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The IMS Service Platform: A Solution For Next Generation Network Operators To Be More Than Bit Pipes

1) The document discusses the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) service platform, which was designed by 3GPP and ETSI to allow network operators to maintain a central role in service provisioning as networks converge on IP. 2) IMS aims to enable advanced communication services across different devices and networks by providing an open service platform for third parties to build services upon, while the network operator still manages the business relationship with customers. 3) The article uses an example scenario to illustrate how IMS could support integrated services like multiparty calling, content sharing, and single sign-on billing across multiple sessions and devices in next generation networks.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views6 pages

The IMS Service Platform: A Solution For Next Generation Network Operators To Be More Than Bit Pipes

1) The document discusses the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) service platform, which was designed by 3GPP and ETSI to allow network operators to maintain a central role in service provisioning as networks converge on IP. 2) IMS aims to enable advanced communication services across different devices and networks by providing an open service platform for third parties to build services upon, while the network operator still manages the business relationship with customers. 3) The article uses an example scenario to illustrate how IMS could support integrated services like multiparty calling, content sharing, and single sign-on billing across multiple sessions and devices in next generation networks.

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nshivegowda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems

The IMS Service Platform: A Solution for Next


Generation Network Operators to Be More Than
Bit Pipes
Antonio Cuevas, Jose I. Moreno, Pablo Vidales, Hans Einsiedler
Abstract As the 3rd Generation (mobile) networks (3G)
become commercial reality, strong movements emerge into the
direction of a common infrastructure based on the Internet
protocol. The users mobile devices will be like another IP host
connected to the Internet. In such a scenario, the network
operator infrastructure will be degraded to bit pipes. To avoid
so, the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) and ETSI TISPAN have
designed the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), a service platform
that aims to place again the network operator in the central role
of service provisioning. In this paper we will examine the IMS
from a mobile operators perspective and analyse its possible
adaptation to the Next Generation Networks.
Index Terms IMS, network operator, business role

I. INTRODUCTION

he convergence or, better, migration of the telephone


network into the Internet exists! It is already common to
use, over the Internet, traditional services from the telephone
network like voice calls. Besides, features from the telephone
network such as mobility are ready to be implemented into the
Internet. Vinton Cerfs statement on a recent interview for the
Spanish Journal El Mundo [MUN05], supported this view.
Due to its relevance, we translate the following excerpt:
Interviewer: Do you believe that VoIP will replace the
telephony we are used to? Do you believe that every
information transmission will use the Internet?
Vinton Cerf: It has no sense to keep two different networks
if there is enough capacity and quality to merge them.
However, what is the motivation to drive such an important
change? We believe it is twofold. First, it will save costs to the
network operators since, instead of managing two networks,
the telephone and data network/Internet, the operators will

A. Cuevas is with the University Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid 28911,


SPAIN (phone: +34 916249183; e-mail: acuevas@ it.uc3m.es). He is now in
Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, D-10587 Berlin, GERMANY (phone: +49
(30) 835358483 e-mail: Cuevas.Casado@telekom.de).
J.I. Moreno is with the University Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid 28911,
SPAIN (e-mail: jmoreno@ it.uc3m.es).
P. Vidales is with Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, D-10587 Berlin,
GERMANY (e-mail: Pablo.Vidales@telekom.de).
H. Einsiedler is with Deutsche Telekom Laboratories, D-10587 Berlin,
GERMANY (e-mail: Hans.Einsiedler@telekom.de).

need to handle only one. Second, it will increase revenue


since, due to the openness of the Internet, it is very easy to
build more and better services upon it and to offer them (via
any access technology) to the users who will then find new
opportunities to spend money. Before proceeding further, we
should warn the reader that this last point is also one of the
most controversial, as we will see. The benefits of this
migration are clear, but it is also true that such a fundamental
change is full of challenges. First, the services offered today in
mobile and fixed telephone networks should be mapped -with
the same or better performance- to the Internet. This is far
from being simple due to the very dispare technical natures of
the telephone and the Internet networks. This issue is well
known and addressed by the research community [CUE05].
However, the business-related consequences of this
convergence are still unclear and this poses serious obstacles
towards such a migration. For instance, although the
aforementioned openness of the Internet is positively seen as a
source for increased revenue, network operators fear to loose
their central role in the provision of services, particularly in
video or audio telephony and SMS services. If care is not
taken, the operator networks may become mere bit pipes in
the business chain and not achieve the proper return of
investment.
This risk is one of the most challenging issues to concrete
the migration. Indeed, in these new generation networks, the
users devices will simply be connected to the Internet and for
customers, as today in the Internet, it will be easy to employ
(e.g. to establish voice calls between them) peer-to-peer
communications or applications assisted by proxies with no
relation to the network operator. In such a scenario the
network provider is relegated to just an organiser of bit
pipes. If the network provider aims to play a more important
role and offer added value services to its costumers it must
entice them to use its service infrastructure and not the
application servers widespread in the Internet or peer-to-peer
communications. The advantages that the network provider
could offer to the users are either cost saving (paying less) or
having better services. Network operators will prefer the
second option and the potential to offer better services
exists, raging from e.g. just delivering better video quality to
more valuable or tailored services, for instance, considering
users context and location.
We believe that networks operators will not furnish

Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems


themselves a big panoply of services but they will instead
create an open service platform. Third parties will use this
platform to build services and offer them to the customers,
while the network operator keeps the central role in the
business value chain. This cooperation and a rich service
platform are considered as the main enablers for advanced
communication services, which will make possible scenarios
such as the one in depicted Figure 1.
3

1 Johns call directed to


PC, as Bob prefers

Bob

Trailer undergoes
content adaptation

2 e-mail download
slows down to
allocate Johns call
call

Higher priority incoming


call (from boss) and
Johns call is put on
hold

e-mail

Alice

Steven

Sharing of web, streaming and voice call sessions

Figure 1 An IMS enabled scenario


John is at home and decides to use his computer to surf the
Web. He logs into the computer and into his network operator
and starts navigating. He sees that, in a movie theatre nearby,
an interesting film will be featured soon. He grabs the headset
connected to his computer and establishes a multiparty
conversation with his friends to see if they would like to join.
From his group of friends only 3, the ones currently not far
away from the cinema and with available status, are called.
Bob is at home and logged into his computer and handy and,
as he has setup in his preferences, he receives the call via his
computer and not his handy (Figure 1 scene 1). Alice
sojourns in a park and is downloading her e-mails into her
handy while she receives Johns call. As the radio link has not
much capacity, the e-mail service slows down to
accommodate the call (Figure 1 scene 2). Finally, Steven is in
a caf and receives the call in his laptop which is connected to
the Internet via WiFi. John proposes to go for the movie and,
to convince them, he accesses the movie producers webpage
and requests to send the movie trailer to his friends. The trailer
is multicasted to all of them. Alice has a slow connection and
a handy with small screen. She receives a lower quality video
(Figure 1 scene 3). All of them liked the movie and agreed to
go for it, but as they were speaking, Steven receives a call
from his boss. As he has setup in his preferences, his boss
calls are high-priority and thus the multiparty call is put on
hold (Figure 1 scene 4). Meanwhile, the other 3 friends agree
to buy the tickets and to meet in a caf near the cinema. To
buy the tickets they create and share a session with the
cinema's webpage. None of the friends needs to provide in the
webpage his personal data (such as login or credit card
number), because the network operator has it already and the

cinemas on-line booking system is able to reach and use part


of it. They send Steven a map with the location of the caf and
the directions to get there from his current location. They say
goodbye and urge Bob to go because his home is a bit far
away and he may be late. No problem says Bob Im
already on the bus. Bob has transferred his session from the
computer to the handy.
When Johns receives his network operator monthly bill he
sees that he was correctly charged for the multiparty call, for
the video trailer and for his cinema ticket. The network
operator will divert the money keeping a percentage of the
total amount- to the move ticket and the movie trailer
companies. This single bill, combined with the fact that the
friends needed to only one log-in (and to the network) is
called single-sign-on.
The service platform supporting such a scenario must be
open enough to offer any kind of service. Moreover, it must
offer them with the best possible quality considering that, in
next generation networks, the users may employ very different
devices and access technologies to access these services. Yet,
it must be simple enough to require few managing cost from
the operator and not demand any knowledge from the user.
This article examines the IMS service platform focusing on
the above criteria. We describe the IMS because it is more
representative than other solutions (OSA, i-mode [IMODE])
since IMS directly targets user to user communications, the
traditional service of network operators, while other platforms
focus more on content services like songs downloading or
ticket purchasing. IMS and the other solutions are not
incompatible but complementary.
This article is divided in three parts, first we present the
IMS service platform, then we focus on one of its more
important characteristics, the design necessary to achieve
application and network level interactions. In the third part we
focus on the business model behind the IMS and how the IMS
platform can be exported to next-generation networks. In the
conclusion, we emphasise how the IMS solution deals with
the problems highlighted in this introduction and we outline
potential research avenues.

II. THE IMS SERVICE PLATFORM


The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) [CAM04], [POI04]
was introduced in the 3GPP [3GPP] architecture release 5 and
is being updated in release 6 and 7. The IMS service
platform is designed to assist and control (multimedia)
sessions established between peers. For instance our scenario,
where some friends set a appointment for the movie visit. The
peers that are willing to involve the IMS in their sessions must
use some of the IMSs nodes as proxies for their session
signalling. The IMS only deals with the session signalling and
control but it does not tackle the actual transport of data or
media flows of the sessions, for example the voice traffic in
our scenario. Indeed these flows do not even traverse the IMS.
Still, the main characteristic of the IMS is that it can interact

Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems


with the elements from UMTS or GPRS networks, for
instance with the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
routing the flows and then, for example, influence the QoS
that each flow will receive. We note from the very beginning
that one of the goals is to achieve IMS interaction with any
other kind of network besides UMTS. Although the IMS
offers many services by itself, it is also designed to interact
with third party service providers.
Next we will describe the main protocols and components
that form the IMS platform.
Protocols
IMS uses SIP (Session Initiation Protocol, [RFC 3261]) for
the control and signalling of sessions. SIP is a protocol
designed by the IETF and currently widespread in the Internet.
The peers, to transport the media data, will use two other
IETF-designed and very popular protocols: Real Time
Protocol (RTP) and Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP).
Finally, IMS uses IPv6 as network protocol.
Components
Since IMS is based on SIP, its main elements are SIP
proxies/servers, known in IMS as Call Service Control
Function (CSCF). To interact with these proxies, the user
devices must implement the functionality of a SIP User Agent.
The CSCFs handle all the SIP session signalling but they do
not take part and neither they are on the path of the application
data. The IMS proxies are hierarchically divided in two
categories (see Figure 2):
the Proxies-CSCFs (P-CSCFs) are the IMS contact
points for the SIP-User Agents (SIP-UA) and
the Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) is the proxy server
controlling the session.
In some topologies, there is a third a third type of CSCF,
the Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF). The I-CSFC is an element
used mainly for Topology Hiding (THIG) purposes between
different operators and also, in case of having several S-CSCF
in the domain, to assist selecting the appropriate one.
Signalling path
To illustrate the basic SIP-signalling path we will describe
two scenarios (see Figure 2). The first shows two non
roaming users in the same domain. Suppose there is only one
S-CSCF in this domain and that the P-CSCF serving user 1
(P-CSCF A) is different than the P-CSCF serving user 2 (PCSCF B). The SIP messages will follow the path shown in
Figure 2 (a):
1. User 1 SIP-UA to P-CSCF A,
2. P-CSCF A to S-CSCF,
3. S-CSCF to P-CSCF B and
4. P-CSCF B to user 2 SIP-UA.

a) Non roaming scenario


S-CSCF

P-CSCF

P-CSCF

IMS
SIP signaling

SIP signaling

IPv6
3G UMTS network
User 1

Voice, Video,

GGSN

GGSN

User 2

b) Roaming scenario
S-CSCF in
users 1 home
network

S-CSCF in
users 2 home
network

P-CSCF of visited
network A

P-CSCF of visited
network B

SIP signaling

SIP signaling

IPv6
3G UMTS
visited network A

User 1

GGSN

IPv6
3G UMTS
visited network B

Voice, Video,

GGSN

User 2

Figure 2 IMS SIP signalling path a) non roaming


scenario, b) roaming
The most complicated case in SIP signalling, shown in
Figure 2 (b), would be two users, from different domains,
who are roaming, each in a different domain. SIP signalling
(but not the media flows) will need to go from the visited
domains to the home domains.
Many of the characteristics offered by the IMS are just
achieved by the use of the SIP framework; for instance, in our
scenario, ending the call in Bobs PC and not in his handy
and, afterwards, when he leaves, transfer the session from its
PC to his handy. Any other service platform using SIP could
provide the same results. However, the unique features offered
by the IMS are achieved thanks to the IMS network operator
interaction, as we will see in the next section.

III. AN IMS KEY POINT: INTEGRATION WITH THE NETWORK


PLATFORM

A. QoS and policy


In our scenario, as in any IMS-enabled scenario, the
different services may have different qualities depending on
user profile, location, access network and devices, etc. The

Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems


IMS controls the session but the actual application flows are
completely out of its reach as they do not even traverse the
IMS nodes. Namely, they will go through the network routers
or the GGSN in 3GPP networks. Thus, to achieve QoS for the
flows of the IMS controlled applications, the IMS must
interact with the network elements that transport them. The
IMS entity in charge of this interaction is the Policy Decision
Function (PDF). The PDF is aware of the application level
details of the session being established, like codecs and
requested bandwidth for the media flow(s). It is the P-CSCF,
that takes part in the application control, which instructs the
PDF about these details. At the time of writing, the protocol
between the P-CSCF and the PDF was not yet defined. On its
side, the PDF provides (using COPS protocol) the network
nodes with the characteristics of the media flow(s). In
summary the PDF is, for the service quality (QoS), like an
intermediary between the QoS defined at application level
(IMS) and its actual enforcement at network level (in 3G
networks in the GGSN nodes). The P-CSCF, PDF and GGSN
interaction is depicted in Figure 3.
S-CSCF

P-CSCF

P-CSCF
PDF

IMS

PDF

SIP signaling
COPS

COPS

SIP signaling

IPv6
3G UMTS network
GGSN

Voice, Video,

GGSN

Figure 3 IMS-Network interworking: QoS and policy


aspects
IMS has a dedicated node to do transcoding and content
adaptation: the MRFP (Multimedia Resource Function
Processor) that indeed behaves like and endpoint in the
communication. Combining this transcoding and QoS based
network interaction, the IMS can support scenarios like the
trailer adaptation and e-mail download speed adjustment
described in our scenario. An overview of what happens in
such scenario is that the PDF instructs the GGSN serving
Alice to reduce the bandwidth of the Packet Data Protocol
(PDP) context created to transport the e-mail flow. Then,
when the network creates the multicast tree to distribute the
movie trailer, the IMS diverts the branch going to Alice to
the MRFP that will transcode the flow and forward it to Alice.
B. AAA and Charging
Another important aspect present in our scenario is the
concept termed single- sign-on. As we will discuss in
section IV, it is not new to the IMS and it is a fundamental

concept in the IMS business value chain. Here we will just


describe the mechanisms employed by the IMS to achieve this
single-sign-on. We will divide them in Authentication,
Authorization, Accounting (AAA) and Charging.
When a user gains access to UMTS networks it performs an
authentication process with the network operators Home
Subscriber Server (HSS) which holds user data (including
context information such as his location) and credentials.
When the IMS (that does not hold the user credentials) needs
to authenticate a user, it delegates and depends on the HSS
and the previous authentication of the user to this system. In
IMS, the S-CSCF is the node responsible to interact with the
HSS (see Figure 4). This interaction is done following the
IETF Diameter base protocol [RFC3588] and some extensions
for this specific application [RFC3589] defined jointly by the
3GPP and the IETF. In our scenario, the friends needed to login only once to the network operator and, afterwards, no signon was needed to enjoy the different services. The interaction
here described is the basis to enable such a feature.
Concerning authorization, this is done by the IMS/S-CSCF
itself but based on the user profile and context obtained, also
using the Diameter protocol, from the HSS. Note that the IMS
may employ this data also for refining the services delivered
to the user. Referring to our scenario, there will be a decision
for an adequate content adaptation of the multicast flow. Or,
also in our scenario, the IMS decision to proceed Johns call
to only some friends is based on a user context composition
done by the IMS obtaining some information (such as user
location) from the network operators HSS.
IMS accounting and charging architecture main
characteristic is the capacity of correlating charging at
network and service level. Charging in the IMS supports both
offline and online charging. In offline charging the amount
due is deducted from the users account after the end of the
session while in the online charging, the amount is
progressively deducted during the session. An example of
online charging is the prepaid mobile phone service. An
example of offline charging is phone service with a contract.
The CCF (Charging Correlation Function) is the central
point in the offline charging architecture. It receives
information from several IMS and UMTS networks entities
(see Figure 4) and it processes, correlates, consolidates and
records the relevant parts of this information and generates
Call Detail Records (CDRs) for the UMTS billing system.
IMS entities communicate with the CCF following the
Diameter base protocol [RFC3588] with 3GPP specific
extensions which are not yet standardized in the IETF. IMS
entities, namely the CSCFs (both P-CSCF and S-CSCF),
interact with the CCF module to charge the session in the
application plane. CSCFs can instruct the CCF about the type
of the session (audio or audio and video call), its duration or
the number of participants. The interaction between the
GGSN and the CCF -via the Charging Gateway Function
(CGF)- is also defined to charge the session in the network
plane (number of bytes sent and received). CSCFs, GGSN and
CCF will share the same Charging IDentifier (CID) for the

Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems


same session and for the PDP context(s) transporting the
sessions media flow(s). Therefore, the CCF can correlate
charging at the application and network levels in the same
session.
S-CSCF

P-CSCF

P-CSCF

IMS
Diameter

SIP signaling
CCF

SIP signaling
HSS

IPv6
3G UMTS network
GGSN

Voice, Video,

GGSN

Figure 4 IMS-Network interworking: AAA+Charging


aspects
The online charging architecture is far more complex but its
main characteristic is also that it can correlate charging at
application and network planes. Online Charging follows the
Diameter Credit Control Application [RFC4006]. This
extension to Diameter is precisely done to support online
charging.

session basis, the transport level parameters so that they match


the application layer ones. This is a great advantage compared
to current systems that cannot influence the parameters of the
transport service provided by the network operator.
Nevertheless, similar results (at least for what QoS is
concerned) could be achieved with a simpler system and
pushing the complexity to the mobile nodes. [SAL02]
compares both approaches: the proxy or the mobile node
undertaking the QoS negotiation with the network
infrastructure. Other advanced features surcharge IMS
complexity, like its capability to do content adaptation, briefly
described in section III.A. Nevertheless, the added value they
bring to the whole IMS system pays this extra complexity.
As long as the user interface is kept simple, we believe IMS
complexity will not be the key factor to determine its success
or failure. Other aspects such as acceptance of its business
model or the added value the IMS can offer to customers by
itself or interacting with third party service providers- will be
much more important.
IMS defines a network provider centric business model, just
like i-mode or 3GPPs OSA. Users profile and charging are
controlled by the network operator and the IMS (or third party
entities interacting with IMS), depend on the network
operators AAA services to control their users. Users trust and
pay the network operator who, in its turn, trusts and pays
(retaining for example 10% of the total amount) the IMS and
third parties entities related with the IMS (Figure 5).
3rd
Party Service Providers

IV. ANALYSIS OF IMS


While the two previous sections were mainly descriptive,
the goal of this last part is to analyse the IMS aspects
discussed in the introduction. We first examine the IMS
technical approach, then we consider the IMS business model
and, finally, we evaluate the IMS suitability to be ported to
next generation networks.
IMS is a complicated framework. Or, at least, it is far more
complicated than other SIP based solutions offering similar
services. Let us analyse whether this complexity brings any
added value. First, IMS has specific nodes designed to make it
interact with non IP networks. This aspect has not been
analysed in this paper and is a surcharge that any IP based
system wanting to interact with other networks must pay.
Second, to handle the SIP sessions, IMS employs different
types of proxies (CSCFs). But this, rather than a drawback, is
an advantage since it improves scalability. This improvement
is achieved because IMS design allows having several SCSCFs per domain to control the session of the domains
users (see section II). Besides, another type of SIP proxy, the
P-CSCF, leverages some of the tasks needed to be done by the
S-CSCF. The third aspect making the IMS complicated is the
interaction with the network operator infrastructure. IMS
works at the application signalling level while the network
operator focuses on a very different layer: data transport. But
thanks to this iteration, as we have seen in section III, IMS
achieves negotiating with the network operator, on a per

Trust
relationship

Pays for the service


(retains a %)

Network operator

Trust
relationship

Pays for data


transport and
for 3rd Party
services

Figure 5 Network operator centric business model


Indeed, IMS is designed as part of the network operator
architecture and to be controlled and owned by it. This fact
does not reduce the validity of our discussion. There are high
chances that the customers will accept the IMS-based model,
since most of the control is given to the operator but at the
same time, the customer will receive all services, e.g. QoS
[EINS05]. This includes also the creation of an operator
driven trust centre: the operator will become the account
holder for the customers by offering various mercenarily
services and service bundles (single-sign-on). Users are
normally reluctant to spread their data and to have to trust
several identities, so the operator driven trust centre has

Advances in Service Platform Technologies for Next Generation Mobile Systems


good chances to be accepted. Besides, customers are used to
perceive the network operator as a trustable entity. I-mode
success in Japan shows that the network operator centric
business model can be successful. Together with OSA, i-mode
focuses on content services and not like IMS which targets
user-to-user communication services. This aspect is a
fundamental IMS feature. Of course the different platforms
can complement each other. Taking this in mind and the fact
that the network operator can act as a customer-related-data
broker against third parties, new tailored and advanced service
bundles, can be delivered to the customers. IMS can help
achieving the network operator centric business model, but it
cannot be a guarantee that this business model will prevail.
IMS is currently at the final stage of the standardisation. In
the same time new architectures appear in the framework of
4th Generation (4G) (or Next Generation) evolution. Most
probably in 4G networks, nearly all functionality is pushed
into the common network layer with IP as the convergence
protocol. This is a major difference with 3G networks, where,
for instance, all the UMTS Terrestrial Access Network
(UTRAN) until the GGSN behaves as single hop at the IP
layer. IMS, since its purely based in IP and IETF protocols, is
a good step towards the 4G infrastructure. However, several
issues not covered in IMS (e.g. integration with Mobile IP)
must be solved before deployment and the research
community is working on this, for instance the [DAIDALOS]
project.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presented the IMS service platform designed by
3GPP for UMTS networks, which can be easily exported to
next generation networks. The business model proposed by
IMS and its original design, separating application and
transport layers but making them interact, centres the network
operator again in the core of the business chain. Thus, it
minimizes the risk that next generation network operators
become mere bit pipes. Adding to this that IMS is open to
third parties, IMS can offer very rich scenarios that entice
users to employ this platform. IMS seems to be
enthusiastically adopted by the research community, it is a
major aspect of release 6 and 7 in 3GPPs architecture and
many projects are enhancing details of IMS to make it more
compatible to 4G networks. However, it will be the
customers acceptance that will determine its success. For this,
IMS must propose more than what standalone non-networkoperator-partnered service platforms offer. We think IMS is a
good platform to achieve this, but finding and developing the
services that match users demand will be the key point for
IMS success.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]

[MUN05] Diario el Mundo, 08th February 2005, Diario del Navegante,


Ariadna
[CUE05] Antonio Cuevas et al. Usability and Evaluation of a Deployed
4G Network Prototype, Journal of Communications and Networks
(ISSN: 1229-2370), Volume 7, Number 2, June 2005
[IMODE] i-mode http://www.nttdocomo.com/corebiz/services/imode/

[4]

[5]

[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]

[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]

[CAM04] Gonzalo Camarillo, Miguel-Angel Garcia-Martin The 3G IP


Multimedia Subsystem (IMS): Merging the Internet and the Cellular
Worlds Wiley & Sons (2004) ISBN: 0470871563
[POI04] Poikselk, Miikka The IMS : IP multimedia concepts and
services in the mobile domain Wiley & Sons (2004) ISBN:
047087113X
[3GPP] 3rd Generation Partnership Project www.3gpp.org
[RFC3261] RFC 3261, J. Rosenberg et al. SIP: Session Initiation
Protocol, June 2002
[RFC3588] RFC 3588 P. Calhoun et al. Diameter Base Protocol
September 2003
[RFC3589] RFC 3589, J. Loughney, Diameter Command Codes for
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 5 September
2003
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[SAL02] Stefano Salsano et. Al. QoS control by means of COPS to
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[EINS05] H. Einsiedler and K. Henke and R. Englert and H. Arnold
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224-231, VDE-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2005
[DAIDALOS] Designing Advanced network Interfaces for the Delivery
and Administration of Location independent, Optimised personal
Services, IST Daidalos project http://www.ist-daidalos.org

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