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Spanning Tree Protocol

The document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which creates a loop-free network topology by placing ports in blocking states. STP identifies a root bridge using Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) and bridge IDs. Non-root bridges select root ports with the lowest cost path to the root bridge. Designated ports forward frames, while non-designated ports are blocked to prevent loops.

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Lasitha Ratnayake
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62 views6 pages

Spanning Tree Protocol

The document discusses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which creates a loop-free network topology by placing ports in blocking states. STP identifies a root bridge using Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) and bridge IDs. Non-root bridges select root ports with the lowest cost path to the root bridge. Designated ports forward frames, while non-designated ports are blocked to prevent loops.

Uploaded by

Lasitha Ratnayake
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spanning Tree

Protocol

Overview
Redundancy in a network is extremely important because
redundancy allows networks to be fault tolerant.
Redundant topologies based on switches and bridges are
subject to broadcast storms, multiple frame transmissions,
and MAC address database instability.
Therefore network redundancy requires careful planning
and monitoring to function properly.

The Spanning-Tree Protocol is used in switched networks


to create a loop free network
2

Spanning-Tree Protocol

Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by


placing certain ports in the blocking state.
3

Spanning Tree Protocol


Spanning Tree Protocol resides in Data link Layer

Ethernet bridges and switches can implement the IEEE 802.1D


Spanning-Tree Protocol and use the spanning-tree algorithm to
construct a loop free network.

Spanning-Tree Port States


Spanning-tree transits each port through several different states:

Disabled
5

Selecting the Root Bridge


The first decision that all switches in the network make, is to identify the root
bridge.
When a switch is turned on, the spanning-tree algorithm is used to identify the
root bridge. BPDUs are sent out with the Bridge ID (BID).
The BID consists of a bridge priority that defaults to 32768 and the switch
base MAC address.
When a switch first starts up, it assumes it is the root switch and sends BPDUs.
These BPDUs contain BID.
All bridges see these and decide that the bridge with the smallest BID value
will be the root bridge.
A network administrator may want to influence the decision by setting the
switch priority to a smaller value than the default.
6

Spanning Tree Protocol Terms


BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) - All the switches exchange information to use in the
selection of the root switch
Bridge ID - The bridge ID is how STP keeps track of all the switches in the network. It is
determined by a combination of the bridge priority (32,768 by default on all Cisco switches) and
the base MAC address.
Root Bridge -The bridge with the lowest bridge ID becomes the root bridge in the network.
Nonroot bridge - These are all bridges that are not the root bridge.
Root port - The root port is always the link directly connected to the root bridge or the shortest
path to the root bridge. If more than one link connects to the root bridge, then a port cost is
determined by checking the bandwidth of each link.
Designated port - A designated port is one that has been determined as having the best
(lowest) cost. A designated port will be marked as a forwarding port
Nondesignated Port - A nondesignated port is one with a higher cost than the designated port.
Nondesignated ports are put in blocking mode
Forwarding Port - A forwarding port forwards frames
Blocked Port - A blocked port is the port that will not forward frames, in order to prevent loops7

Spanning-Tree Protocol
Root Bridge Selection

Bpdu = Bridge Protocol Data Unit


(default = sent every two seconds)
Root bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID
Bridge ID =
In the example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID?
8

Spanning-Tree Operation
One root bridge per network

One root port per nonroot bridge


One designated port per segment
Nondesignated ports are unused

Selecting the Root Port


The STP cost is an accumulated total path cost based on the rated
bandwidth of each of the links
This information is then used internally to select the root port for that
device

10

Spanning-Tree Operation
One root bridge per network
One root port per nonroot bridge
One designated port per segment
Nondesignated ports are unused

11

Spanning Tree portfast


The port wont spend the usual 50 seconds to come up into forwarding
mode while STP is converging.
Switch(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast ?
disable
Disable portfast for this interface
trunk
Enable portfast on the interface even in trunk mode
<cr>
Adding Multiports,
Switch(config)#int range fastEthernet 0/1 - 12
Switch(config-if-range)#spanning-tree portfast

12

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