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Chapter Objectives

Komputasi Fisika (3 sk)

3
Programming with MATLAB
Dr.rer.nat. Bambang Heru Iswanto, M.Si

PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

Objectives (cont)
Learning how to write clear and well-documented Mfiles by employing structured programming constructs to
implement logic and repetition.
Recognizing the difference between if...elseif and
switch constructs.
Recognizing the difference between for...end and
while structures.
Understanding what is meant by vectorization and why it
is beneficial.
Knowing how to animate MATLAB plots.
Understanding how anonymous functions can be
employed to pass function functions to function M-files.

Learning how to create well-documented M-files in

the edit window and invoke them from the
command window.
Understanding how script and function files differ.
Understanding how to incorporate help comments
in functions.
Knowing how to set up M-files so that they
interactively prompt users for information and
display results in the command window.
Understanding the role of subfunctions and how
the are accessed.
Knowing how to create and retrieve data files.

M-files
While commands can be entered directly to the
command window, MATLAB also allows you to put
commands in text files called M-files. M-files are
so named because the files are stored with a .m
extension.
There are two main kinds of M-file
Script files
Function files

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Script Files

Function Files

A script file is merely a set of MATLAB commands

that are saved on a file - when MATLAB runs a
script file, it is as if you typed the characters stored
in the file on the command window.
Scripts can be executed either by typing their name
(without the .m) in the command window, by
selecting the Debug, Run (or Save and Run)
command in the editing window, or by hitting the
F5 key while in the editing window. Note that the
latter two options will save any edits you have
made, while the former will run the file as it exists
on the drive.

Function files serve an entirely different purpose

from script files. Function files can accept input
arguments from and return outputs to the
command window (shell, console), but variables
created and manipulated within the function do
not impact the command window.

Function File Syntax

Subfunctions

The general syntax for a function is:

function outvar = funcname(arglist)
% --- helpcomments --statements
outvar = value;
where
outvar: output variable name
funcname: functions name
arglist: input argument list; comma-delimited list of what
the function calls values passed to it

helpcomments: text to show with help funcname

statements: MATLAB commands for the function

A function file can contain a single function, but it

can also contain a primary function and one or
more subfunctions
The primary function is whatever function is listed
first in the M-file - its function name should be the
same as the file name.
Subfunctions are listed below the primary function.
Note that they are only accessible by the main
function and subfunctions within the same M-file
and not by the command window or any other
functions or scripts.

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Input

Output

The easiest way to get a value from the user is the

input command:

The easiest way to display the value of a matrix is

to type its name, but that will not work in function
or script files. Instead, use the disp command

n = input('promptstring')
MATLAB will display the characters in
promptstring, and whatever value is typed is
stored in n. For example, if you type pi, n will store
3.1416
n = input('promptstring', 's')
MATLAB will display the characters in
promptstring, and whatever characters are typed
will be stored as a string in n. For example, if you type
pi, n will store the letters p and i in a 2x1 char array.

Formatted Output
For formatted output, or for output generated by
combining variable values with literal text, use the
fprintf command:
fprintf('format', x, y,...)
where format is a string specifying how you want
the value of the variables x, y, and more to be
displayed - including literal text to be printed along
with the values.
The values in the variables are formatted based on
format codes.
Example:
>> fprintf('Bilangan pi = %.2f a = %.1f b = %.4f \n', pi, a, b);

disp(value)
will show the value on the screen.
If value is a string, enclose it in single quotes.

Format and Control Codes

Within the format string, the following format codes
define how a numerical value is displayed:
%d - integer format
%e - scientific format with lowercase e
%E - scientific format with uppercase E
%f - decimal format
%g - the more compact of %e or %f
The following control codes produce special results
within the format string:
\n - start a new line
\t - tab
\\ - print the \ character
To print a ' put a pair of ' in the format string

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Creating and Accessing Files

ASCII Files

MATLAB has a built-in file format that may be used

to save and load the values in variables.
save filename var1 var2 ... varn
saves the listed variables into a file named
filename.mat. If no variable is listed, all
variables are saved.
load filename var1 var2 ...varn
loads the listed variables from a file named
filename.mat. If no variable is listed, all
variables in the file are loaded.
Note - these are not text files!

To create user-readable files, append the flag

-ascii to the end of a save command. This will
save the data to a text file in the same way that
disp sends the data to a screen.
Note that in this case, MATLAB does not append
anything to the file name so you may want to add
an extension such as .txt or .dat.
To load a rectangular array from a text file, simply
use the load command and the file name. The data
will be stored in a matrix with the same name as
the file (but without any extension).

Structured Programming

Relational Operators

Structured programming allows MATLAB to make

decisions or selections based on conditions of the
program.
Decisions in MATLAB are based on the result of
logical and relational operations and are
implemented with if, ifelse, and
ifelseif structures.
Selections in MATLAB are based on comparisons
with a test expression and are implemented with
switch structures.

From Table 3.2: Summary of relational operators in

MATLAB:
Example
x == 0

Operator
==

Relationship
Equal

unit ~= m

~=

Not equal

a < 0

<

Less than

s > t

>

Greater than

3.9 <= a/3

<=

Less than or equal to

r >= 0

>=

Greater than or equal to

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Logical Operators

Order of Operations

~x (Not): true if x is false (or zero); false otherwise

x & y (And): true if both x and y are true (or
non-zero)
x | y (Or): true if either x or y are true (or nonzero)

Priority can be set using parentheses. After that,

Mathematical expressions are highest priority,
followed by relational operators, followed by
logical operators. All things being equal,
expressions are performed from left to right.
Not is the highest priority logical operator, followed
by And and finally Or
Generally, do not combine two relational
operators!
If x=5, 3<x<4 should be false (mathematically), but
it is calculated as an expression in MATLAB as:
3<5<4, which leads to true<4 at which point
true is converted to 1, and 1<4 is true!
Use (3<x)&(x<4) to properly evaluate.

Decisions

Selections

Decisions are made in MATLAB using if structures,

which may also include several elseif branches
and possibly a catch-all else branch.
Deciding which branch runs is based on the result
of conditions which are either true or false.

Selections are made in MATLAB using switch

structures, which may also include a catch-all
otherwise choice.
Deciding which branch runs is based on comparing
the value in some test expression with values
attached to different cases.

If an if tree hits a true condition, that branch (and that

branch only) runs, then the tree terminates.
If an if tree gets to an else statement without running
any prior branch, that branch will run.

Note - if the condition is a matrix, it is considered

true if and only if all entries are true (or non-zero).

If the test expression matches the value attached to a

case, that cases branch will run.
If no cases match and there is an otherwise statement,
that branch will run.

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Loops

for Loops

Another programming structure involves loops,

where the same lines of code are run several times.
There are two types of loop:

One common way to use a forend structure is:

A for loop ends after a specified number of repetitions

established by the number of columns given to an
index variable.
A while loop ends on the basis of a logical condition.

where the index variable takes on successive

values in the vector created using the : operator.

while Loops

Vectorization
Sometimes, it is more efficient to have MATLAB
perform calculations on an entire array rather than
processing an array element by element. This can
be done through vectorization.

for loop
i = 0;
for t = 0:0.02:50
i = i + 1;
y(i) = cos(t);
end

for index = start:step:finish

statements
end

Vectorization
t = 0:0.02:50;
y = cos(t);

A while loop is fundamentally different from a for loop

since while loops can run an indeterminate number of
times. The general syntax is
while condition
statements
end

where the condition is a logical expression. If the

condition is true, the statements will run and
when that is finished, the loop will again check on the
condition.
Note - though the condition may become false as
the statements are running, the only time it matters
is after all the statements have run.

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Early Termination
Sometimes it will be useful to break out of a for or
while loop early - this can be done using a break
statement, generally in conjunction with an if
structure.
Example:
x = 24
while (1)
x = x - 5
if x < 0, break, end
end
will produce x values of 24, 19, 14, 9, 4, and -1,
then stop.

Example

Animation
Two ways to animate plots in MATLAB:
Using looping with simple plotting functions
This approach merely replots the graph over and over again.
Important to use the axis command so that the plots scales
are fixed.
Using special function: getframe and movie
This allows you to capture a sequence of plots (getframe)
and then play them back (movie).

Script
The following code illustrates both approaches:

The (x, y) coordinates of a projectile can be generated as a

function of time, t,with the following parametric equations

x = v0 cos(0 t)
y = v0 sin(0 t) - 0.5 gt2

where

v0 = initial velocity (m/s)

0 = initial angle (radians)
g = gravitational constant (= 9.81 m/s2)

clc,clf,clear
g=9.81; theta0=45*pi/180; v0=5;
t(1)=0;x=0;y=0;
plot(x,y,'o','MarkerFaceColor','b','MarkerSize',8)
axis([0 3 0 0.8])
M(1)=getframe;
dt=1/128;
for j = 2:1000
t(j)=t(j-1)+dt;
x=v0*cos(theta0)*t(j);
y=v0*sin(theta0)*t(j)-0.5*g*t(j)^2;
plot(x,y,'o','MarkerFaceColor','b','MarkerSize',8)
axis([0 3 0 0.8])
M(j)=getframe;
if y<=0, break, end
end
pause
movie(M,1)

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Result

Nesting and Indentation

Structures can be placed within other structures.
For example, the statements portion of a for
loop can be comprised of an
if...elseif...else structure.
For clarity of reading, the statements of a
structure are generally indented to show which
lines of controlled are under the control of which
structure.

Anonymous & Inline Functions

Function Functions

Anonymous functions are simple one-line functions

created without the need for an M-file

Function functions are functions that operate on

other functions which are passed to it as input
arguments. The input argument may be the handle
of an anonymous or inline function, the name of a
built-in function, or the name of a M-file function.
Using function functions will allow for more
dynamic programming.

fhandle = @(arg1, arg2, ...) expression

Inline functions are essentially the same as

anonymous functions, but with a different syntax:
fhandle = inline('expression', 'arg1',
'arg2',...)

Anonymous functions can access the values of

variables in the workspace upon creation, while
inlines cannot.