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Energy and The 1 Law of Thermodynamics: Mech2700 Thermofluids

This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The first law of thermodynamics which relates work, kinetic energy, and changes in internal energy. Work and heat are means of transferring energy but are not properties. 2) Various forms of energy including potential, kinetic, internal, and their relationships in the energy balance equation. 3) Important thermodynamic processes like expansion/compression work, steady state, cycles, and refrigeration/power cycles are discussed along with related concepts like efficiency.

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61 views16 pages

Energy and The 1 Law of Thermodynamics: Mech2700 Thermofluids

This document discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including: 1) The first law of thermodynamics which relates work, kinetic energy, and changes in internal energy. Work and heat are means of transferring energy but are not properties. 2) Various forms of energy including potential, kinetic, internal, and their relationships in the energy balance equation. 3) Important thermodynamic processes like expansion/compression work, steady state, cycles, and refrigeration/power cycles are discussed along with related concepts like efficiency.

Uploaded by

johnsandybas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

5/09/13

1
Mech2700 Thermofluids



Energy and the 1
st
Law of
Thermodynamics
Work and Kinetic Energy
( )
!" !# $
" # $
Energy kinetic in change
2
1
2
2
work
2
1
F
2
1
v v m ds KE
s
s
! = = "
#
5/09/13
2
Gravitational Potential Energy
) (
1 2
z z mg PE ! = "
g = 9.81 m / s
2
Unit of Energy
(oule) ] [
2
J m N m
s
m
kg z mg
N
= ! = ! ! = "
! " #
i.e. starting from potential gravitational energy
5/09/13
3
Conservation of Energy in
Mechanics
Work in Thermodynamics

Work is done by a system on its surroundings if the sole effect on
everything external to the system could have been the raising of a
weight
!
=
2
1
s
s
Fds W
5/09/13
4
Work in Thermodynamics
Sign convention IMPORTANT
W > 0 work done by the system
W < 0 work done on the system
Work depends on the process ! it is not a
property


(in contrast volume )

!
" #
2
1
1 2
W W W $
1 2
2
1
V V dV
V
V
! =
"
Expansion or Compression
Work
! !
! ! !
= = =
2
1
2
1
2
1
s
s
V
V
dV
s
s
pA
pdV Ads p ds F W
Work is no
property!
5/09/13
5
Expansion or Compression Work in
Quasiequilibrium process
Quasi equilibrium is a
simplification
(such as no friction)
Only infinitesimal
departure from equilibrium
All states belonging to the
process are considered
equilibrium states
Allows for the deduction
of relationships between
different properties,
i.e. p * V
n
= constant
(polytropic process)
Example
Expansion by a polytropic process p * V
n
= const.
(a) n = 1.5, (b) n = 1.0, (c) n = 0. Find work
5/09/13
6
Power
!
=
" =
2
1
v F
t
t
dt W W
W
!
!
Unit: J/s = W(att)
Further Examples of Work
Extension of a solid
bar
Stretching of a liquid
film
!
" = Adx W #
!
!
" = dx A W
F
#
!
" = dA W #
5/09/13
7
Further Examples of Work
Power transmitted by a shaft
M = Torque, ! = angular velocity, rad / s
Electric Power
i = electric current, " = electrical
potential difference
! M v F W
t
= =
!
i W ! " =
!
Internal Energy
Energy is stored in the system

we distinguish
Kinetic Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Internal Energy
Symbol U, Unit J(oule)
5/09/13
8
Energy Balance
! ! ! !
energy pot. grav. in Change energy kinetic in Change energy internal in Change energy in total Change
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
) ( ) ( ) (
PE KE U E
PE PE KE KE U U E E
! + ! + ! = !
" + " + " = "
Energy Transfer by Heat
No work but internal energy increases!
Result of temperature gradient
In the direction of the lower temperature
Symbol Q, Unit J(oule)
Sign convention
Q > 0 to the system
Q < 0 from the system
(opposite of work!)

5/09/13
9
Heat
Heat is not a property (i.e. depends on the
process, like work)

Rate of heat transfer

Heat flux

Adiabatic process " no heat transfer
!
= dt Q Q
!
!
=
A
dA q Q !
!
Heat Transfer modes
Thermal conduction
Fouriers law
Radiaton
Stefan-Boltzmann law
Convection
Newtons law of cooling
dx
dT
q
A
Q
! " = = !
!
4
T
A
Q
!" =
!
) (
f b
T T h
A
Q
! =
!
5/09/13
10
Radiation
Net exchange between small surface A and
large surroundings
Stefan Boltzmann constant # = 5.67 x 10
-8
W / (m
2
K
4
)
( )
4 4
s b
e
T T
A
Q
! ="#
!
Example 2.43
5/09/13
11
Energy Balance for Closed
Systems
Remember



Now: including concepts of work and heat
(sign convention: +Q in the system, +W out of the system!)
PE KE U E
PE PE KE KE U U E E
! + ! + ! = !
" + " + " = " ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
W Q PE KE U E
W Q E E
! = " + " + " = "
! = !
1 2
Net ammounts!
Energy Balance for Closed
Systems
Time Rate Form of Energy Balance



all rates are net rates!



Remember: heat and work are means of
energy transport. Only energy can be
transferred or stored

W Q
dt
dE
! !
! =
5/09/13
12
Calorimeter
Example
Cooling of gas in a piston-cylinder assembly
m
Gas
= 0.4 kg, p
initial
= 3 bar, V
initial
= 0.1 m
3
, V
final
= 0.2 m
3
















? Determine the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ
5/09/13
13
Steady State Operation
A system is at steady state if non of its
properties change with time

! !E = 0

(steady state)
W Q
! !
=
Cycle Energy Balance
System reaches same state after each
complete cycle ! !E = W Q = 0

Remark: in sketches,
energy flows are
positive in the
direction of arrows
cycle cycle
W Q =
5/09/13
14
Power Cycle
System undergoing power cycles deliver a net
transfer of energy by work
Thermal efficiency (we aim to maximize W and
minimise Qin)
out in cycle
cycle cycle
Q Q W
W Q
! = "
=
1 1 ! " =
"
= =
in
out
in
out in
in
cycle
Q
Q
Q
Q Q
Q
W
#
Refrigeration and Heat Pump
Cycles
System requires work to transfer thermal energy
Refrigeration cycle (aim is to maximize Q
in
); coefficient of performance
Heat pump cycle (aim is to maximize Q
out
); coefficient of performance
in out cycle
cycle cycle
Q Q W
W Q
! = "
=
in out
in
cycle
in
Q Q
Q
W
Q
!
= = "
in out
out
cycle
out
Q Q
Q
W
Q
!
= = "
Important:
$, % must be > 1,
aim is to maximise both
5/09/13
15
Example
Example
5/09/13
16
Mech2700 Thermofluids



Evaluating Properties

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