CALCULUS

Stuff You Must

Know Cold
Definitions, Theorems, Properties & more!

A HANDY REFERENCE SHEET FOR THE AP EXAM

 AP CALCULUS
STUFF YOU MUST KNOW COLD

This is a handy reference sheet to help

students prepare for the AP Calculus Exam

Grab this great STUFF YOU MUST KNOW COLD handout. It is an

adaptation from Sean Bird's material at Covenant Christian
School, used with permission.

There are six pages of everything important for the AP CALCULUS

AB STUDENT to know backwards and forwards…definitions,
theorems, properties, family of functions and more.

It's a handy reference sheet. Get your students ready from the
beginning of school. There is also a BLANK SET where students
can complete the information from memory.

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Jean-Adams

STUFF YOU MUST KNOW COLD!

Alternate Definition of the Derivative: Intermediate Value Theorem

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], and y is a

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = lim number between 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) and 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there exists at
𝑥𝑥 →𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐
least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) = 𝑦𝑦.

Basic Derivatives

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛
(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛−1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(sin 𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 Mean Value Theorem
(cos 𝑥𝑥) = − sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
(tan 𝑥𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥𝑥 first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) then there
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏)− 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
(cot 𝑥𝑥) = − csc 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎

𝑑𝑑
(sec 𝑥𝑥) = sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(csc 𝑥𝑥) = − csc 𝑥𝑥 cot 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ln 𝑢𝑢) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Rolle’s Theorem
(𝑒𝑒 ) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
Where u is a function of x,
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) AND
and a is a constant.
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐
in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = 0 .
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule: Extreme Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)] = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑢𝑢) OR = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏],
Product Rule: then the function is
𝑑𝑑
(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) = 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
+ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 OR 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢′ guaranteed to have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 an absolute maximum
and an absolute
Quotient Rule: minimum on the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 ′ interval.
� �= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
OR
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑣𝑣 2
 Derivative of an Inverse Function: First Derivative:
If f has an inverse function g then:
1 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 function is increasing.
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = ′
𝑓𝑓 (𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 function is decreasing.
derivatives are reciprocal slopes 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE: Critical Values at x.
Relative Maximum: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE and sign of
Implicit Differentiation 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from + to − .
Remember that in implicit differentiation Relative Minimum: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE and sign of
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
you will have a 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for each y in the original 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from − to + .
function or equation. Isolate the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . If you
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Absolute Max or Min:
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 MUST CHECK ENDPOINTS ALSO
are taking the second derivative 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 , you
will often substitute the expression you The maximum value is a y-value.
found for the first derivative somewhere
in the process.
Second Derivative:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 function is concave up.
Average Rate of Change ARoC:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 function is concave down.
𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 and sign of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) changes, then there is a
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
point of inflection at x.
Instantaneous Rate of Change IRoC: Relative Maximum: 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
Relative Minimum: 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Write the equation of a tangent line
Curve Sketching And Analysis at a point:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) must be continuous at each: You need a slope (derivative) and a point.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑚 (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )
Critical point: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 or undefined

LOOK OUT FOR ENDPOINTS Horizontal Asymptotes:

Local minimum: 1. If the largest exponent in the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 numerator is < largest exponent in the
goes (−, 0, +) or (−, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, +) OR 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
>0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 denominator then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0.
Local maximum: 𝑥𝑥→±∞
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
goes (+, 0, −) or (+, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, −) OR <0 2. If the largest exponent in the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
numerator is > the largest exponent in the
denominator then lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
Point of inflection: concavity changes 𝑥𝑥→±∞
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
goes from (+, 0, −), (−, 0, +), (+, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, −), OR 3. If the largest exponent in the
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 numerator is = to the largest exponent in
(−, 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢, +) the denominator then the quotient of the
leading coefficients is the asymptote.
𝑎𝑎
lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑏𝑏
𝑥𝑥→±∞
 ONLY FOUR THINGS YOU CAN DO ON A LOGARITHMS
CALCULATOR THAT NEEDS NO WORK SHOWN: Definition:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝 ↔ 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁
1. Graphing a function within an arbitrary view 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒 = 1
window. ln 1 = 0
2. Finding the zeros of a function.
ln(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = ln 𝑀𝑀 + ln 𝑁𝑁
3. Computing the derivative of a function numerically. 𝑀𝑀
4. Computing the definite integral of a function ln � � = ln 𝑀𝑀 − ln 𝑁𝑁
numerically. 𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝 ∙ ln 𝑀𝑀 = ln 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝

Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY:

𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = position function When you see these words use: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = velocity function “y is a differentiable function of t such that
𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡) =acceleration function 𝑦𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 “
“the rate of change of y is proportional to y”
The derivative of position (ft) is velocity (ft/sec);
the derivative of velocity (ft/sec) is acceleration When solving a differential equation:
(ft/sec2). 1. Separate variables first
The integral of acceleration (ft/sec2) is velocity 2. Integrate
(ft/sec) ; the integral of velocity (ft/sec) is position 3. Add +C to one side
(ft).
4. Use initial conditions to find “C”
Speed is | velocity |
5. Write the equation if the form of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
If acceleration and velocity have the same sign,
then the speed is increasing..
If the acceleration and velocity have different
signs, then the speed is decreasing. “PLUS A CONSTANT”
The particle is moving right when velocity is
positive and particle is moving left when velocity The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
is negative. 𝑏𝑏

� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑏𝑏) − 𝐹𝐹(𝑎𝑎)

𝑡𝑡
Displacement = ∫𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎
0
Where 𝐹𝐹 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Total Distance = ∫𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 | 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)| 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Average Velocity Corollary to FTC

final position − initial position Δ𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔(𝑢𝑢)

= = 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
total time Δ𝑡𝑡 � 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑢𝑢)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑡
Accumulation = 𝑥𝑥(0) + ∫𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0

d  
g ( x)

=  ∫ f (t ) dt  f ( g ( x ) )  g ′ ( x ) − f ( h ( x ) )  h′ ( x )
dx  h ( x ) 
 Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: Riemann Sums
The Average Value
A Riemann Sum means a rectangular
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and the approximation. Approximation means that
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏), then you DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL;
there exists a number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 on (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that you add up the areas of the rectangles.
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
1 ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 Trapezoidal Rule
𝑎𝑎
For uneven intervals, may need to
This value 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) is the “average value” of the calculate area of one trapezoid at a time
function on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏]. and total.
1
𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 2 ℎ[𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑏𝑏2 ]

For even intervals:

𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦0 + 2𝑦𝑦1 + 2𝑦𝑦2 + …
� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � �
2𝑛𝑛 +2𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑦𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎

Values of Trigonometric Functions for Trigonometric Identities

Common Angles
Pythagorean Identities:
𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃 = 1
The other two are easy to derive by dividing
0 0 1 0 by sin2 𝜃𝜃 or cos2 𝜃𝜃.
𝜋𝜋 1 √3 √3 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃
6 2 2 3 cot 2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 √2 √2 Double Angle Formulas:
1
4 2 2 sin 2𝑥𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥
𝜋𝜋 √3 1
√3 cos 2𝑥𝑥 = cos2 𝑥𝑥 − sin2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥𝑥
3 2 2
Power-Reducing Formulas:
𝜋𝜋
1 0 "∞" 1
2 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥𝑥 )
2
𝜋𝜋 0 −1 0 1
sin2 𝑥𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥𝑥)
2
Quotient Identities:
Must know both inverse trig and trig values:
sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 1 𝜋𝜋
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃
cot 𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜃𝜃
EX. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1 and sin−1 �2� =
4 3
Reciprocal Identities:
ODD and EVEN: 1
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 or sin 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 = 1
sin(−𝑥𝑥) = − sin 𝑥𝑥 (odd)
1
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 or cos 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 = 1
cos(−𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 (even)
 Basic Integrals Area and Solids of Revolution:
NOTE: (𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃) are x-coordinates and (𝒄𝒄, 𝒅𝒅) are
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 y-coordinates
𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛+1 Area Between Two Curves:
� 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶 𝑛𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑏𝑏
𝑛𝑛 + 1 Slices ⊥ to x-axis: 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑎𝑎 [𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
� = ln| 𝑢𝑢 | + 𝐶𝐶 Slices ⊥ to y-axis: 𝐴𝐴 = ∫𝑐𝑐 [𝑓𝑓(𝑦𝑦) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢

� 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 Volume By Disk Method:

𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 [𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 𝐶𝐶
ln 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑
About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 [𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sin 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cos 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
Volume By Washer Method:
𝑏𝑏
� cos 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 ([𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)]2 − [𝑟𝑟(𝑥𝑥)]2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
� tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|cos 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶| About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 ([𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)]2 − [𝑟𝑟(𝑦𝑦)]2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Volume By Shell Method:

� cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sin 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑
About x-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦 [𝑅𝑅(𝑦𝑦)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sec 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln|sec 𝑢𝑢 + tan 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶 𝑏𝑏
About y-axis: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 𝜋𝜋 ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 [𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥)] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

� csc 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − ln|csc 𝑢𝑢 + cot 𝑢𝑢| + 𝐶𝐶

General Equations for Known Cross Sections−

� sec 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 where base is the distance between the two curves
and a and b are the limits of integration.
� csc 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − cot 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 𝑏𝑏
SQUARES: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� sec 𝑢𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sec 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶 TRIANGLES
√3 𝑏𝑏
EQUILATERAL: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫ (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 𝑎𝑎
� csc 𝑢𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − csc 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
1 𝑏𝑏
ISOSCELES RIGHT: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫ (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 𝑎𝑎

𝑏𝑏
RECTANGLES: 𝑉𝑉 = ∫𝑎𝑎 [(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏) ∙ ℎ] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
where h is the height of the rectangles.
Write Limits of Riemann Sums as Integrals 𝜋𝜋 𝑏𝑏
𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏 SEMI-CIRCLES: 𝑉𝑉 = 2 ∫𝑎𝑎 (𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
lim �[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 )](∆𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 where radius is ½ distance between the two curves.
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑎 𝜋𝜋 𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘=1 ∫ (𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8 𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎
∆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 = 𝑎𝑎 + ∆𝑥𝑥 ∙ 𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛
 MORE DERIVATIVES: MORE INTEGRALS:

𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
�sin−1 𝑎𝑎 � =
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
[cos −1 𝑥𝑥] =
−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √1− 𝑥𝑥 2 � = sin−1 + 𝐶𝐶
√𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
�tan−1 𝑎𝑎 � =
𝑎𝑎 2 +𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[cot −1 𝑥𝑥] =
1+𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑢𝑢
−1
� = tan + 𝐶𝐶
𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 −1
�sec −1 𝑎𝑎 � = [csc −1 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑢𝑢|√𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑥𝑥|√𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 |𝑢𝑢|
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
� = sec −1 + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑢𝑢 √𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
(𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ln 𝑎𝑎 [log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑎𝑎

−1 1

−1

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙|

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = �𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
Strive 4 a five . . . things to know . . .

Alternate Definition of the Derivative: Intermediate Value Theorem

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], and y is a

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = lim number between 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) and 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there exists at
𝑥𝑥 →𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐
least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏)
such that 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) = 𝑦𝑦.

Basic Derivatives

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛
(𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(sin 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(cos 𝑥𝑥) = Mean Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
(tan 𝑥𝑥) = first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) then there
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that
𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏)− 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
(cot 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎

𝑑𝑑
(sec 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(csc 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(ln 𝑢𝑢) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 Rolle’s Theorem
(𝑒𝑒 ) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], AND the
Where u is a function of x,
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) AND
and a is a constant.
𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏), then there is at least one number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐
in (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑐𝑐) = 0 .
Differentiation Rules
Chain Rule: Extreme Value Theorem
𝑑𝑑
[𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)] = If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Product Rule: continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏],
𝑑𝑑 then the function is
(𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢) = guaranteed to have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 an absolute maximum
Quotient Rule: and an absolute
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 minimum on the
� �=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 interval.
 Derivative of an Inverse Function: First Derivative:
If f has an inverse function g then:
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0

derivatives are reciprocal slopes 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or DNE:

Relative Maximum:
Implicit Differentiation
Remember that in implicit differentiation Relative Minimum:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
you will have a 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 for each y in the original
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
function or equation. Isolate the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . If you
Absolute Max or Min:
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
are taking the second derivative 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 , you
will often substitute the expression you The maximum value is
found for the first derivative somewhere
in the process.
Second Derivative:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0
Average Rate of Change ARoC:
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 and sign of 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) changes,
Relative Maximum:
Instantaneous Rate of Change IRoC: Relative Minimum:

𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =

Write the equation of a tangent line

Curve Sketching And Analysis at a point:
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) must be continuous at each: You need

Critical point:
LOOK OUT FOR ENDPOINTS
Local minimum: Horizontal Asymptotes:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
goes 1.

Local maximum:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
goes 2.

Point of inflection:
3.
 ONLY FOUR THINGS YOU CAN DO ON A LOGARITHMS
CALCULATOR THAT NEEDS NO WORK SHOWN: Definition:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝 ↔ 𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑁𝑁
1. Graphing a function within an arbitrary view
window. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑒 =
2. Finding the zeros of a function.
ln 1 =
3. Computing the derivative of a function numerically.
4. Computing the definite integral of a function ln(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) =
numerically.
𝑀𝑀
ln � � =
𝑁𝑁
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration
𝑝𝑝 ∙ ln 𝑀𝑀 =
𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) =
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = EXPONENTIAL GROWTH and DECAY:
𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡) = When you see these words use: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

The derivative of position (ft) is _____________________ “y is a differentiable function of t such that

𝑦𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 “
the derivative of velocity is __________________________
“the rate of change of y is proportional to y”
The integral of acceleration is _____________________ When solving a differential equation:
the integral of velocity is __________________________ 1.
Speed is ___________________________________ 2.
If acceleration and velocity have the ______________ 3.
sign, then the speed is _____________________, particle 4.
is moving ___________________.
5.
If the acceleration and velocity have
_________________________ signs, then the speed is
_____________________________, particle is moving
_________________. “PLUS A CONSTANT”
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Displacement

Total Distance

Average Velocity
Corollary to FTC

Accumulation
 Mean Value Theorem for Integrals: Riemann Sums
The Average Value
A Riemann Sum means a rectangular
If the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and the approximation. Approximation means that
first derivative exists on the interval (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏), then you DO NOT EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL;
there exists a number 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐 on (𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏) such that you add up the areas of the rectangles.

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = Trapezoidal Rule

For uneven intervals, may need to
calculate area of one trapezoid at a time
This value 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐) is the “average value” of the
and total.
function on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏].
𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =
For even intervals:
𝑏𝑏

� 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑎𝑎

Values of Trigonometric Functions for Trigonometric Identities

Common Angles
Pythagorean Identities:
𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜃𝜃

𝜋𝜋 Double Angle Formulas:

6
sin 2𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋
4 cos 2𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋
Power-Reducing Formulas:
3
𝜋𝜋 cos 2 𝑥𝑥 =
2
sin2 𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋 Quotient Identities:
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
Must know both inverse trig and trig values:
𝜋𝜋 1 Reciprocal Identities:
EX. 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = and sin−1 �2� =
4
ODD and EVEN: 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 = or sin 𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥 =

sin(−𝑥𝑥) = (odd)
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 = or cos 𝑥𝑥 sec 𝑥𝑥 =
cos(−𝑥𝑥) = (even)
 Basic Integrals Area and Solids of Revolution:

NOTE: (𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃) are x-coordinates and

� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝒄𝒄, 𝒅𝒅) are y-coordinates

� 𝑢𝑢𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = Area Between Two Curves:

Slices ⊥ to x-axis:

Slices ⊥ to y-axis:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� = Volume By Disk Method:
𝑢𝑢
About x-axis:
𝑢𝑢
� 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About y-axis:

� 𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = Volume By Washer Method:

About x-axis:
� sin 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About y-axis:

Volume By Shell Method:

� cos 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
About x-axis:
� tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = About y-axis:

� cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
General Equations for Known Cross Sections−
where base is the distance between the two
� sec 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = curves and a and b are the limits of
integration.
� csc 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = SQUARES:
TRIANGLES
� sec 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = EQUILATERAL:

ISOSCELES RIGHT:
� csc 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
RECTANGLES:

� sec 𝑢𝑢 tan 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =

where h is the height of the rectangles.

� csc 𝑢𝑢 cot 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = SEMI-CIRCLES:

where radius is ½ distance between the two

curves.
 MORE DERIVATIVES: MORE INTEGRALS:

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑 � =
�sin−1 � = (𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑢 ) = √𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑢𝑢2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� =
𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑢𝑢2
[cos−1 𝑥𝑥] =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[log 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥] = � =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢 √𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑎𝑎2
�tan−1 � =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎

−1 1

−1

𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝒚𝒚 = |𝒙𝒙|

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = √𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙

𝟏𝟏
𝒚𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚 = �𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
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