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Karakterisasi Reservoar

The document discusses static and dynamic reservoir characterization and the importance of heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs exhibit more complex heterogeneity than clastic reservoirs due to different depositional and diagenetic processes. Reservoir quality in carbonates is dependent on depositional textures, mineralogy, and diagenesis.

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Anre Thanh Hung
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48 views9 pages

Karakterisasi Reservoar

The document discusses static and dynamic reservoir characterization and the importance of heterogeneity in carbonate reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs exhibit more complex heterogeneity than clastic reservoirs due to different depositional and diagenetic processes. Reservoir quality in carbonates is dependent on depositional textures, mineralogy, and diagenesis.

Uploaded by

Anre Thanh Hung
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STATIC AND DYNAMIC RESERVOIR

CHARACTERIZATION
Static Properties :

BASIC THEORY
CARBONATE RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

Stratigraphy
Geometry of reservoir and component facies
Lithology
Porosity and permeability
Other petrophysical properties
Structure
Temperature
Fluid compositions ?

Dynamic Properties :
Saturations
Pressure
Fluid contacts
Production and flow rates
Rock/fluid impedances (and seismic amplitudes)
Fluid compositions ?
Others ???

OVERVIEW
THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPLICAT IONS
OF RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY

HETEROGENEITY OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

CLASTICS

DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS

CARBONATES

The rationale for characterization of heterogeneous reservoirs is one of


fundamental economic

Recent geological analyses indicate that most reservoirs display significant


geologic variation and compartementalization

Reserve and distribution of mobile oil is very much a function of reservoir


heterogeneity at meso- and macroscopic scales

Designing a reliable reservoir model is a function of tectonic complexity ,


depositional environment , well spacing and the available cores and logs

Reservoir heterogeneity in carbonate rocks is much complicated than in


siliciclastic rocks due to its different origin and diagenetic process

DIAGENESIS

CARBONATES

PORE GEOMETRY

POSITION IN
HYDROCARBON COLUMN

CLASTICS

SHAPE ; SIZE ; INTERCONNCTIVITY

RESERVOIR QUALITY
POR ; PERM ; Sw ; So ; Rel.Perm; Po

CHANGE PROPERTIES

DIAGENESIS and SECONDARY POROSITY


BASIC IDEA

RESERVOIR QUALITY IN CARBONATE ROCKS

IS A FUNCTION OF :
- DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURES
- ORIGINAL MINERALOGY
- DIAGENESIS

CAN BE PREDICTED THROUGH DEPOSITIONAL


FACIES ANALYSIS AND DIAGENETIC ANALYSIS
( by applying sequence stratigraphy approach )

BASIC IDEA

POTENTIAL CARBONATE RESERVOIRS PASS THROUGH


SEVERAL DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT
AFTER DEPOSITION
EACH DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENT LEAVES AN
IMPRINT ON THE ROCK
THE FINAL PORE NETWORK IS A RESULT OF THE
DIAGENETIC PATHWAY EXPERIENCED BY THE RESERVOIR
ALL CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE MAY DEVELOP
ECONOMIC PORE NETWORKS THROUGH FAVORABLE
DIAGENESIS

Dunhams Classification of Limestone


BAFFLESTONE

BINDSTONE

FRAMESTONE

REEF
LIMESTONE
FLOATSTONE

RUDSTONE
JAMES & BOURQUE,1992

CARBONATE FACIES BELTS

PROCESS CONTROLLING DOMINANT GRAIN-SIZE FRACTIONS


IN CARBONATE ROCKS :

a. Mechanical breakdown of
Halimeda and Acropora
coral skeletons
b. Biological Breakdown of
massive corrals by sponges,
fish , and urchins

( after Folk and Robles , 1964 )

HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOUR OF GRAINS


PROCESS CONTROLLING
DOMINANT GRAIN-SIZE
FRACTIONS
IN CARBONATE ROCKS :
a. Mechanical breakdown of
Halimeda and Acropora
coral skeletons
b. Biological Breakdown of
massive corrals by sponges,
fish , and urchins

( after Folk and Robles , 1964 )

- THRESHOLD VELOCITY
- SETTLING VELOCITY
- HJULSTROMS DIAGRAM

Quartz

Problem mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments :


Specific gravity of : Quartz 2.65
Aragonite 2.94
Calcite 2.71
Carbonate particle

Bulk density + intraporousity


Coral fragments e.g. Porites 1.2 (porous)
Agaricia
2.0 (compact)
Mollusc
+ 2.0

Grains of similar size and shape will behave differently in


a fluid due to their different bulk densities. Conversely ,
grains of different shapes and sizes may be hydraulically
equivalent.

CaCO3
Cation Ionic Radii and Common Carbonate Minerals

Three common polymorphs

(after Speer, in Reeder (eds.) 1983)

Cation

Ionic radius(nm)

Minerals

Crystal habit

Rhombohedral
(trigonal system)

Ni
Mg
Zn
Co
Fe
Mn
Ca

0.069
0.072
0.072
0.075
0.078
0.083
0.100

Gaspeite NiCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
Smithsonite ZnCO3
Sphaerocobalite CoCO3
Siderite FeCO3
Rhodochrosite MnCO3
Calcite CaC03

Ca
Sr
Pb
Ba

0.118
0.131
0.135
0.147

Aragonite CaCO3
Strontianite SrCO3
Cerussite PbCO3
Witherite BaCO3

Orthorhombic

1) Lo-Mg Calcite
- most abundant sedimentary carbonate mineral
- primary constituent of limestone
- dissolves in acidic water
- contains mol 1 4 mol % Mg
2) Hi-Mg Calcite
- more soluble than calcite
- contains 4 20+ mol % Mg
- common in modern sediments, rare in limestone
3) Aragonite
- highly soluble
- same composition as Lo-Mg calcite, but with
different crystallinity
- common in modern sediments, rare in limestone

ORGANISMS AND MINERALOGY


DEPOSITION OF THE CARBONATE MINERALS
DUE TO THE ACTION OF ORGANISMS

Aragonite

: Present-day corals
Some mollusks

Low-Mg calcite :
Some mollusks
Some foraminifera (including all deep-sea sp.)
Brachiopods
Unicellular plant family
(Coccolithophoridae deep-sea sediments & chalk)
High-Mg calcite :
Echinoderms
Some large foraminifera

Calcareous Green Algae

Aragonite

Calcareous Red Algae

MgCalcite

Coccolith

Calcite

Foraminifera

Calcite & Mg-Calcite

Sponges

Mg-Calcite

Coelenterates (Modern)

Aragonite

Coelenterates (Ancient )

Aragonite & Calcite

Bryozoans

Calcite & Mg-Calcite

Brachiopods

Calcite

Molluscs

Aragonite & CalciteMg-Calcite

Echinoderms

Mg-Calcite

1. Grains that are originally


calcite show little macroscopic
evidence of alteration.
2. Mg-calcite grains commonly
convert to calcite with no
associate porosity developed.
In a few areas (e.g Jurassic and
Lower Cretaceous of the Gulf
Coast), Mg calcite grains have
recrystallized to microrhombic
calcite, producing microporosity
between the rhombs.
In rare cases Mg-calcite dissolves
Completely to yield moldic porosity.

3.
Aragonite grains either dissolve to form
moldic pores or recrystallize to a coarser
crystalline calcite that preserves grain texture
but develops no porosity

(Loucks and Brown, 1988).

DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS AND PRODUCT

DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGENESIS
SL3
SL1

MP
U

MTV

MP

MTP : Meteoric pureatic zone

MTP
SL2

MP

BZ
BZ

MP : Marine pureatic zone


MTV : Meteoric vadoose zone

BZ

BZ
U

: Burial zone
: Unconformity

SL

: Sea Level

( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )

DIAGENESIS

EFFECT OF DIAGANESIS ON RESERVOIR QUALITY


no INITIALLY POROUS

& PERMEABLE

HETEROGENEITY OF CARBONATE RESERVOIR

yes

CLASTICS

DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS

MARINE DIAGENESIS

CARBONATES

Cementation / No dissolution
no

yes
EXPOSED
no

yes

COMPACTION
LIMITED ?

CLOSE TO
UNCONFORMITY

DIAGENESIS

CARBONATES

PORE GEOMETRY

POSITION IN
HYDROCARBON COLUMN

CLASTICS

yes

METEORIC PHREATIC

METEORIC VADOSE

Limited dissolution
Cementation
Poro/Perm decrease

Extensive dissolution
Limited cementation
Porosity increase

SHAPE ; SIZE ; INTERCONNCTIVITY

no

RQ poor RQ good RQ moderate

RQ moderate

RQ moderate - good

RESERVOIR QUALITY
POR ; PERM ; Sw ; So ; Rel.Perm; Po

(L

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FACIES, DIAGENESIS


AND POROSITY IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
1.

INSIGNIFICANT
DIAGENESIS

2.

FABRIC SELECTIVE
DIAGENESIS
Eg. Biomoldic porosity

3.

ENVIRONMENT RELATED
Eg. Beach rock cement

4.

DATUM RELATED
Eg. parallel to water table
or unconformity
or petroleum /water contact

5.

STRUCTURE RELATED
Eg. fractures over salt domes,
dolomitization adjacent to faults

dB

1988

CARBONATE ROCKS TEXTURES AND COMMON POROSITY TYPES


( Loucks and Brown , 1988 )

PRIMARY
POROSITY

SECONDARY
POROSITY

DECREASING
APPLICATION
OF
FACIES ANALYSIS
TO
RESERVOIR
PREDICTION

CARTOON OF PORE GEOMETRIES


IN CARBONATE ROCKS

MODEL.

Examples of Characteristics of GR and Sonic Log of


Paleokarst Development
IN MESOZOIC CARBONATES,OFFSHORE NORTHERN SPAIN

( After Esteban and Klappa , 1983 )

CARBONATE DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

DIAGENETIC ENVIRONMENTS

SIZE and SORTING


SILICICLASTIC
1.
2.
3.

Provide a criterion for interpreting transportation, deposition


and textural maturity
Relate to porosity, permeability and pore size
After diagenesis : porosity and permeability ~ initial depositional
texture

CARBONATE
1.
2.
3.

Depend on both hydraulic condition and organic productivity at


the site of deposition
Carbonate grains have a wide variety of size and shape difficult
to relate size and sorting with porosity and permeability
Degree of diagenetic modification is more intensive lack of related
evidence between observable texture and depositional texture

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