About Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps

1.1 Types and nomenclature

Kinetic pumps may be classified by such methods as impeller or casing configuration, end
application of the pump, specific speed or mechanical configuration. The method used in Figure 1.1
is based primarily on mechanical configuration.
1.1.1 Scope
This Standard is for centrifugal and regenerative turbine pumps of all industrial/commercial types
except vertical single and multistage diffuser types. It includes types and nomenclature.
1.1.2 Definition of a centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump is a kinetic machine converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
through centrifugal activity.
1.1.3 Types of kinetic pumps
Centrifugal pumps are most commonly typed by their general mechanical configuration. The
broadest characteristics, which include virtually all centrifugal pumps, are the following:
1.1.3.1 Overhung impeller type
In this group, the impeller (or impellers) is mounted on the end of a shaft that is cantilevered or
"overhung" from its bearing supports.
These pumps are either close coupled, where the impeller is mounted directly on the driver shaft; or
separately coupled, where the impeller is mounted on a separate pump shaft supported by its own
bearing.
1.1.3.2 Impeller between bearing type
In this group, the impeller (or impellers) is mounted on a shaft with bearings at both ends. The
impeller is mounted "between bearings."
These pumps are further separated as single stage and multistage configurations.
1.1.3.3 Regenerative turbine type
A low rate of flow, high head pump utilizing peripheral or side channel vanes or buckets on a
rotating impeller to impart energy to the pumped liquid. The liquid travels in a helical pattern
through the impeller vanes and accompanying flow passages, with the liquid pressure increasing
uniformly through the passages from inlet port to outlet port.

1.1.3.4 Special variations

In addition to the mechanical configuration described previously, there are some special variations
of pumps that are included in these general types but which stand separately because of some
special characteristic. Examples of these are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Sewage pumps with nonclog impellers;

Abrasive pumps which may be made of hard metals or may have rubber lining;
Heating circulating pumps which are fractional horsepower units for home heating systems;
Canned motor or magnetic drive pumps which do not require mechanical seals or packing.

1.1.4 Impeller designs

Impeller designs are grouped as either radial flow, mixed flow, or axial flow depending on their
hydraulic geometry. These are further described as follows:
1.1.4.1 Specific speed
To understand impeller groupings better, a discussion of specific speed may be helpful.
Specific speed is a correlation of pump rate of flow, head, and speed at optimum efficiency, which
classifies the pump impellers with respect to their geometric similarity.
Specific speed is a number usually expressed as:

Where:
NS = Pump specific speed;
n = Rotative speed in revolutions per minute;
Q = Rate of flow in m 3 /h (gpm) at optimum
efficiency;
H = Total head in meters (feet) per stage
The specific speed of an impeller is defined as the revolutions per minute at which a geometrically
similar impeller would run if it were of such a size as to discharge one m3/hr (gpm) against one
meter (foot) head.
Specific speed is not strictly dimensionless as indicated in Table 1.6, but those dimensions are not
shown for convenience.
Specific speed is indicative of the shape and characteristics of an impeller. It has been found that the
ratios of major dimensions vary uniformly with specific speed. Specific speed is useful to the
designer in predicting proportions required and to the application engineer in checking suction
limitations of pumps. Proportions vary with specific speed as shown in Figure 1.2.

Pumps are traditionally divided into three types: radial flow, mixed flow, and axial flow. However,
it can be seen from Figure 1.2 that there is a continuous change from the radial flow impeller, which
develops pressure principally by the action of centrifugal force, to the axial flow impeller, which
develops most of its head by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid.
In the specific speed range of approximately 1200 to 7000 (1000 to 6000), double suction impellers
are used as frequently as single suction impellers.
1.1.4.2 Suction specific speed
Suction specific speed is an index number for a centrifugal pump similar to discharge specific speed
and is used to define its suction characteristic. See HI 1.3-2000 Section 1.3.4.1.15.
1.1.4.3 Radial flow
Pumps of this type with single inlet impellers usually have a specific speed below 4900 (4200), and
with double suction impellers, a specific speed below 7000 (6000). In pumps of this type, the liquid
enters the impeller at the hub and flows radially to the periphery (see Figure 1.3).
1.1.4.4 Francis vane
Radial flow impellers with double curvature of the vanes at the inlet.
1.1.4.5 Mixed flow
This type of pump has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging in an
axial and radial direction. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed from 4900 to 10,500
(4200 to 9000) (see Figure 1.4).
1.1.4.6 Axial flow
A pump of this type, sometimes called a propeller pump, has a single inlet impeller with the flow
entering axially and discharging nearly axially. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed
above 10,500 (9000) (see Figure 1.5).
1.1.5 Construction drawings
The construction drawings on the following pages were prepared to provide a means for identifying
the various pump types covered by the HI Standards and also to serve as the basis for a common
language between the purchaser, manufacturer and specification writer.
Generally the individual part names on these drawings are numbered such that rotating parts have
been assigned even numbers while non-rotating parts have been assigned odd numbers. There are a
few exceptions however.
In cases where a pump may use two or more parts that are of the same generic type but different
geometries (e.g., gaskets) this difference is indicated by the addition of a letter suffix to the item
number (e.g., 73A, 73B, etc.).
1.1.6 General information

1.1.6.1 Size of centrifugal pumps

The diameter of the discharge opening of a centrifugal pump determines its nominal size only and
does not definitely fix its rate of flow. It is recommended that the required rate of flow be specified.
1.1.6.2 Duplicate performance pump
A duplicate pump is one in which the performance characteristics are the same as another within the
variations permitted by these standards, and parts are of the same type; but, by reason of improved
design and/or materials, mounting dimensions and parts are not necessarily interchangeable.
1.1.6.3 Dimensionally interchangeable pump
An interchangeable pump is one in which the mounting dimensions are such that the replacement
pump can be mounted on the existing bedplate and match existing piping and driver, with hydraulic
characteristics and materials to be specified. Interchangeability may involve some variation, not
necessarily significant, as a result of manufacturing tolerances.
1.1.6.4 Identical performance and dimensional pump
An identical pump is a duplicate of, and in addition is interchangeable with, a specific pump. Where
it is intended that a pump is to be identical in all respects including parts, mountings, connecting
flange dimensions and materials, it should be identified as "identical with Pump No. ____", not
"duplicate."
1.1.6.5 Definitions for bare rotor and rotating assembly
1.1.6.5.1 Single stage, axially (horizontally) split, single or double suction centrifugal pump
1.1.6.5.1.1 Bare rotor
A bare rotor shall consist of the following as an assembly (where used):

a shaft with all nuts;

keys;
impeller;
impeller ring(s);
shaft sleeves.

It shall not include such items as mechanical seal(s), gland(s), lantern ring(s), packing, water
shield(s), oil thrower(s), or oil ring(s), bearings, bearing appurtenances, coupling, pulley, or sheave.
1.1.6.5.1.2 Rotating assembly
A rotating assembly shall consist of a bare rotor plus casing wearing rings (where used), casing
bushings (where used), bearings, and all other stationary or rotating parts required to be assembled
over the shaft.
A rotating assembly shall include the following (where used):

packing and gland(s);

mechanical seals(s) and gland(s);

water shield(s);
oil thrower(s);
oil ring(s);
bearing housing cover(s).

It shall not include coupling, pulley, or sheave, nor shall it include bearing housings except when
these are of a design that requires that they be assembled prior to mounting of the bearings.
1.1.6.5.2 Multistage, axially split, single or double suction centrifugal pumps
1.1.6.5.2.1 Bare rotor
A bare rotor shall consist of the following as an assembly (where used):

a shaft with all nuts;

keys;
impellers;
impeller rings;
shaft sleeves;
interstage sleeve(s);
balancing drum and/or disc.

It shall not include such items as mechanical seal(s), gland(s), lantern ring(s), packing, deflector(s),
oil thrower(s), oil rings(s), bearings, bearing appurtenances, coupling, pulley or sheave. A bare rotor
may have to be disassembled for installation in the pump.
1.1.6.5.2.2 Rotating assembly
A rotating assembly shall consist of a bare rotor plus the following (where used): casing ring(s),
interstage diaphragm(s) and bushing(s), diffuser(s), balancing ring or bushing, bearings and all
other stationary or rotating parts required to be assembled over the shaft.
A rotating assembly shall include the following (where used):

packing or mechanical seal and gland(s);

deflector(s);
oil thrower(s);
oil ring(s);
bearing cover(s).

It shall not include coupling, pulley, or sheave, nor shall it include bearing housings except when
these are of a design that requires they be assembled prior to mounting of the bearings.
1.1.6.6 Rotation of casing
The normal position of the discharge nozzle of an end suction horizontal pump shall be top vertical.
Optional positions of the discharge nozzle shall be designated by degrees of rotation, measured
from the vertical center line in the clockwise direction, facing the drive end of the pump (see Figure
1.28).
1.1.6.7 Rotation of pumps

Pumps are designated as having clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) rotation when facing
the drive end (see Figures 1.28, 1.29 and 1.30).
To determine the rotation of a horizontal pump, stand at the driver end facing the pump (Figure
1.29). If the top of the shaft revolves from the left to the right, the rotation is clockwise (CW), and if
the top of the shaft revolves from right to left, the rotation is counterclockwise (CCW).
1.1.6.8 Recommended minimum spares
It is not possible to recommend minimum spares to cover all conditions. However, the following
may be taken as a guide:
Domestic service handling clean, non-corrosive liquids where interrupted service is not important:

shaft sleeves;
stuffing-box packing or mechanical seal;
gaskets;
coupling connectors (if any).

Domestic service handling abrasive or corrosive liquids or where some interruption in continuity of
service is possible:

shaft sleeves;
bearings;
wearing rings or parts;
stuffing-box packing or mechanical seal;
gaskets
coupling connectors (if any).

Export, marine or domestic service where minimum loss of service is essential:

complete rotating assembly (see Paragraph 1.1.6.5);

gaskets;
coupling connectors (if any).

Vertical Pumps

2.1 Types and nomenclature

2.1.1 Scope
This Standard applies to vertical centrifugal pumps that are driven by vertical electric motors or
horizontal engines with right angle gears; it includes types, nomenclature and definitions.
2.1.2 Definition of vertical pumps
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

All vertical pumps contain one or more bowls (diffusers);

The pumps are equipped with one of the following four types of impellers:
o radial flow
o modified radial flow (turbine pumps)
o mixed flow
o axial flow (propeller pumps)
The pumps, particularly the radial flow and modified radial flow types, are usually designed for
multistaging, by bolting or threading individual bowls together
The pumping element (bowl assembly) is usually suspended by a column pipe, which also carries the
liquid from the bowl to the discharge opening;
The driver is mounted either:
o on the discharge head (lineshaft pumps)
o directly to the bowl assembly, either above or below (pumps with submersible motors)
o in a horizontal configuration, such as an electrical motor or engine, driving through a right
angle gear

2.1.3 Types of vertical pumps

See Figure 2.1, Vertical pump types.
2.1.3.1 Deep well (lineshaft)
This type of vertical pump is commonly installed in a drilled and cased well. Its function is to lift
liquid (usually water) from the water level in the well to the surface and provide a specified
discharge pressure at the surface (see Figure 2.4). The pumping element consists of a single or
multistage bowl assembly and is located below the lowest liquid level. The bowl bearings are
usually lubricated by the pumped liquid. The column pipe and lineshaft assembly is either an open
type product lubricated assembly or enclosed type oil or external liquid lubricated assembly. The
column pipe is supported at the surface by a discharge head. The discharge head directs the water
from vertical to horizontal flow and also supports a driver. A shaft sealing arrangement is contained
within the discharge head. This type of pump is self-priming.
2.1.3.2 Wet pit, short setting or close-coupled (lineshaft)
This type of vertical pump usually is suspended in a wet pit. See Figures 2.4 and 2.7. The pumping
element can be fitted with a bowl assembly of any desired specific speed. Normally the bowl
assembly bearings are product-lubricated; however, they can be force-lubricated by grease, water or
other lubricants. The column pipe assembly supports the bowl assembly and houses a lineshaft. The
lineshaft bearings are usually open type, product-lubricated. However, enclosed type lineshaft,
force-feed lubrication with oil, grease or water may also be supplied. A shaft sealing arrangement is

contained within the discharge head on product-lubricated pumps. This type of pump is selfpriming.
2.1.3.3 Barrel or can (lineshaft)
This type of pump is mounted in an enclosed container (barrel or can) and generally is used in
booster applications and where inadequate suction pressure conditions exist (see Figure 2.6). The
can pump contains the same pumping elements and column pipe as the wet pit type pumps. The
lineshaft bearing assembly is almost always product-lubricated. The discharge head performs the
same functions as the wet pit head except the base is sealed to atmosphere. Liquids other than water
are commonly pumped by this type of pump. This type of pump is very effective where inadequate
system NPSH is available. Additional NPSH is created by extending the pump can length and bowl
assembly to create additional submergence (suction head).
2.1.3.4 Submersible
This type consists of an electric drive motor coupled directly to the bowl assembly. See Figure 2.5.
The driving "submersible type" motor and bowl assembly are designed to be submerged in the
liquid pumped. The pumping element usually is of the turbine bowl design; however, mixed flow
and propeller types are also available. This type of unit is normally used in wells and occasionally
for wet pit or canned booster service.
2.1.4 Classification by configuration
Listed below are the general configurations that describe vertical pumps.
2.1.4.1 Mounting, above and below floor discharge
Vertical pump bowls discharge the pumped liquid into a column, which takes it to the discharge.
There are two basic types of pump discharge configurations. Pumps with above floor discharge (see
Figure 2.7) and pumps with below floor discharge (see Figure 2.9). The driver is mounted above the
floor in both.
2.1.4.2 Hollow/solid shaft driver
The hollow shaft drivers (see Figures 2.4 and 2.9) have the top section of the head shaft installed
inside the tubular hollow driver shaft. The coupling of the head shaft to driver is arranged on top of
the motor and has a provision for axial lineshaft adjustment. Standard dimensions for the coupling
are shown in Figure 2.11.
The solid shaft driver (see Figures 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8) is coupled to the lineshaft by an axially
adjustable rigid coupling. The coupling is installed below the driver on the extended driver shaft.
2.1.4.3 Open/enclosed impeller
A typical semi-open impeller (see Figures 2.4 and 2.10) has a back shroud, with integral impeller
vanes, but the vanes are open to the front (no front shroud). The leakage control is adjustable
between the impeller vane and seat. This is achieved by positioning the impeller shaft axially for
close impeller vane-to-bowl seat clearance.

The enclosed impeller (see Figures 2.4 and 2.10) has both a back shroud and a front shroud.
Leakage control is limited.
2.1.4.4 Open/enclosed lineshaft
With open lineshaft pumps (see Figure 2.4), the pump shafting is exposed to the pumped liquid,
which also cools and lubricates the lineshaft bearings.
Enclosed lineshaft pumps (see Figure 2.4) have the lineshaft protected from the pumped liquid by
the shaft enclosing tube. The lineshaft bearings may be lubricated by fresh water, oil, or some other
liquid injected into the enclosing tube at the ground or floor level.
2.1.5 Classification by impeller design
2.1.5.1 Specific speed
Specific speed is a number usually expressed as:

Where:
NS = Pump specific speed;
n = Pump speed in revolutions per minute;
Q = Rate of flow at best efficiency in cubic meters per hour (gallons per minute);
Hba = Bowl assembly head per stage in meters (feet) (full diameter impeller).
The specific speed of an impeller is defined as the revolutions per minute at which a geometrically
similar impeller would run if it were of such a size as to discharge 1 m3/hr versus 1 m head (one
gallon per minute against one foot head).
Specific speed is indicative of the shape and characteristics of an impeller (see Figure 2.2). Specific
speed is useful to the designer in establishing design parameters.
Impeller form and proportions vary with specific speed, as shown in Figure 2.3. It can be seen that
there is a gradual change in the profiles from radial to axial flow configuration.
2.1.5.2 Radial flow
Pumps with this type of impeller have very low specific speeds (up to approximately 1,150 [1,000]).
The liquid enters the eye of the impeller and is turned by the impeller vanes and shroud to exit
perpendicular to the axis of the pump shaft.
2.1.5.3 Modified radial flow

This type of pump usually has specific speed ranging from around 1,150 to 4,650 (1,000 to 4,000).
The impellers are normally single suction. In pumps of this type, the liquid enters the impeller at the
eye and exits semi-radially, at about a 60 to 70 angle with shaft axis (see Figure 2.8).
2.1.5.4 Mixed flow
This type of pump has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering axially and discharging about
45 with shaft axis, to the periphery. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed from 4,650 to
10,000 (4,000 to 9,000) (see Figure 2.8).
2.1.5.5 Axial flow
A pump of this type, also called a propeller pump, has a single inlet impeller with the flow entering
axially and discharging nearly axially. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed above
10,000 (9,000). The axial flow pump propeller does not have a shroud (see Figure 2.9).

Rotary Pumps

3.1 Types and nomenclature

A rotary pump is a positive displacement pump consisting of a chamber containing gears, cams,
screws, vanes, plungers or similar elements actuated by relative rotation of the drive shaft to casing,
and which has no separate inlet and outlet valves. These pumps are characterized by their closerunning clearances.
There are seven common basic types of rotary pumps identified by the type of pumping element.
Relationships between these types of pumps are illustrated in Figure 3.1.
3.1.1 Scope
This Standard applies to industrial/commercial rotary positive displacement pumps. It includes:
types and nomenclature; definitions; design and application; and installation, operation and
maintenance. It does not include standards on magnetic drives for sealless pumps.
3.1.2 Vane
In this type, the vane or vanes, which may be in the form of blades, buckets, rollers, or slippers,
cooperate with a cam to draw fluid into and force it from the pump chamber. These pumps may be
made with vanes in either the rotor or stator and with radial hydraulic forces on the rotor balanced
or unbalanced. The vane-in-rotor pumps may be made with constant or variable displacement
pumping elements. Figure 3.2 illustrates a vane-in-rotor constant displacement unbalanced pump.
Figure 3.3 illustrates a vane-in-stator constant displacement unbalanced pump.
3.1.3 Piston
In this type, fluid is drawn in and forced out by pistons which reciprocate within cylinders, with the
valving accomplished by rotation of the pistons and cylinders relative to the ports. The cylinders
may be axially or radially disposed and arranged for either constant or variable displacement
pumping. All types are made with multiple pistons except that the constant displacement radial type
may be either single or multiple piston. Figure 3.4 illustrates an axial, constant displacement piston
pump.
3.1.4 Flexible member
In this type, the fluid pumping and sealing action depends on the elasticity of the flexible
member(s). The flexible members may be a tube, a vane, or a liner. These types are illustrated in
Figures 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7, respectively.
3.1.5 Lobe
In this type, fluid is carried between rotor lobe surfaces and the pumping chamber from the inlet to
the outlet. The rotor surfaces cooperate to provide continuous sealing. The rotors must be timed by
separate means. Each rotor has one or more lobes. Figures 3.8 and 3.9 illustrate a single and a threelobe pump, respectively.
3.1.6 Gear

In this type, fluid is carried between gear teeth and displaced when they mesh. The surfaces of the
rotors cooperate to provide continuous sealing and either rotor is capable of driving the other.
External gear pumps have all gear rotors cut externally. These may have spur, helical, or
herringbone gear teeth and may use timing gears.
Internal gear pumps have one rotor with internally cut gear teeth meshing with an externally cut
gear. Pumps of this type are made with or without a crescent-shaped partition. Figure 3.10 illustrates
an external spur gear pump. Figures 3.11 and 3.12 illustrate internal gear pumps with and without
the crescent-shaped partition, respectively.
3.1.7 Circumferential piston
In this type, fluid is carried from inlet to outlet in spaces between piston surfaces. There are no
sealing contacts between rotor surfaces. In the external circumferential piston pump, the rotors must
be timed by separate means, and each rotor may have one or more piston elements. In the internal
circumferential piston pump, timing is not required, and each rotor must have two or more piston
elements. Figure 3.13 illustrates an external multiple piston type.
3.1.8 Screw
In this type, fluid is carried in spaces between screw threads and is displaced axially as they mesh.
Single screw pumps (commonly called progressing cavity pumps) illustrated in Figure 3.14, have a
rotor with external threads and a stator with internal threads. The rotor threads are eccentric to the
axis of rotation.
Screw and wheel pumps, shown in Figure 3.15, depend upon a plate wheel to seal the screw so that
there is no continuous cavity between the inlet and outlet.
Multiple screw pumps have multiple external screw threads. Such pumps may be timed or untimed.
Figure 3.16 illustrates a timed screw pump. Figure 3.17 illustrates an untimed screw pump.

Sealless Centrifugal Pumps

5.1 Types and nomenclature

5.1.1 Scope
To develop the definitions and construction for sealless pumps that are driven by canned motors or
magnetic couplings. These standards include types and nomenclature; design and application;
installation, operation and maintenance; and test.
Not included are submersible wastewater pumps which do not have external shaft seals and are
therefore not susceptible to external shaft leakage.
5.1.1.1 Objective
To clearly outline the information necessary to define and describe the construction and use of
sealless pumps.
5.1.1.2 Introduction
The sealless pump is used when there is a need to contain toxic, dangerous and/or valuable fluids.
Application may be dictated by space, noise, environment, or safety regulations. This section
outlines components of sealless centrifugal type pumps.
The driven shaft is completely contained in a pressurized vessel containing the pumped fluid. The
pressurized vessel or primary containment device (chamber) is sealed by static seals such as gaskets
or O-rings.
The power required by the driven shaft is transmitted through a containment barrier. Methods
include (1) the "canned motor pump" with a liner (can) placed between an induction motor's
armature and stator; (2) the "magnetic drive pump" with a shell(s) located between an outer rotating
element with permanent magnet(s) and a mating inner ring which follows the driving magnets. The
inner rotor may have permanent magnets or it may be an induction device.
See Figure 5.1 for a diagrammatic breakdown of the types of sealless centrifugal pumps.
5.1.2 Canned motor pump (CMP)
5.1.2.1 Close coupled end suction
Figure 5.2 -- In this group, the impeller(s) is mounted on the end of the shaft which is overhung
from its motor bearing supports.
The impeller is mounted directly on the rotor assembly making one rotating assembly. The bearings
are supported by housings at each end of the rotor assembly. The motor components are protected
from the process liquid by non-magnetic liners (shells).
During operation, the motor section and bearings are cooled and lubricated by the process liquid by
internal circulation, external circulation or by separate liquid flush.

5.1.2.2 Close coupled in-line

Figure 5.3 -- In this group, the pump and motor are mounted vertically. A single stage overhung
impeller is used in conjunction with a casing with in-line flange connections. Motor and bearings
are cooled and lubricated by the process liquid.
5.1.2.3 Separated pump and motor
Figure 5.4 -- This group has single or multistage overhung impellers; however, the pump and motor
are separated by a thermal barrier, usually an air space. The impeller is mounted on the rotor
assembly which is supported by bearings at each end. The rotor assembly contains an auxiliary
impeller which circulates the process liquid in the motor section through a heat exchanger for
control of the fluid temperature.
5.1.2.4 Vertical submerged canned motor pump
Figure 5.5 -- This group of pumps is of the single stage overhung impeller design that is suspended
from a coverplate. The complete pump and motor is immersed in the process fluid. This method of
installation provides sealless pump application inside a sealed vessel.
5.1.3 Magnetic drive pump (MDP)
5.1.3.1 Separately coupled
Figure 5.6 -- This group of pumps is end suction, single stage or multistage, overhung impeller
design. The impeller is mounted on a rotor assembly which contains the inner magnet ring of a
magnetic drive. The process fluid is retained by a containment shell which separates the inner
magnet ring and the outer magnet ring.
The outer magnet ring is mounted on the shaft of a frame which is coupled to a motor or power
device. All of the above is mounted on a common baseplate.
5.1.3.2 Close coupled
Figure 5.7 -- This group of pumps is of the same construction as described in Section 5.1.3.1,
except the outer magnet ring is mounted directly on the driver shaft.
5.1.3.3 Vertical submerged
Figure 5.8 -- In this group of pumps, the impeller is mounted on the end of a shaft which is
overhung from its drive bearing supports. The drive section utilizes permanent magnets or an eddy
current drive system to transmit power to the pump. This type of sealless pump uses a standard
motor to drive the outer magnet ring, which in turn drives an inner magnet ring. A containment shell
that contains the process fluid separates the magnet components.
The containment shell in the drive permits sealless pumping from a sealed vessel using a
submergible pump.
5.1.3.4 Part names

Table 5.1 lists the names of most parts that go into the construction of sealless centrifugal pumps.
The reference numbers are the same as those shown in Figures 5.2 through 5.8.
Table 5.1 -- Sealless pump nomenclature

Part name

Number

Definition

Adapter

71

A machined piece used to permit assembly of two other parts, or

for a spacer, or for a heat barrier on a high-temperature sealless
motor pump.

Assembly, rotor

222

The rotating assembly of an electrical machine containing

laminations and conductors, which, when interacting with stator
core assembly, produces torque.

Assembly, stator

223

The stationary portion of the electric machine containing

laminations and conductors. Energizing these conductors creates
an interaction with the rotor assembly, producing torque.

Bearing, inboard

16

Rolling element bearing in the frame nearest the pump.

Bearing, outboard

18

Rolling element bearing closest to the motor.

Box, electrical
connection

243

Electrical box in which the motor leads are joined with the power
source.

Bushing, bearing,
inboard

235

Sleeve type bearing in the drive section, which is lubricated by the

pumpage.

Bushing, bearing,
outboard

237

Same as 235

Can, rotor

221

Liner over the rotor assembly (driven components) that protects

against corrosion.

Collar, thrust,
inboard

72

A circular collar mounted on a shaft to absorb the unbalanced

axial thrust in the pump.

Collar, thrust,
outboard

74

A circular collar mounted on a shaft to absorb the unbalanced

axial thrust in the pump.

Cover, casing

239

The portion of the magnetic drive that houses the driven magnet
assembly, bearing, shaft and containment shell.

Cover, motor end

207

A piece which encloses the end(s) of a motor stator housing.

Exchanger, heat

250

Additional member including heat exchanger tubing for control of

process and motor temperature.

Frame

19

A member of a pump to which are assembled the rotating outer

magnet ring and the drive motor or element.

Gasket

73

Resilient material of proper shape and characteristics for use in

joint sealing between parts to prevent leakage.

Housing, bearing,
inboard

31

A part in which the inboard bearing is mounted.

Housing, bearing,
outboard

33

A part in which the outboard bearing is mounted.

Housing, stator

201

A housing in which a stator core assembly is mounted.

Indicator, bearing
wear

304

Mechanical or electrical device which indicates bearing wear.

Inducer

246

A high specific speed impeller installed in the front of the first

stage impeller of a centrifugal pump to reduce NPSHR.

Magnet assembly,
inner

230

The permanent magnet or induction device assembly attached to

the pump shaft, located within the containment shell and driven
by the outer magnet assembly.

Magnet assembly,
outer

232

The permanent magnet assembly attached to the power drive

shaft, located outside of the containment shell and driven by a
driver.

Pipe, column

101

A vertical pipe by which the pumping element is suspended.

Plate, terminal

301

An assembly which provides sealing of electrical feedthroughs as

a part of the secondary containment system.

Ring, rub

252

A replaceable ring mounted in or on the bearing housing and/or

outer magnet assembly. It is used to prevent the outer carrier from
hitting the containment shell if the anti-friction bearings in the
power end fail.

Shaft, drive

12

The cylindrical member which transmits power from the driver to

the outer magnet assembly.

Shaft, pump

The cylindrical member on which the impeller is mounted and

through which power is transmitted to the impeller.

Shell, containment

217

The member that separates the inner and outer magnet assemblies.
It also forms the barrier between the pumpage and the secondary
containment.

Sleeve, journal

306

A removable sleeve which provides a rotating journal-bearing

surface.
Sleeve, backup

305

Sleeves used to provide structural support of the containment shell

of a CMP.

Switch, thermal

300

Embedded in stator winding to sense motor temperature and

actuate a control or signal when limits are reached.

Tube, circulation

251

A tube through which process fluid is piped from discharge of

pump to outboard bearing housing for cooling of drive section.

Reciprocating Power Pumps

6.0 Scope
This Standard applies to reciprocating power pumps. It includes types and nomenclature,
definitions, design and application, and installation, operation and maintenance.
6.1 Types and Nomenclature
A reciprocating power pump is one driven by power from an outside source applied to the
crankshaft of the pump. It consists of a liquid end and a power end.
6.1.1 Horizontal pump
The axial centerline of the cylinder is horizontal (see Figure 6.2).
6.1.2 Vertical pump
The axial centerline of the cylinder is vertical (see Figure 6.3).
6.1.3 Piston pump
The liquid end contains pistons (see Figure 6.4).
6.1.4 Plunger pump
The liquid end contains plungers (see Figures 6.2, 6.3 and 6.5).
6.1.5 Single-acting pump
Liquid is discharged only during the forward stroke of the plunger or piston, that is, during one half
of the revolution (see Figures 6.2 and 6.3).
6.1.6 Double-acting pump
Liquid is discharged during both the forward and return strokes of the piston or pair of opposed
plungers. That is, discharge takes place during the entire revolution (see Figures 6.4 and 6.5).
6.1.7 Simplex pump
Contains one piston or one plunger or a pair of opposed plungers driven by one connecting rod (see
Figures 6.4 and 6.5).
6.1.8 Duplex pump
Contains two pistons or two plungers or two pair of opposed plungers driven by two connecting
rods.
6.1.9 Multiplex pump

Contains more than two pistons or two single-acting or opposed plungers.

Number of Power Crossheads

Type pump

Simplex

Duplex

Triplex

Quintuplex

Septuplex

Nonuplex

6.1.10 Description of components

The nomenclature and definitions in these standards were prepared to provide a means for
identifying the various pump components included in these Standards and also to serve as a
common language for all who deal with this type of equipment.
The following definitions and drawings illustrate typical construction of reciprocating power pump
components but do not necessarily represent recommended designs. Variations in design may exist
without violating the intent of these Standards.
6.1.10.1 Right and left hand shaft extension of power pumps
"Right" or "left hand" designates the side of the power end (see Paragraph 6.1.11) from which the
crankshaft or pinion shaft extends. (It does not designate in which direction the shaft rotates.)
Horizontal power pumps are termed right hand or left hand as viewed when standing behind the
power end with the liquid end being the most distant part. A left hand pump has the shaft extending
out of the left side of the power end. A right hand pump has the shaft extending out of the right side
of the power end (see Figure 6.6).
Vertical power pumps are termed right hand or left hand pumps as viewed when standing at and
facing the suction manifold of the pump. A left hand pump has the shaft extending out of the left
side of the power end. A right hand pump has the shaft extending out of the right side of the power
end (see Figure 6.7).
6.1.11 Liquid end
That portion of the pump which handles the liquid. It consists of a liquid cylinder, valves and other
components.
6.1.11.1 Liquid end parts

The following paragraphs describe major liquid end components which are shown in Figures 6.24
through 6.27. A listing by part name is shown in Table 6.1, which also shows the standard
abbreviation.
6.1.11.2 Liquid cylinder
A chamber(s) in which the motion of the plunger(s) or piston(s) is imparted to the liquid. The
cylinder can be made integral with a suction and discharge manifold or can be made with separate
manifolds (see Figure 6.8).
6.1.11.3 Cylinder liner
A replaceable liner which is placed in the cylinder of a piston pump. The piston reciprocates within
the liner (see Figures 6.27 and 6.28).
6.1.11.4 Manifolds
A suction manifold is a chamber which accepts liquid from the suction port(s) and distributes it to
the suction valves (see Figure 6.9).
A discharge manifold is a chamber which accepts liquid from the individual discharge valves and
directs it to the discharge port(s) (see Figure 6.9).
6.1.11.5 Valve chest cover
A cover for the valves within the cylinder (see Figure 6.28).
6.1.11.6 Valve plate (valve deck)
A plate that contains the suction or discharge valves (see Figure 6.28).
6.1.11.7 Piston
A cylindrical body which is attachable to a rod and is capable of exerting pressure upon a liquid
within the liquid cylinder. A piston usually has grooves for containing rings which seal against the
cylinder or cylinder liner.
A piston in a reciprocating pump is usually double-acting.
The pistons in Figures 6.10 and 6.11 have followers which retain the packing rings.
6.1.11.8 Plunger
A smooth rod which is attachable to a crosshead and is capable of exerting pressure upon a liquid
within the liquid cylinder (see Figure 6.15). Sealing rings for a plunger are stationary, the plunger
sliding within the rings.
A plunger is single-acting, requiring a double-acting pump to have two plungers on each crosshead
axis (see Figure 6.6).
6.1.11.9 Stuffing box

A cylindrical cavity through which the plunger or piston rod reciprocates and in which liquid
leakage is controlled by means of packing (see Figure 6.16).
A follower ring and throat bushing are used to guide the plunger or rod as it reciprocates. The throat
bushing and follower ring contain the packing within the stuffing box.
6.1.11.10 Packing
A material used to provide a seal around the plunger, piston rod, or piston (see Figure 6.17).
6.1.11.11 Gland
A part which retains the packing in the stuffing box (see Figure 6.18).
6.1.11.12 Lantern ring (seal cage)
A ring located in the stuffing box to provide space for the introduction of a lubricant or a barrier
liquid (see Figure 6.19).
6.1.11.13 Valve assembly
Usually consists of a seat, valve, spring and spring retainer. It allows liquid to enter and leave each
pumping chamber of the cylinder. Each pumping chamber has one or more suction and discharge
valve(s) (see Figures 6.20 through 6.23).
6.1.11.14 Upper crosshead
Used in vertical plunger pumps to transmit the reciprocating motion of the side rod to the plunger
(see Figure 6.24).
6.1.12 Power end
That portion of the pump in which the rotating motion of the crankshaft is converted to a
reciprocating motion through connecting rods and crossheads (see Figures 6.39, 6.40, 6.41).
6.1.12.1 Power end parts
The following paragraphs describe major power frame components which are shown in Figures
6.38 through 6.40. A listing by part name is shown in Table 6.2 which also shows the standard
abbreviation.
6.1.12.2 Power frame
That portion of the power end which contains the crankshaft, connecting rods, crosshead and
bearings used to transmit power and motion to the liquid end. It may consist of one or two pieces (if
two, there is one upper and one lower half) (see Figure 6.29).
6.1.12.3 Crankshaft
The stepped shaft which transmits power and motion to the connecting rods. Main bearings and
connecting rods are fitted on this member (see Figure 6.30).

6.1.12.4 Main bearing

The bearing which supports the crankshaft. Main crankshaft bearings may be sleeve or rolling
contact type, mounted at each end of the shaft or located elsewhere to provide proper support. These
bearings absorb the liquid and inertia loads that are developed by the plunger as it displaces the
liquid (see Figures 6.31 and 6.32).
6.1.12.5 Connecting rod
Articulates the motion of the crankshaft to the crosshead. Power is transmitted through compression
and/or tension (see Figure 6.33).
6.1.12.6 Crankpin bearing
Transmits the oscillating reciprocating load transmitted by the connecting rod to the crankshaft (see
Figure 6.34).
6.1.12.7 Power crosshead
Creates a linear reciprocating motion derived from the crankpin rotary motion through the
connecting rod. The reciprocating motion of the crosshead is applied to the plunger or piston via the
side rods or crosshead extension (see Figure 6.35).
6.1.12.8 Wrist pin
Connects the connecting rod to the crosshead (see Figure 6.36).
6.1.12.9 Wrist pin bearing
Transmits the reciprocating load of the crosshead into the connecting rod (see Figure 6.36).
6.1.12.10 Crosshead extension (plunger extension)
Connects the crosshead to the plunger (see Figure 6.37).
6.1.12.11 Frame extension
Connects the liquid end to the power frame when the liquid end is not bolted directly to the frame.
A horizontal extension is sometimes called a cradle (see Figure 6.38).

Direct-Acting (Steam) Pumps

8.0 Scope
This Standard applies to direct acting (steam) pumps. It includes types and nomenclature;
definitions; design and application; and installation, operation and maintenance.
8.1 Types and nomenclature
8.1.1 Introduction
A direct acting (steam) pump is a reciprocating (steam) engine and a liquid end built integrally
together as a unit. Although steam is implied as the driving medium, compressed gases such as air
or natural gas can be used.
Types
Figure 8.1 shows the relationship between the following pump types.
8.1.2.1 Horizontal pump
The axial centerline of the cylinder is horizonal.
8.1.2.2 Vertical pump
The axial centerline of the cylinder is vertical.
8.1.2.3 Double-acting pump
Liquid is discharged during both the forward and return strokes of the piston or pair of opposed
plungers. That is, discharge takes place during the entire cycle (see Figures 8.2 and 8.5).
8.1.2.4 Piston pump
The liquid end contains pistons (see Figure 8.2).
8.1.2.5 Plunger pump
The liquid end contains plungers (see Figure 8.5).
8.1.2.6 Simplex pump
Contains one piston or one pair of opposed plungers driven by one steam cyclinder (see Figure 8.3).
8.1.2.7 Duplex pump
Contains two pistons or two pair of opposed plungers driven by two (steam) cyclinders (see Figure
8.4).
8.1.3 Nomenclature

8.1.3.1 Purpose
The nomenclature and definitions in these Standards were prepared to provide a means for
identifying the various pump components covered by these Standards and also to serve as a
common language for all who deal with this type of equipment.
The following definitions and drawings illustrate typical construction of direct acting (steam) pump
components but do not necessarily represent recommended designs. Variations in design may exist
without violating the intent of these standards.
8.1.3.2 Right and left hand designations
To determine the relative positions of components or hand of pump, proceed as follows:
For horizontal pumps, stand at the drive (steam) end and face the liquid end. For vertical pumps,
stand facing the driver (steam) valve chest.
When standing as indicated above, the side on the left is the left hand (LH), and the side on the right
is the right hand (RH) side.
8.1.3.3 Liquid end
The liquid end of a direct acting (steam) pump is the same as the liquid end of a simplex or duplex
double-acting power pump. Therefore, the table of liquid end parts, the drawings of the piston pump
liquid ends and the discussion of valve seat area are also applicable to direct acting (steam) pumps.
The following liquid ends are used on both direct acting (steam) and reciprocating power pumps:
8.1.3.3.1 Piston type
The liquid end contains pistons as shown in Figure 8.2.
8.1.3.3.2 Plunger type
The liquid end contains plungers as shown in Figure 8.5. Since most direct acting (steam) pumps
are double-acting, and since the conventional plunger is single-acting, two plungers and two
individual pumping chambers are required for a simplex plunger pump (four of each for a duplex),
arranged on a common axis as shown in Figure 8.5.
8.1.3.3.3 Valve plate type
Has removable suction and/or discharge valve deck(s) (valve plates). The drawing shows a valve
plate pump with a removable discharge valve deck (see Figure 8.6).
8.1.3.3.4 Valve pot type
Has a separate cover over each valve chamber. A side valve pot type has the suction valve pots at
the side of the pump (see Figure 8.7).
8.1.4 Drive (steam) end

The drive (steam) end is that portion of a direct acting (steam) pump which distinguishes it from a
reciprocating power pump. It provides the force to drive the piston or plungers in the liquid end.
The drive end includes the drive cylinder, drive piston(s), rods, valves, valve-actuating mechanism
(valve gear), and various additional parts required to supplement the functions of the above.
Figure 8.8 shows a cross section and an exploded view of a typical horizontal duplex drive (steam)
end.
8.1.4.1 Drive (steam) cylinder
This is the major component of the drive end and supports most other drive end parts. It forms the
chambers which retain the gas, air or steam.
8.1.4.2 Drive (steam) piston
The drive medium (steam, gas or air) acts upon the drive piston, moving it in the desired direction.
The piston rod fastened to the drive piston transmits this motion to the liquid end.
8.1.4.3 Main drive (steam) slide valve
The main drive slide valve arrangement is such that it directs high-pressure steam or gas to one end
of the cylinder, simultaneously exhausting the spent steam or gas from the opposite end.
8.1.4.4 Valve gear (actuating mechanism)
The valve gear moves the main drive valve at the end of each stroke of the pump so that the drive
piston reverses its direction of travel.
8.1.4.5 Auxiliary drive (steam) valve
A simplex pump is equipped with an auxiliary drive valve which is actuated by the valve gear and
with steam, gas or air actuates the main drive valve. This construction is necessary to allow a
simplex pump to operate at low speeds without stalling.
8.1.4.6 Types of main drive (steam) valves
The following types of steam valves are used:
8.1.4.6.1 D slide valves
D slide valves are flat valves having the general form of the letter "D" (see Figure 8.9) lying on its
back. This type main drive (steam) valve is recommended for drive (steam) end operating
temperatures up to 260C (500F).
8.1.4.6.2 Piston valves
Piston valves are circular valves fitted with self-adjusting piston rings (see Figure 8.10). This main
drive (steam) valve design is recommended for drive (steam) end operating temperatures above
260C (500F).
8.1.4.7 Types of valve gear adjustments

The following types of valve gear adjustments are used (Figures 8.11, 8.12, and 8.13, on page 6):