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TE311 Lecture03 Fourier Series

This lecture discusses Fourier series analysis of signals. It introduces trigonometric Fourier series representation of periodic signals as a sum of sines and cosines. It describes how to determine the Fourier coefficients from the signal. Exponential Fourier series representation using complex exponentials is also introduced. Key properties of Fourier series like linearity, time-shifting, frequency-shifting are summarized. Discrete frequency spectra of periodic signals as plots of Fourier coefficients versus frequency are described. An example of finding the magnitude spectrum of a periodic train of pulses is provided. Reading assignments on further chapters about signals and systems are listed.

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68 views27 pages

TE311 Lecture03 Fourier Series

This lecture discusses Fourier series analysis of signals. It introduces trigonometric Fourier series representation of periodic signals as a sum of sines and cosines. It describes how to determine the Fourier coefficients from the signal. Exponential Fourier series representation using complex exponentials is also introduced. Key properties of Fourier series like linearity, time-shifting, frequency-shifting are summarized. Discrete frequency spectra of periodic signals as plots of Fourier coefficients versus frequency are described. An example of finding the magnitude spectrum of a periodic train of pulses is provided. Reading assignments on further chapters about signals and systems are listed.

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Ibra Nazla
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TE311: Introduction to

Analogue Telecommunications

Lecture #3
Signals - Fourier Series

Introduction
Points to be discussed in this lecture
Trigonometric Fourier Series
Exponential Fourier Series
Properties of Fourier Series
Discrete Frequency Spectra

Introduction
Input
signal

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal

s (t )

r (t )

m (t )
Transmitter

Channel

n (t )
3

Output
signal

m ( t )
Receiver

Channel noise
and interference

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Consider a signal x ( t ) expressed in time domain as
follows:
x ( t ) = 2cos ( 2 f1t ) + 1.5cos ( 2 {2 f1}t ) + 3cos ( 2 {3 f1}t )

The signal x ( t ) can be represented by plotting its


amplitude as a function of time (time-domain
representation). See Fig. 1 for f1 = 1 Hz .

Trigonometric Fourier Series

T
Fig. 1: Time-domain representation of x ( t )
5

Trigonometric Fourier Series


The signal x ( t ) can also be represented by plotting
amplitudes of its sinusoidal components as a
f
function
of
frequency
(frequency-domain
representation). See Fig. 2 for f1 = 1 Hz .
Amplitude
3

2
1
f
0

2
6

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Recall: A signal x ( t ) is periodic if for all t there exists
a constant T0 such that
x ( t ) = x ( t + nT0 ) n 0

The constant T0 is the fundamental period of the


signal and f 0 = 1/ T0 is its fundamental frequency.
A signal x ( t ) is non-periodic (aperiodic) if
x ( t ) x ( t + nT0 ) , for all t and any T0 .

Trigonometric Fourier Series


A periodic signal x ( t ) with fundamental frequency f 0
can be expressed as a linear combination of
sinusoids of frequencies nf 0 n = 1, 2,..., .

x ( t ) = a0 + ( an cos ( n 0t ) + bn sin ( n 0t ) ), 0 = 2 f 0
n =1

This is called a trigonometric Fourier


representation of a periodic signal x ( t ) .

series

The constants an and bn are the Fourier coefficients


and are obtained from the signal x ( t ) .
8

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Determination of the Fourier series coefficient a0
1.

Integrate both sides with respect to t over T0

1
T0

t0 +T0

x ( t )dt = a

t0

Note that:
t0 +T0

t0

cos ( n0t )dt =

t0 +T0

sin ( n0t )dt = 0

t0

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Determination of the Fourier Series coefficients an
1. Multiply both sides of the expansion by cos ( k 0t )

x ( t ) cos ( k 0t ) = a0 cos ( k 0t ) +
an cos ( n 0t ) cos ( k 0t ) +

n =1 bn sin ( n 0t ) cos ( k 0t )

10

Trigonometric Fourier Series


2. Integrating both sides with respect to t over the
fundamental period T0

2
an =
T0

t0 +T0

t0

x ( t ) cos ( n 0t ) dt

Note that:
t0 +T0

t0

t0 +T0

kn
0,
cos ( k0t ) cos ( n0t )dt =
T0 / 2, k = n
cos ( k0t ) sin ( n0t )dt = 0

t0

11

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Determination of the Fourier Series coefficients bn
3. Multiply both sides of the expansion by sin ( k 0t )

x ( t ) sin ( k 0t ) = a0 sin ( k 0t ) +
an cos ( n 0t ) sin ( k 0t ) +

n =1 bn sin ( n 0t ) sin ( k 0t )

12

Trigonometric Fourier Series


4. Integrating both sides with respect to t over the
fundamental period T0

2
bn =
T0

t0 +T0

t0

x ( t ) sin ( n 0t ) dt

Note that
t0 +T0

t0

kn
0,
sin ( k0t ) sin ( n0t )dt =
T0 / 2, k = n

13

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Summary

x ( t ) = a0 + ( an cos ( n 0t ) + bn sin ( n 0t ) )
n =1

1
a0 =
T0
2
an =
T0
2
bn =
T0

t0 +T0

x ( t )dt

t0

t0 +T0

t0 +T0

t0

t0

x ( t ) cos ( n 0t ) dt
x ( t ) sin ( n 0t ) dt
14

Trigonometric Fourier Series


Example: Find the trigonometric Fourier series
representation of the periodic train of rectangular
pulses of duration T and fundamental period T0
shown below.

x (t )
t

T0

T2 0

T0

T
2

15

Harmonic Form Fourier Series


From trigonometry identities, it can be shown that
an cos ( n 0t ) + bn sin ( n 0t ) = Cn cos ( n 0t n )

bn
Cn = a + b , n = tan
an
Harmonic form Fourier series of x ( t ) is derived from
the above relationship as
2
n

2
n

x ( t ) = C0 + Cn cos ( n 0t n )
n =1

16

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Noting that
e jn0t + e jn0t
e jn0t e jn0t
cos ( n0t ) =
, sin ( n0t ) =
2
2j

Complex exponential Fourier series representation of


a periodic signal x ( t ) with the fundamental angular
frequency 0 = 2 f 0 is expressed as
x (t ) =

jn 0t
c
e
n

n =

17

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


The constants cn are the complex Fourier coefficients
and are obtained by

t0 +T0

t0 +T0

1
cn =
T0
1
c0 =
T0

t0

t0

x ( t )e jn0t dt
x ( t )dt

If x ( t ) is real, then

c n = cn
18

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Relationship between the complex Fourier
coefficients cn and the Fourier coefficients an and bn .

an jbn
an + jbn
, c n =
cn =
2
2
For x ( t ) real
an and bn are also real such that
an = 2 Re [ cn ] , bn = 2 Im [ cn ]
19

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Properties of complex Fourier series
If x ( t ) is real,
cn = c n cn = c n , n = n
If x ( t ) is real and even, such that x ( t ) = x ( t ) ,
Im [ cn ] = 0
If x ( t ) is real and even, such that x ( t ) = x ( t ) ,
Re [ cn ] = 0

20

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Properties of complex Fourier series
If z ( t ) = x ( t ) + y ( t ) , T0x = T0 y = T0 , then

cnz = cnx + cny (Linearity Property)

If z ( t ) = x ( t t0 ) , then
cnz = e jn0t0 cnx (Time Shifting Property)
If z ( t ) = e jk0t x ( t ) , then
cnz = c( n k ) (Frequency Shifting Property)
x

21

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Properties of complex Fourier series

d
If z ( t ) = x ( t ) , then
dt

cnz = jn0cnx (Time Differentiation Property)


If z ( t ) = x ( )d , then
t

cnz =

cnx

jn 0
22

Complex Exponential Fourier Series


Properties of complex Fourier series
If z ( t ) = x ( t ) y ( t ) , T0x = T0 y = T0 , then
cnz =

k =

k y ( nk )x

=cny cnx (Multiplication Property)

If x ( t ) is a periodic signal with fundamental periodT0 ,


the average normalized power P given by
1
P=
T0

T0

x (t )
0

dt =

n =

(Parsevals

cn is the discrete power spectrum.


23

Theorem)

where

Discrete Frequency Spectra


The complex Fourier coefficients cn are in general
complex and can be expressed as

cn = cn e jn
The amplitude spectrum of the period signal x ( t ) is a
plot of cn versus the angular frequency .
The phase spectrum of the period signal x ( t ) is a plot
of n versus the angular frequency .

24

Discrete Frequency Spectra


Frequency and phase spectra of a periodic signal x ( t )
with frequency 0 are defined at discrete frequencies
n 0 , n = 0, 1, 2,... They are referred to as discrete
frequency spectra or line spectra.
Example: Find and sketch the magnitude spectrum
for the periodic train of rectangular pulses of duration
T and fundamental period T0 shown below.
x (t )
A
t
T0

T2 0

T0

T
2
25

cn
TA
T0

1
T0
Magnitude Spectrum of x ( t )
26

1
2
T

2
2
T

Reading Assignments
1. B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Chap. 2 (Sect. 2.1~2.3).
2. Extra reading:
B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly and J.C. Rutledge,
Communication Systems, Chap. 2 (Sect. 2.1).

27

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