Hcmut Training-2 CBM
Hcmut Training-2 CBM
Contents
1) Coal Bed Methane Play Concepts-The Basics
2) Uncertainty-What We Need to Assess
3) Addressing Uncertainty And Estimation of GIIP
4) Exploration Strategies
5) Reservoir Engineering-Pitfalls and Considerations
6) Economics and Environment
7) CBM Project in Nalaikh Coal Mine, Mongolia
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Chapter 1
Coal Bed Methane Play Concepts
The Basics
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What is CBM ?
CBM refers to methane adsorbed
into the solid matrix of coal, it is
sometimes referred to as coal
seam gas (CGS).
Predominantly methane (CH4)
- tasteless, odorless, colorless, non-toxic gas
Characteristics of CBM
Natural gas trapped into reservoir of coal bed
Basin
Lower Hartshorne
Arcoma
Mary Lee
Warrior
Natural Gas
--
CH4
C2+
H2
O2
Btu/scf
96.87
90.75
97.32
99.22
96.05
94.40
1.40
0.29
0.01
0.01
0.01
4.90
0.01
-
0.17
0.20
0.24
0.10
0.15
-
1,069
973
1,039
1,058
1,024
1,068
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Dewatered
Extracted
Piped
Compressed
Market
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Usages of CBM
As a gaseous fuel, it can be used for various usages
Fuel for Power
Generation
Heating Source
City Gas
Boiler, Space Heating
Chemical
Source
Methanol, DME
Diesel, gasoline
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CBM Extraction
To produce methane from coal beds,
water must be drawn off first, lowering
the pressure so methane can flow out
of the coal and to the well bore.
To extract the gas, a steel-encased hole
is drilled into the coal seam (1001500
meters below ground)
As the pressure within the coal seam
declines due to natural production or
the pumping of water from the coalbed,
both gas and 'produced water' come to
the surface through tubing
Then the gas is sent to a compressor
station and into natural gas pipelines
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- The evolution of coal is generally broken into two phases: peatification and coalification.
coalification
- During coalification, large quantities of methane-rich gas are generated and stored within the coal
on internal surfaces
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P g
V Pg
L
P Pg
L
Non-equilibrium desorption
V 1 V r V P
E g
t
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Adsorption Capacity
Adsorption capacity of coal is defined as the volume
of gas adsorbed per unit mass of coal
The capacity to adsorb depends on the rank and
quality of coal.
Most of the gas in coal beds is in the adsorbed form.
When the reservoir is put into production, water in
the fracture spaces is pumped off first. This leads to
a reduction of pressure enhancing desorption of gas
from the matrix.
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Butt Cleat
Face Cleat
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Estimation of World
-wide CBM Reserves
World-wide
NG Reserves: 179.53 X 1012m3
Coal Reserves: about 25 Trillion tons
CBM reserves:166~692 X 1012m3
130 ~550 billion tons - equivalent to LNG
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CBM Development in US
Coal Reserves: 3.8 Trillion tons
CBM Reserves: 400 TCF (8.8 billion tons - equivalent to LNG)
CBM Production
1994: 0.86 TCF (5% of gas consumption for home use in US)
2004: 1.75 TCF (9% of gas production in US)
Sanjuan basin and Warrior basin are the largest CBM production area
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Chapter 2
Uncertainty
What We Need to Know
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CBM Evaluation
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on
pti
sor
e
D
on
pti
sor
d
A
Langmuir sorption
P g
V Pg
L
P Pg
L
Example calculation
VL 28.8 scf / cf
pg 100 psia
pL 571.0 psia
VE VL
pg
(100)
(28.8)
4.29 scf / cf
pg p L
(100) (571.0)
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Chapter 3
Addressing Uncertainty And
Estimation of GIIP
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Field mapping
: Fly-over, work-over survey, and literature based on
mapping of the research permit area allow good overview
of the structure and stratigraphy.
Seismic survey
: Not commonly acquired to specifically target shallow
coals.
Coring
: To Sample the coals directly for gas content.
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Chapter 4
Exploration Strategies
Flexibility, Commitment and
Fit-for-Purpose
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Chapter 5
Reservoir Engineering
Pitfalls and Considerations
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Production - Gas
Idealized coalbed methane production
Decline
Stage
Volume
Gas
Volume
Dewatering
Stable
Stage
Production
Stage
Gas
Water
Water
Time
Time
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PRODUCTION WELL
Well completion
Welhead
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Chapter 6
Economics and Environmental
Considerations
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License Issues
China
- Coal Mining and CBM are different License
- Coal Mining License to be given by Local Government
- CBM License to be given by Central Government
(Same to Oil & Gas Legal System)
Australia
- Coal Mining and CBM may be different License
- Rights of CBM license is same to those of Oil & Gas
India
- CBM Legal system is same to Oil & Gas Law
USA
- Different System as per each state
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Environmental Challenges
Productionofcoalbed methaneisaccompaniedby
significantenvironmentalchallenges,including
preventionofunintendedlossofmethanetothe
atmosphereduringundergroundmining,and
disposaloflargequantitiesofwater,sometimes
saline,thatareunavoidablyproducedwiththegas.
Methanefromcoalbed reservoirscanberecovered
economically,butdisposalofwaterisan
environmentalconcern.
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Thank You !
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