cies ra ti on

p ete n ll a bo
Com a l C o
gthen rG l ob
S tren fo

Fouries Series
Departemen Teknik Elektro Otomasi
Fakultas Vokasi
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
2022
Outline
• Why is Fourier Series so important?
• History of Fourier Series/ Harmonic Series
• Fourier Basic Function
• Periodic Signal
• Fourier Series Representation of a CT Periodic Signal
Why is Fourier Theory Important? (1)
For a particular system, what signals fk(t) have the property that:
x(t) = fk(t) y(t) = lkfk(t)
System

Then fk(t) is an eigenfunction with eigenvalue lk

If an input signal can be decomposed as x(t) = Sk akfk(t)

Then the response of an LTI system is y(t) = Sk aklkfk(t)

For an LTI system, fk(t) = est where sC, are eigenfunctions.

Why is Fourier Theory Important? (2)
• Fourier transforms map a time-domain signal into a frequency domain signal
• Simple interpretation of the frequency content of signals in the frequency domain (as opposed to time).

• Design systems to filter out high or low frequency components. Analyse systems in frequency domain.

Invariant to
high
frequency
signals
Why is Fourier Theory Important? (3)
If F{x(t)} = X(jw) w is the frequency
Then F{x’(t)} = jwX(jw)

So solving a differential equation is transformed from a calculus operation in the time domain
into an algebraic operation in the frequency domain (see Laplace transform)
d2y dy
 2  3y  0
Example dt 2
dt
  2Y ( j )  j 2Y ( j )  3Y ( j )  0
becomes
  2  j 2  3  0
and is solved for the roots w (N.B. complementary equations):

We take the inverse Fourier transform for those w.

History of Fourier/ Harmonic Series
w=1
• The idea of using trigonometric sums was used to predict
astronomical events

w=2
• Euler studied vibrating strings, ~1750, which are signals
where linear displacement was preserved with time.

• Fourier described how such a series could be applied and w=3

showed that a periodic signals can be represented as the
integrals of sinusoids that are not all harmonically related

w=4
• Now widely used to understand the structure and
frequency content of arbitrary signals
Fourier Series and Fourier Basis Functions
• The theory derived for LTI convolution, used the concept that any input signal can represented as
a linear combination of shifted impulses (for either DT or CT signals)
• We will now look at how (input) signals can be represented as a linear combination of Fourier
basis functions (LTI eigenfunctions) which are purely imaginary exponentials
• These are known as continuous-time Fourier series
• The bases are scaled and shifted sinusoidal signals, which can be represented as complex
exponentials

x(t) = sin(t) + 0.2cos(2t) + 0.1sin(5t)

e jw t x(t)
Periodic Signals & Fourier Series
• A periodic signal has the property x(t) = x(t+T), T is the fundamental period, w0 = 2p/T is the
fundamental frequency. Two periodic signals include:
x(t )  cos(0t )
x(t ) e j0t
• For each periodic signal,
jk0t
the Fourier basis the set of harmonically related complex exponentials:
jk ( 2 / T ) t
k (t ) e e k  0,1,2,...
 
x(t )   ak e jk0t
  k
a e jk ( 2 / T ) t

• Thus the Fourier series is of the form: k   k  

 k = 0 is a constant
 k = +/-1 are the fundamental/first harmonic components
 k = +/-N are the Nth harmonic components
 For a particular signal, are the values of {ak}k?
Fourier Series Representation of a CT Periodic Signal
(1)
• Given that a signal has a Fourier series representation, we have to find {ak}k.
 jn0t
Multiplying through by e 
x(t )e  jn0t
  ak e jk0t e  jn0t
k   T is the fundamental
T  period of x(t)
 x(t )e dt    ak e
T
 jn0t j ( k  n ) 0t
dt
0 0
k  



T
 ak  e j ( k  n )0t dt
0
k  

• Using Euler’s formula for the complex exponential integral

T T T
 dt   cos(( k  n)0t )dt  j  sin(( k  n)0t )dt
j ( k  n )0 t
e
0 0 0

T T k n

j ( k  n )0 t
• It can be shown that e dt  
0
0 kn
Fourier Series Representation of a CT Periodic Signal
(2)
T
• Therefore an  1
T 0
x(t )e  jn0t dt

• which allows us to determine the coefficients. Also note that this result is the same if we
integrate over any interval of length T (not just [0,T]), denoted by
an  T1  x(t )e  jn0t dt
T

• To summarise, if x(t) has a Fourier series representation, then the pair of equations that defines
the Fourier series of a periodic, continuous-time signal:
 
x(t )   ak e
k  
jk0t
  k
a e
k  
jk ( 2 / T ) t

ak  T1  x(t )e  jk0t dt  T1  x(t )e  jk ( 2 / T ) t dt

T T
Example 1: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
• The fundamental period of sin(w0t) is w0
• By inspection we can write: sin(0t )  1
2j e j0t  21j e  j0t

• So a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j and ak = 0 otherwise

• The magnitude and angle of the Fourier coefficients are:
Example 1a: Fourier Series sin(w0t)
• The Fourier coefficients can also be explicitly evaluated
2 /  0
2 /  0
 sin(0t )dt   cos(0t ) 0
0
a0  2  11  0
0

2 /  0 2 /  0

 sin(0t )e  
0  jk0t 0
ak  2 dt  2
1
2j e j0t  21j e  j0t e  jk0t dt
0 0
2 /  0

 
0
 2
1
2j e j0t  21j e  j0t e  jk0t dt
0
2 /  0

e
0  j ( k 1)0t
 4j  e  j ( k 1)0t dt
0

• When k = +1 or –1, the integrals evaluate to T and –T, respectively. Otherwise the coefficients are
zero.
• Therefore a1 = 1/2j, a-1 = -1/2j
Example 2: Additive Sinusoids
• Consider the additive sinusoidal series which has a fundamental frequency w0:
x(t )  1  sin 0t  2 cos 0t  cos20t  4 
• Again, the signal can be directly written as:
j 0 t  j 0 t j 0 t  j 0 t j ( 20t  4 )  j ( 20t  4 )
x(t )  1  2 j ( e  e
1
)  (e  e )  2 (e
1
e )
j 0 t  j 0 t j 4 j 2 0 t  j 4
 1  (1  1
2j )e  (1  ) e
1
2j  e e
1
2  e 1
2 e  j 2 0 t
j 4  j 4
a0  1 a1  (1  12 j ) a1  (1  12 j ) a2  12 e a 2  12 e

• The Fourier series coefficients

can then be visualised as:
Example 3: Periodic Step Signal
• Consider the periodic square wave, illustrated by:

• and is defined over one period as: 1 | t | T1

x(t )  
0 T1 | t | T / 2

• Fourier coefficients: T1
 jk0 t T1
e
 jk0 t
ak  1
T dt   1
jk0T e
T1
T1 T1
2T1
a0   1dt 
1
T 2  e jk0T1  e  jk0T1 
T1
T   
k0T  2j 
 2 sin( k0T1 ) / k0T
NB: these coefficients are real
 sin( k0T1 ) / k
Example 3a: Periodic Step Signal
• Instead of plotting both the magnitude and the angle of the complex coefficients, we only need to
plot the value of the coefficients.
• Note we have an infinite series of non-zero coefficients

T=4T1

T=8T1

T=16T1
Convergence of Fourier Series
• Not every periodic signal can be represented as an infinite Fourier series, however just about all
interesting signals can be (note that the step signal is discontinuous)

• The Dirichlet conditions are necessary and sufficient conditions on the signal.
• Condition 1. Over any period, x(t) must be absolutely integrable

T
x(t ) dt  

• Condition 2. In any finite interval, x(t) is of bounded variation; that is there is no more than a
finite number of maxima and minima during any single period of the signal
• Condition 3. In any finite interval of time, there are only a finite number of discontinuities.
Further, each of these discontinuities are finite.
Fourier Series to Fourier Transform
• For periodic signals, we can represent them as linear combinations of harmonically related
complex exponentials

• To extend this to non-periodic signals, we need to consider aperiodic signals as periodic signals
with infinite period.

• As the period becomes infinite, the corresponding frequency components form a continuum and
the Fourier series sum becomes an integral (like the derivation of CT convolution)

• Instead of looking at the coefficients a harmonically –related Fourier series, we’ll now look at the
Fourier transform which is a complex valued function in the frequency domain
Thank You
Next Lecture :
Continuous Time Fourier Transform