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Topic 2: Submodules and Direct Sum

Abstract Algebra

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136 views3 pages

Topic 2: Submodules and Direct Sum

Abstract Algebra

Uploaded by

01900504v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Topic 2
Submodules and Direct Sum:
Definition 1. A non empty subset N of an R-module M is called an R-submodule or a submodule of
M if

(i)

a b N a, b N .

(ii) ra N r R, a N .
In other words, a submodule of M is an additive subgroup of M which is closed under multiplication by
elements of R in M . It is easy to see that a submodule is an R-module in its own right. If R is a field
then N is called a subspace of M .
Examples:

1. Clearly, (0) and M are submodules of an R-module M .


2. Any left(right) ideal of a ring R is a submodule of the left(right) R-module R R.
3. Let M be an R-module and let m M . Then Rm = {rm|r R} is a submodule of M , as
rm sm = (r s)m Rm and s(rm) = (sr)m Rm.
4. Let {Ni }iI be a family of submodules of an R-module M . Then it is easy to see that

Ni is a

iI

submodule of M .

Definition 2. Let X be a subset of an R-module M . Then the intersection of all submodules of M


containing X is called the submodule generated by X, denoted by hXi. Thus
hXi =

{N |X N and N is a submodule of M}

Since X M , the right hand side is non-empty. X is called a generating set of hXi.
Definition 3. A module M is called finitely generated if M = hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn i for some xi M , i.e., M
is generated by a finite set.
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2
Definition 4. An R-module M is called a cyclic module if M = hxi for some x M .
Theorem Let M be an R-module such that M = hx1 , x2 , . . . , xn i. Then
( n
)
n
X
X
M=
ri xi |ri R =
Rxi .
i=1

Proof. Let N =

n
X

i=1

Rxi . Let x, y N

i=1

x=

ri xi , y =

xy =

si xi

P
(ri si )xi N .

Also for r R, rx =

P
(rri )xi N . Hence N is a submodule of M containing {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }.

Since M is the smallest submodule of M containing this set, M = N .


Definition 5. Let M be an R-module and let {Ni }iI be a family of submodules of M . Then the
[
submodule of M generated by
Ni is called the sum of submodules Ni , i I and is denoted by
iI

Ni .

iI

Theorem Let {Ni }iI be a family of submodules


M . Then
of an R-module
X

X
Ni =
xi |xi Ni .

iI

Proof. Let N = {

f inite

xi |xi Ni }. Let x, y N which implies x =

xi , y =

i=1

f inite

and yi0 s may be 0), xi , yi Ni , n m


xy

=
=

n
X
i=1
n
X

xi

m
X

rxi

m
X

yi (some of the x0i s

i=1

yi

i=1

(xi yi ) +

m
X

(yi ) N

n+1

i=1

For r R, rx =

n
X

N as rxi Ni . Hence N is a submodule of M . Clearly, each

S
Ni N
Ni N .
X
P
P
P
Also
xi Ni , as xi Ni
Ni . Hence N
Ni . Since
Ni is the smallest submodule
f inite

of M containing

Ni , we obtain N =

Ni .

iI

Definition 6. Let {Ni }iI be a family of submodules of an R-module M . Then

Ni is called a direct

iI

sum or internal direct sum of Ni s if every m

Ni can be uniquely written as m =

xi , where

iI

xi Ni and xi = 0 except for finitely many i I. Direct sum is denoted by

Ni .

iI

Definition 7. A submodule N of an R-module M is called a direct summand of M , if there exists a


submodule N 0 of M such that M = N N 0 .
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3
Theorem Let {Ni }iI be a family of submodules of an R-module M . Then the following are equivalent
P
(i)
Ni is a direct sum
X
(ii) If
xi = 0, xi Ni , then xi = 0 i
f inite

(iii) Nj

TX

Ni = (0), j I.

i6=j

Proof. (i)(ii)
Suppose

Ni is a direct sum and

xi = 0 =

iI

0. Since

xi has a unique representation,

xi = 0 i.
(ii)(iii)
Let x Nj

TX

Ni . Then x = xj =

xi .

f inite, i 6= j
xi xj = 0. By (ii) xi = 0 i.
i6=j

X
i6=j

x = xj = 0.
(iii)(i)
P
P
P
Let x Ni such that x = xi = yi xi , yi Ni . Then i6=j (xi yi ) = (xj yj ).
TX
xj yj Nj
Ni = (0).
i6=j

xj = yj . As j was arbitrary, xi = yi i. The family of submodules {Ni }iI of M satisfying


any of the above conditions are said to be an independent family of submodules of M .

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