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Stuff Must Know Cold New

The document provides formulas and rules for curve sketching, differentiation, integration, and other calculus topics. It includes definitions of critical points, local extrema, and points of inflection. Derivative rules are listed for common functions as well as inverse trigonometric functions. Integration by parts, the fundamental theorem of calculus, and approximation methods like the trapezoid rule and Simpson's rule are also summarized.

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Zach Ferger
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249 views3 pages

Stuff Must Know Cold New

The document provides formulas and rules for curve sketching, differentiation, integration, and other calculus topics. It includes definitions of critical points, local extrema, and points of inflection. Derivative rules are listed for common functions as well as inverse trigonometric functions. Integration by parts, the fundamental theorem of calculus, and approximation methods like the trapezoid rule and Simpson's rule are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Zach Ferger
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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typed by Sean Bird, Covenant Christian High School

updated August 15, 2009

Curve sketching and analysis


y = f(x) must be continuous at each:
dy
critical point:
= 0 or undefined
dx
and look out for endpoints
local minimum:
dy
d2y
goes (,0,+) or (,und,+) or 2 >0
dx
dx

local maximum:
dy
d y
goes (+,0,) or (+,und,) or 2 <0
dx
dx
2

point of inflection: concavity changes


d2y
goes from (+,0,), (,0,+),
dx 2
(+,und,), or (,und,+)

Basic Derivatives
d n
x nx n1
dx
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
d
cot x csc2 x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
csc x csc x cot x
dx
d
1 du
ln u
dx
u dx
d u
du
e eu
dx
dx
where u is a function of x,
and a is a constant.

More Derivatives
d
u
1
du
sin 1
2
2 dx
dx
a
a u
d
1
cos 1 x
dx
1 x2

d
u
a
du
tan 1 2

2
dx
a
a u dx
d
1
cot 1 x
dx
1 x2
d
u
a
du
sec1

2
2
dx
a
u u a dx

d
1
csc 1 x
dx
x x2 1

d u x
du
u x
a
a ln a
dx
dx

AP CALCULUS
Stuff you MUST know Cold
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule
d
du
dy dy du
f (u ) f '(u ) dx OR dx du dx
dx

* means topic only on BC


Approx. Methods for Integration
Trapezoidal Rule

f ( x)dx

d
du
dv
(uv)
vu
OR u ' v uv '
dx
dx
dx

2 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]

f ( x)dx
1
3

x[ f ( x0 ) 4 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) ...
2 f ( xn 2 ) 4 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]

Quotient Rule
d u

dx v

v u
v2

dv
dx

OR

u ' v uv '
v2

PLUS A CONSTANT
The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus

[ f ( x0 ) 2 f ( x1 ) ...

Simpsons Rule

Product Rule

du
dx

1 ba
2 n

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a )
where F '( x) f ( x)

Corollary to FTC
d b( x)
f (t )dt
dx a ( x )
f (b( x))b '( x) f ( a( x))a '( x)
Intermediate Value Theorem
If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b],
and y is a number between f(a) and f(b),
then there exists at least one number x= c
in the open interval (a, b) such that
f (c ) y .

Theorem of the Mean Value


i.e. AVERAGE VALUE
If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
and the first derivative exists on the
interval (a, b), then there exists a number
x = c on (a, b) such that

f (c )

(b a )
This value f(c) is the average value of the
function on the interval [a, b].

Solids of Revolution and friends


Disk Method
V

x b

x a

R( x)

dx

Washer Method
V

R ( x)

r ( x)

If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b],


AND the first derivative exists on the
interval (a, b), then there is at least one
number x = c in (a, b) such that
f (b) f (a)
f '(c)
.
ba

If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b],


AND the first derivative exists on the
interval (a, b), AND f(a) = f(b), then there
is at least one number x = c in (a, b) such
that
f '(c) 0 .

dx

V Area ( x) dx
a

*Arc Length L a 1 f '( x) dx


b

x '(t ) y '(t )
2

dt

Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration


d
(position)
dt
d
acceleration = dt (velocity)

velocity =

*velocity vector =

dx dy
,
dt dt

speed = v ( x ') 2 ( y ') 2 *


displacement =

Rolles Theorem

General volume equation (not rotated)

Mean Value Theorem

f ( x)dx

distance =

tf

v dt

final time

initial time v dt
tf

( x ') 2 ( y ') 2 dt *

average velocity =
final position initial position

total time
x
=
t

d
1
log a x
dx
x ln a

BC TOPICS and important TRIG identities and values


lHpitals Rule

f (a) 0

or ,
If
g (b) 0

f ( x)
f '( x)
lim
then lim
x a g ( x )
x a g '( x)

Eulers Method
dy
If given that dx f ( x, y ) and that
the solution passes through (xo, yo),
y ( xo ) yo
M
y ( xn ) y ( xn1 ) f ( xn1 , yn1 ) x
In other words:
xnew xold x
ynew yold

Slope of a Parametric equation


Given a x(t) and a y(t) the slope is
dy dy
dt
dx
dx dt
Polar Curve
For a polar curve r(), the
AREA inside a leaf is
2

The series ak converges if


k 0

Use IBP and let u = ln x (Recall

lim
k

u=LIPET)

ln x dx x ln x x C

Taylor Series
If the function f is smooth at x =
a, then it can be approximated by
the nth degree polynomial
f ( x ) f (a) f '( a)( x a )
f ''(a )

( x a)2 K
2!
f ( n ) (a)

( x a)n .
n!
Maclaurin Series
A Taylor Series about x = 0 is
called Maclaurin.
x 2 x3
e x 1 x K
2! 3!
2
x
x4
cos x 1 K
2! 4!
x3 x5
sin x x K
3! 5!

Integral of Log

dy dy / d

dx dx / d
d
d r sin
d
d r cos
Ratio Test

dy
x
dx xold , yold

udv uv vdu

where 1 and 2 are the first two times that r =


0.
The SLOPE of r() at a given is

Integration by Parts

1
2

ak 1
1
ak

If the limit equal 1, you know nothing.

Lagrange Error Bound


If Pn ( x) is the nth degree Taylor polynomial
( n 1)
(t ) M for all t
of f(x) about c and f

between x and c, then


f ( x) Pn ( x )

M
n 1
xc
n 1 !

Alternating Series Error Bound


N

If S N 1 an is the Nth partial sum of a


n

k 1

convergent alternating series, then


S S N aN 1
Geometric Series

Values of Trigonometric
Functions for Common Angles

sin
0
1
2

tan
0

2
2
3
2

cos
1
3
2
2
2
1
2

3
3
1
3

Know both the inverse trig and the trig


values. E.g. tan(/4)=1 & tan-1(1)= /4

Trig Identities
Double Argument
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x
cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 2sin 2 x
1
cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
2
1
1 cos 2 x
2
Pythagorean
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
(others are easily derivable by
dividing by sin2x or cos2x)
1 tan 2 x sec 2 x
sin 2 x

cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
Reciprocal
1
sec x
or cos x sec x 1
cos x
1
csc x
or sin x csc x 1
sin x
Odd-Even
sin(x) = sin x (odd)
cos(x) = cos x
(even)
Some more handy INTEGRALS:

1
1 x x 2 x3 K
1 x
x 2 x3 x 4
ln( x 1) x K
2 3 4

a ar ar 2 ar 3 K ar n 1 K ar n 1
n 1

diverges if |r|1; converges to

a
if |r|<1
1 r

This is available at http://covenantchristian.org/bird/Smart/Calc1/StuffMUSTknowColdNew.htm

tan x dx ln sec x C
ln cos x C

sec x dx ln sec x tan x C

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