100% found this document useful (1 vote)
85 views44 pages

Hcmut Training-2 CBM

The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM) as a future energy resource. It begins with an overview of CBM concepts, including that CBM is methane stored in coal beds. It notes the key uncertainties in assessing CBM resources, such as gas content and saturation. The document outlines methods to measure gas content, including the volumetric method and desorption techniques. It emphasizes that addressing uncertainty is important for accurately estimating the gas in place. Overall, the document provides background on CBM as an unconventional natural gas resource and discusses some of the technical challenges in evaluating and developing CBM fields.

Uploaded by

Anre Thanh Hung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
85 views44 pages

Hcmut Training-2 CBM

The document discusses coal bed methane (CBM) as a future energy resource. It begins with an overview of CBM concepts, including that CBM is methane stored in coal beds. It notes the key uncertainties in assessing CBM resources, such as gas content and saturation. The document outlines methods to measure gas content, including the volumetric method and desorption techniques. It emphasizes that addressing uncertainty is important for accurately estimating the gas in place. Overall, the document provides background on CBM as an unconventional natural gas resource and discusses some of the technical challenges in evaluating and developing CBM fields.

Uploaded by

Anre Thanh Hung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Coal Bed Methane as a

Future Energy Resource

17 Feb. 2012 (Fri.)


Lectured by Jeonghwan Lee, Prof.
DEPT. OF ENERGY & RESOURCES ENG.
CHONNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Contents
1) Coal Bed Methane Play Concepts-The Basics
2) Uncertainty-What We Need to Assess
3) Addressing Uncertainty And Estimation of GIIP
4) Exploration Strategies
5) Reservoir Engineering-Pitfalls and Considerations
6) Economics and Environment
7) CBM Project in Nalaikh Coal Mine, Mongolia

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 1
Coal Bed Methane Play Concepts
The Basics

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

What is CBM ?
CBM refers to methane adsorbed
into the solid matrix of coal, it is
sometimes referred to as coal
seam gas (CGS).
Predominantly methane (CH4)
- tasteless, odorless, colorless, non-toxic gas

It is the simplest alkane


compounds and the primary
constituent of natural gas.
Compared to conventional natural
gas, CBM has relatively few
impurities, predominantly CO2.
CBM is released from coal with a
reduction in production via
dewatering.
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Characteristics of CBM
Natural gas trapped into reservoir of coal bed

Classified to unconventional natural gas


Various gas mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen etc
95% of Methane and 1,000 Btu/ft of Calorific value
Source

Basin

Pocahontas No.3 Cent-appalachian


Pittsburgh
N. Appalachian
Kittanning

Lower Hartshorne
Arcoma
Mary Lee
Warrior
Natural Gas
--

CH4

C2+

H2

O2

Btu/scf

96.87
90.75
97.32
99.22
96.05
94.40

1.40
0.29
0.01
0.01
0.01
4.90

0.01
-

0.17
0.20
0.24
0.10
0.15
-

1,069
973
1,039
1,058
1,024
1,068

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Process of CBM utilization


Drill

Dewatered

Extracted

Piped

Compressed

Market

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Usages of CBM
As a gaseous fuel, it can be used for various usages
Fuel for Power
Generation

Micro Gas Turbine, Gas Engine, Fuel Cells


Combined Heat & Power Generation

Heating Source

City Gas
Boiler, Space Heating

Chemical
Source

Methanol, DME
Diesel, gasoline

One of the important Energy Source


CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Gas Reservoir

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Extraction
To produce methane from coal beds,
water must be drawn off first, lowering
the pressure so methane can flow out
of the coal and to the well bore.
To extract the gas, a steel-encased hole
is drilled into the coal seam (1001500
meters below ground)
As the pressure within the coal seam
declines due to natural production or
the pumping of water from the coalbed,
both gas and 'produced water' come to
the surface through tubing
Then the gas is sent to a compressor
station and into natural gas pipelines

Production scheme of gas and water for


a typical coal-bed methane well.

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

- The evolution of coal is generally broken into two phases: peatification and coalification.
coalification
- During coalification, large quantities of methane-rich gas are generated and stored within the coal
on internal surfaces
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Storage Mechanism

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Gas Storage Mechanism


Two Approaches for Sorption Isotherm:
Equil. sorption (p dependent)
Non-equil sorption (p & t dependent)
Sorption time: Time required for 63% of total
sorbed gas to be released. It indicates how
rapidly gas will be desorbed. It affects initial
gas production rate.
Equilibrium desorption

P g

V Pg
L
P Pg
L

Non-equilibrium desorption

V 1 V r V P

E g
t

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Adsorption Capacity
Adsorption capacity of coal is defined as the volume
of gas adsorbed per unit mass of coal
The capacity to adsorb depends on the rank and
quality of coal.
Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form.
When the reservoir is put into production, water in
the fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to
a reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas
from the matrix.

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Transport Mechanism

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Permeability of CBM Reservoirs


Permeability is key factor for CBM
Coal itself is a low permeability
reservoir
(The permeability of the coal matrix is
negligible by comparison)
Almost all the permeability of a coal
bed is usually considered to be due to
fractures
Fractures in coal are in the form of
cleats and joints
Joints are larger fractures through the
coal that may cross lithological
boundaries.
Coal cleats are of two types: butt cleats
and face cleats

are continuous and


provide paths of higher
permeability

are non-continuous and


end at face cleats

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Porosity of CBM Reservoirs


CBM has dual-porosity system.
- Dual-porosity nature: macropore and micropore

The porosity of coal bed reservoirs is usually


very small, ranging from 0.1 to 10%.
CBM reservoirs are mostly shallow as the coal
matrix does not have the strength to maintain
porosity under the pressure of significant
overburden thickness.

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

DUAL-POROSITY SYSTEM IN COAL


Dual-porosity nature: macropore and micropore
The natural fracture network (macropore):
Uniformly distributed and composed of face and butt
cleat [10-3 cm] which are orthogonal to each other.

The face cleat is continuous throughout the reservoir


and capable of draining large areas.

The butt cleat is discontinuous and ends at the face


cleat.

Thus, the anisotropic permeability nature.


Permeability in the direction of face cleat is
considerably larger than that in the direction of butt
cleat.

Butt Cleat

Face Cleat

The matrix (micropore):

Existing between the natural fracture network.

Its pore size is 5-10 angstrom[10-8 cm].

It is assumed that openings are not accessible to


water and they contribute major portion of gas
storage areas.

MATRIX BLOCKS CONTAINING MICROPORES

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Estimation of World
-wide CBM Reserves
World-wide
NG Reserves: 179.53 X 1012m3
Coal Reserves: about 25 Trillion tons
CBM reserves:166~692 X 1012m3
130 ~550 billion tons - equivalent to LNG

North America: 27~125 TCM


South & Central America: 0.4~0.9 TCM
Europe: 4.6~7.7 TCM
Former Soviet Union: 114~460 TCM
Africa: 0.8~1.6 TCM
Asia Pacific: 18~96 TCM

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Development in US
Coal Reserves: 3.8 Trillion tons
CBM Reserves: 400 TCF (8.8 billion tons - equivalent to LNG)
CBM Production
1994: 0.86 TCF (5% of gas consumption for home use in US)
2004: 1.75 TCF (9% of gas production in US)

Sanjuan basin and Warrior basin are the largest CBM production area

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Production of Arkoma in US

26
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Development in China


Coal Reserves: 4.0 Trillion tons
CBM Reserves: 1060~2800 TCF (23~61 Billion tons equivalent to LNG)
CBM Development
1996: (established CUCBM)

Puxin, Lianing and Jincheng, Shanxi are widely developed


CBM of 1.15 BCM is commercially used in China

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Production in Shanxi and Liaoning

Shanxi, Hedong basin

Liaoning, Fuxin basin

28
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Utilization Shanxi(Jinsheng


Shanxi(Jinsheng))
Fuel for electric power (micro gas turbine, compact gas engine, steam supply and power
generation)
Fuel for CNG vehicle / heat supply (city gas, heating)
Chemical material (methanol, DME) / Transportation by LNG Liquefaction

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Development in Australia


Coal Reserves: 1.7 Trillion tons
CBM Reserves: 0.23 Billion tons (equivalent to LNG)- based on the 2P
CBM Production
2008: 2.93 Million tons /year, 7,542 tons/day (equivalent to LNG)
LNG Plant construction plan of 8.80 Million tons scale is ongoing now in Gladstone
and Queensland Curtis etc.

Scale of gas market in eastern Austrilia is about 12 million tons/year


CBM : 25% supply of gas demand in eastern Australia
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Overseas CBM Business of Korea (KOGAS)


R&D Business for Green Energy in Mongolia

Blue Energy and GLNG Investment


for CBM Business

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 2
Uncertainty
What We Need to Know

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CBM Evaluation

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Measurement of Gas Content


Volumetric Displacement Technique
The desorbed gas that collects in a canister is periodically released into
volumetric displacement apparatus and measured as a function of time,
temperature, and pressure (Q vs. p at T).
LANGUMUIR SORPTION ISOTHERM

on
pti
sor
e
D

on
pti
sor
d
A

Langmuir sorption

Sorption isotherm curve can be incorporated


by Langmuirs sorption theory

P g

V Pg
L
P Pg
L

VE: Amount of gas adsorbed at Pg


VL : Volume constant (maximum amount
of gas that can be adsorbed on solid
surface)
Maximum adsorptive capacity; the upper
limit of adsorption as pressure
approaches infinity
PL: Pressure constant (ratio of desorption
and adsorption rate constant) Pressure
at which adsorbed gas is one-half the
maximum; VL /2
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Example calculation

VL 28.8 scf / cf
pg 100 psia
pL 571.0 psia
VE VL

pg
(100)
(28.8)
4.29 scf / cf
pg p L
(100) (571.0)

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Measurement of Gas Content

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 3
Addressing Uncertainty And
Estimation of GIIP

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Procedure to address uncertainty


Mining activity
: The initial CBM potential of an area is almost exclusively
based on historic or ongoing regional mining activity.

Field mapping
: Fly-over, work-over survey, and literature based on
mapping of the research permit area allow good overview
of the structure and stratigraphy.

Seismic survey
: Not commonly acquired to specifically target shallow
coals.

Drilling and logging


: Quantitative data acquisition really commences with the
drilling of wells-petrophysical log analysis

Coring
: To Sample the coals directly for gas content.
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 4
Exploration Strategies
Flexibility, Commitment and
Fit-for-Purpose

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 5
Reservoir Engineering
Pitfalls and Considerations

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Production - Gas
Idealized coalbed methane production
Decline
Stage

Volume

Gas

Volume

Dewatering
Stable
Stage
Production
Stage

Idealized conventional gas production

Gas

Water

Water
Time

Time

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

The Concerns of Produced water


In a coal-bed methane well, water is produced in large
volumes, especially in the early stages of production;
as the amount of water in the coal decreases, gas
production increases.
Require estimates on water. Total water in-place, and
likely re-injection target formations
- i.e. Wyoming River basin 70 MMbbl water a month (18,000 wells)

Disposal is commonly via 4 processes:


- Surface discharge
- Evaporation ponds
- Re-injection of produced water
- Injection of salt water slurry following reverse osmosis process
CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

PRODUCTION WELL

Well completion

Welhead

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Chapter 6
Economics and Environmental
Considerations

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

License Issues
China
- Coal Mining and CBM are different License
- Coal Mining License to be given by Local Government
- CBM License to be given by Central Government
(Same to Oil & Gas Legal System)
Australia
- Coal Mining and CBM may be different License
- Rights of CBM license is same to those of Oil & Gas
India
- CBM Legal system is same to Oil & Gas Law
USA
- Different System as per each state

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Environmental Challenges
Productionofcoalbed methaneisaccompaniedby
significantenvironmentalchallenges,including
preventionofunintendedlossofmethanetothe
atmosphereduringundergroundmining,and
disposaloflargequantitiesofwater,sometimes
saline,thatareunavoidablyproducedwiththegas.
Methanefromcoalbed reservoirscanberecovered
economically,butdisposalofwaterisan
environmentalconcern.

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Thank You !

CHONNAM NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy