1

Analysis of a Distribution System with Distributed

Generation using the ATP program
Freddy Guillen, fguillen@est.ups.edu.ec
Universidad Politcnica Salesiana
ResumenThe analysis of a distribution system with distribu-
ted generation is presented in the following document and using
the ATP program. First, an analysis of voltage along the entire
distributionn line 2km long is made, then the analysis is done
considering the distributed generation located at half the length
of the distribution line, the values recorded voltages, currents
and powers obtained to perform a table and nally an analysis
of the suitability of distributed generation
Index Termssystem, distribution, generation, distributed ge-
neration, line, load.
I. INTRODUCCIN
At present the companies that sell electric energy face a
challenge to optimize the distribution of electrical energy and a
great opportunity to apply a variety of technologies in different
types of operating scenarios. Providing quality and reliability
in distribution systems creates a need for distributed resources,
several recent developments have encouraged the option of
power generation and energy storage at the distribution level
[2]. Distributed resources (DR) is a term that covers both
distributed generation (DG) and energy storage (DS), several
compact distributed generation technologies become afforda-
ble to business and these can include various benets such
as reduced line losses, reduction of environmental impacts,
increasing energy efciency, voltage support, etc.. Customers
also benet from the (DG) in terms of a better quality of
energy. Among one of the greatest benets of distributed
generation is the decrease in line losses. The purpose of this
paper is to analyze the impact of the (DG) in distribution
system 2km.
II. DEFINITION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG)
Before launching into an overview of distributed generation,
it is appropriate to put forward a denition or at least an opera-
tional conne related to distributed generation. It is generally
agreed upon that any electric power production technology
that is such that it is integrated within distribution systems ts
under the distributed generation umbrella[1]. The designations
distributed and dispersed are used interchangeably.
One can further categorize distributed generation technolo-
gies as renewable and nonrenewable.
Renewable technologies include:
solar, photovoltaic or thermal.
wind.
geothermal.
ocean.
Nonrenewable technologies include:
internal combustion engine,
ice
combined cycle
combustion turbine
microturbines
fuel cell.
Distributed generation should not to be confused with rene-
wable generation.
Distributed generation technologies may be renewable or not;
in fact, some distributed generation technologies could, if
fully deployed, signicantly contribute to present air pollution
problems. The increased market penetration of distributed
generation has also been the advent of an electric power
production industry. Many, if not most, of the players in this
industry are not the traditional electric utilities; in fact, several
of these new players actually are spin-offs of the traditional
utilities. Electric power production facilities that do not belong
to electric utilities are referred to as nonutility generators
(NUGs). The rapid emergence of NUGs is illustrated by the
fact that, starting during the early 1990s, more generation
capacity is added each year in the United States by NUGs
than by traditional electric utilities. NUGs represented 5 %
of the installed generation capability in the United States at
the beginning of the 1990s; by the end of the decade, the
proportion had grown to 20 % as it grew from less that 40
GW to more than 150 GW. These statistics also take into
account the fact that several large electric utilities have actually
spun off their generation capabilities within separate corporate
entities, while they have remained as what has now been
referred to as wire companies.[1]
III. NOMENCLATURE
The following nomenclature is based on reference [4]
G: Distance from the source to the DG location, km
IG: DG output current per phase A / Theta
IL: The load current per phase A / Theta
IS: Supply current per phase A / Theta
L: Total length of distribution line, km
LossB Total Line Loss before inclusion of DG, W
LossAGL: Line losses from the location of DG to load
after the inclusion of DG, W
LossASG: Losses in the line from the source to the site
of the DG after the inclusion of DG, W
LossAT Total line loss after insertion of DG, W
2
Figura 1. model of the system with and without DG
PG: Real power of DG, W
PL: Real power load, W
PFG: power factor operation of DG.
PFL: Power factor of load
QG: reactive power of DG, Var
QL: reactive power of the load, Var
r: Line resistance per phase per unit length, Ohm /
km.Theta
R: The total resistance per phase, Ohm / Theta
Y: fraction of the actual load power supplied by the DG
IV. MODELING SYSTEM.
Two systems have concentrated on the end of a source line
and at the other end load is considered. the total length of the
line is L km. The diagrams of the two cases are shown in
Fig1. a and Fig1. b
Analysis of Losses:
The system is required to make the calculation of lost before
the inclusion of the DG, the formula 1 is lost for a short line
length (L = 2km) before the DG.
LossB =
rL(P
2
L
+Q
2
L
)
3V
2
p
(1)
The formula 2 shows the power supply system DG
I
G
=
(P
G
jQ
G
)
3V
p
(2)
then the line losses are divided into two parts:
losses of the line from the source to the location of the
DG.
I
S
= I
L
I
G
therefore missed the line from the source to the DG is
determined by:
Loss
ASG
=
rG(P
2
L
+Q
2
L
+P
2
G
+Q
2
G
2P
L
P
G
2Q
L
Q
G
)
3V
2
p
(3)
las perdidas de la linea desde la DG hasta la carga:
Loss
AGL
=
r(L G)(P
2
L
+Q
2
L
)
3V
2
p
(4)
The total losses of the line are determined by the combi-
nation of the two lost lines running above the following
expression:
Loss
AT
=
rL
3V
2
p
[P
2
L
+Q
2
L
+(P
2
G
+Q
2
G
2P
L
P
G
2Q
L
Q
G
)(
G
L
)]
(5)
Then the reduction of losses is given by subtracting the
losses with and without DG
LR = Loss
B
Loss
AT
LR =
RG
3V
2
p
L
(2P
L
P
G
+ 2Q
L
Q
G
P
2
G
Q
2
G
) (6)
The positive sign indicates that Lr losses were reduced with
the integration of DG in the case of obtaining a negative sign
implies an increase in LR losses.
V. SISTEMA DE DISTRIBUCIN CON GENERACION
DISTRIBUIDA
Voltage distribution system is 18667.619 [V], frequency
of 50Hz Join Resistance distribution system is 0.0706 [],
Inductance of 0.577 []
Distributed Generation Voltage 13200 [V], frequency of
50Hz
Load resistance of the distribution system is 100 [],
Inductance of 0.1 []
Figura 2. ATP modeling system
VI. ANLISIS DEL VOLTAJE A LO LARGO DE TODA LA
LINEA
VI-A. Voltaje de la fase A lo largo de a lnea
The analysis time is 0.1 mS
The initial voltage is the voltage at line 1
The voltage before the GD is the voltage at line 2
3
The voltage after the GD is the voltage at line 4
The nal voltage is the voltage at the load
0 1 2
x 10
-4
1.848
1.85
1.852
1.854
1.856
1.858
1.86
1.862
1.864
1.866
x 10
4
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


18646[V] Vinicial
18592[V] VantesGD
18556[V] VdespuesGD
18501[V] Vfinal
Figura 3. A phase voltage along a line
VI-B. Voltaje de la fase B lo largo de a lnea
The analysis time is 10 uS
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10
-5
-9550
-9500
-9450
-9400
-9350
-9300
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


-9366.8[V] Vinicial
-9401.1[V] VantesGD
-9423.8[V] VdespuesGD
-9459.1[V] Vfinal
Figura 4. B phase voltage along a line
VI-C. Voltaje de la fase C lo largo de a lnea
The analysis time is 10 uS
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10
-5
-9350
-9300
-9250
-9200
-9150
-9100
-9050
-9000
-8950
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


-9277.7[V] Vinicial
-9186[V] VantesGD
-9123.6[V] VdespuesGD
-9036.3[V] Vfinal
Figura 5. C Phase voltage along a line
VII. ANALYSIS OF THE VOLTAGE ALONG THE WHOLE
LINE CONSIDERING DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG).
VII-A. A Phase
0 1 2
x 10
-4
1.848
1.85
1.852
1.854
1.856
1.858
1.86
1.862
1.864
1.866
1.868
x 10
4
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


18655[V] Vinicial
18602[V] VantesGD
18566[V] VdespuesGD
18511[V] Vfinal
Figura 6. A phase voltage along a line
4
VII-B. B Phase
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10
-5
-9550
-9500
-9450
-9400
-9350
-9300
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


-9378.2[V] Vinicial
-9421.2[V] VantesGD
-9446.4[V] VdespuesGD
-9481.5[V] Vfinal
Figura 7. B phase voltage along a line
VII-C. C Phase
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x 10
-5
-9350
-9300
-9250
-9200
-9150
-9100
-9050
-9000
-8950
Tiempo [s]
V
o
l
t
a
j
e

[
V
]


-9274.3[V] Vinicial
-9175.7[V] VantesGD
-9111[V] VdespuesGD
-9023.7[V] Vfinal
Figura 8. C phase voltage along a line
VIII. TABLAS COMPARATIVAS
VIII-A. Fase A
Vinitial VbeforeGD VbeforeGD Vnal
V. withoutG.D 18646[V] 18592[V] 18556[V] 18501[V]
V. withG.D 18655[V] 18602[V] 18566[V] 18511[V]
VIII-B. Fase B
Vinitial VbeforeGD VafterGD Vnal
V. withoutG.D -9366.8[V] -9401.1[V] -9423.8[V] -9459.1[V]
V. withG.D -9378.2[V] -9421.2[V] -9446.4[V] -9481.5[V]
VIII-C. Fase C
Vinicial VbeforeGD VafterGD Vnal
V. withoutG.D -9277.7[V] -9186[V] -9123.6[V] -9036.3[V]
V. withG.D -9274.3[V] -9175.7[V] -9111[V] -9023.7[V]
IX. ANALYSIS WAS OBTAINED BY USING THE
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Use of distributed generation is one of the many stra-
tegies electric utilities are considering to operate their
systems in the deregulated environment.
DG at the distribution level results in several benets:
among which are congestion relief.
loss reduction.
Percentage of Line Loss Reduction Percentage of
Line Loss Reduction for voltage support.
peak shaving, and an overall improvement of energy
efciency.
reliability, and;
power quality.
This paper has considered the benet of DG on loss
reduction for a simple case of a radial distribution line
with one concentrated load at the end and one DG.
The results clearly indicate that DG can reduce the
electrical line loss and voltages at the end of the line
are more stable.
the inclusion of DG does not always guarantee the line
loss.
The DG rating, location, and operating power factor are
important factors for line loss reduction.
REFERENCIAS
[1] Puttgen, H. B., Macgregor, P. R., and Lambert F.C., Distributed Genera-
tion: Semantic Hype or the Dawn of a New Era?, IEEE Power&Energy
Magazine, pp. 22-29, January/February 2003.
[2] Sonderenger, R. C., Henderson, D., Bubb, S., and Steury, J., Distributed
Assent Insignt, IEEE Power and energy magazine, pp. 32-39, May/June
2004
[3] Kishinevsky, Y. and Zelingher, S., Coming Clean with Fuel Cells, IEEE
Power&Energy Magazine, pp. 20-25, November/December 2003.
[4] P. Chiradeja, Member, IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thai-
land.,Benet of Distributed Generation: A Line Loss Reduction Analy-
sis., 2005.