to be replaced.

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The Virtual Keyboard uses an extremely durable material which

is extremely easy to clean. The Virtual Keyboard is not restricted to the
QWERTY touch-typing paradigm , adjustments can be done to the
software to fit other touch-typing paradigms as well, such as the
DVORAK keyboard. It will work with all types of Bluetooth enabled
devices such as PDAs and smart phones, as well as wearable computers.
Applications include computer/PDA input, gaming control, TV remote
control, and musical applications.

Thus virtual keyboards will make typing easier, faster, and

almost a pleasure.

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TYPES OF VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS

Developer vkb

Its full-size keyboard also can be projected onto any surface and
uses laser technology to translate finger movements into letters.
Working with Siemens Procurement Logistics Services Rechargeable
batteries similar to those in cell phones power the compact unit .The
keyboard is full size and the letters are in a standard format. As a Class 1
laser, the output power is below the level at which eye injury can occur.

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Canesta

Make the Canesta Keyboard, which is a laser projected

keyboard with which the same laser is also used to scan the projection
field and extract 3D data. Hence, the user sees the projected keyboard,
and the device "sees" the position of the fingers over the projected keys.
They also have a chip set, Electronic Perception Technology, which
they supply for 3rd parties to develop products using the
projection/scanning technology. Canesta appears to be the most
advanced in this class of technology and the only one who is shipping
product. They have a number of patents pending on their technology.

Sense board Technologies

The Senseboard SB 04 technology is an extreme case of a

hybrid approach. The sensing transducer is neither a laser scanner nor a
camera. Rather, it is a bracelet-like transducer that is worn on the hands
which captures hand and finger motion. In fact, as demonstrated, the
technology does not incorporate a projection component at all; rather, it

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relies on the user's ability to touch type, and then infers the virtual row
and key being typed by sensing relative hand and finger movement. The
system obviously could be augmented to aid non-touch typists, for
example, by the inclusion of a graphic representation of the virtual
keyboard under the hands/fingers. In this case, the keyboard graphically
represented would not be restricted to a conventional QWERTY
keyboard, and the graphical representation could be projected or even on
a piece of paper. I include it here as it is a relevant related input
transducer which could be used with a projection system. The
technology has patents pending, and is currently in preproduction proof
of Concept form.

Sensors made of a combination of rubber and plastic are

attached to the user's palms in such a way that they do not interfere with
finger motions. Through the use of Bluetooth technology, the "typed"
information is transferred wirelessly to the computer, where a word
processing program analyzes and interprets the signals into readable
text. The device is currently usable via existing ports on personal digital
assistants (PDAs) from Palm and other manufacturers. Senseboard
officials say it eventually will be compatible with most brands of pocket
PCs, mobile phones and laptop computers.

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Kitty

KITTY, a finger-mounted keyboard for data entry into PDA's,

Pocket PC's and Wearable Computers which has been developed here at
the University of California in Irvine.

KITTY, an acronym for Keyboard-Independent Touch-Typing,

is a Fingernounted keyboard that uses touch typing as a method of data
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entry. The device targets the portable computing market and in
particular its wearable computing systems which are in need of a silent
invisible data entry system based on touch typing .the new device
combines the idea of a finger mounted coding device with the
advantages of a system that uses touch typing.

InFocus

InFocus is one of the leading companies in providing video and

data projectors. Their projectors are conventional, in that they do not
use laser technology. This has that advantage of delivering high quality
colour images with a mature technology. However, it has the
disadvantage of larger size, lower contrast, and higher power
requirements, compared to laser projection systems. In 2000, InFocus
merged with Proxima, which had been one of its competitors. I include
InFocus/Proxima in this survey not only because they make projectors.
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In their early days, Proxima developed one of the first commercially
available projection/vision systems. It was called Cyclops, and they still
hold a patent on the technology. Cyclops augmented the projector by
adding a video camera that was registered to view the projection area.
The video camera had a bandpass filter over the lens which passed only
the wavelength of a laser pointer. The system, therefore, enabled the
user to interact with the projected image, using a provided laser pointer
as the input device. The camera detected the presence of the laser
pointer on the surface, and calculated its coordinates relative to the
currently projected image. Furthermore, the laser pointer had two
intensity levels which enabled the user to not only point, but to have the
equivalent of a mouse button, by the vision system interpreting the two
levels as distinguishing button up and down events.

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CONCLUSION

Virtual Keyboard uses sensor technology and artificial

intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a keyboard.
Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the
convenience of compactness with the advantages of a full-blown
QWERTY keyboard. The company's Virtual Keyboard is designed for
anyone who's become frustrated with trying to put information into a
handheld but doesn't want to carry a notebook computer around.

Canesta appears to be the most advanced in this class of

technology and the only one who is shipping product. Other products are
KITTY, a finger-mounted keyboard for data entry into PDA's, Pocket
PC's and Wearable Computers and KITTY, a finger-mounted keyboard
for data entry into PDA's, Pocket PC's and Wearable Computers.

Thus virtual keyboards will make typing easier, faster, and

almost a pleasure.

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REFERENCES

1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
2. www.canesta.com
3. www.procams.org
4. www.billbuxton.com/3state.html
5. www.smarttech.com
6. www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtml
7. IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my sincere thanks to Prof. M.N Agnisarman

Namboothiri (Head of the Department, Computer Science and
Engineering, MESCE), Mr. Zainul Abid (Staff incharge) for their kind
co-operation for presenting the seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the

faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Department and my
friends for their co-operation and encouragement.

Thasleena V

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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. QWERTY KEYBOARDS
 Inside the keyboard
 Types of keyboards
 Difficulties and alternatives

3. VIRTUAL DEVICES
4. VIRTUAL TYPING
5. TYPES OF VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS
6. CONCLUSION

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