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CSE394F Computer Networking For Engineers Computer Networking For Engineers Lecture #17

The document summarizes key concepts from a computer networking lecture on network layer design principles and protocols. It discusses the Internet as a collection of autonomous systems connected by routers. The Internet Protocol is the core protocol that routes packets between networks without regard to location. Key aspects of the IP header are outlined. Subnetting and CIDR are introduced to efficiently allocate IP addresses. Network Address Translation allows private networks to connect to the public internet. Common network layer protocols like ICMP, ARP, DHCP, RARP, OSPF, BGP, and IPv6 are also summarized.

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104 views18 pages

CSE394F Computer Networking For Engineers Computer Networking For Engineers Lecture #17

The document summarizes key concepts from a computer networking lecture on network layer design principles and protocols. It discusses the Internet as a collection of autonomous systems connected by routers. The Internet Protocol is the core protocol that routes packets between networks without regard to location. Key aspects of the IP header are outlined. Subnetting and CIDR are introduced to efficiently allocate IP addresses. Network Address Translation allows private networks to connect to the public internet. Common network layer protocols like ICMP, ARP, DHCP, RARP, OSPF, BGP, and IPv6 are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Abhishek kapoor
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE394F

Computer Networking for Engineers


Lecture #17

Jeffrey Miller, Ph.D.


Outline
• Chapter 5.6
• All images
g with white backgrounds
g are from Andrew
Tanenbaum’s Computer Networks, 4th Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2003.
Design Principles of Network Layer
• RFC 1958, which draws heavily on papers from Clark
(1988) and Saltzer (1984)
– Make
M k sure it worksk
– Keep it simple
– Make clear choices
– Exploit modularity
– Expect heterogeneity
– Avoid
vo d sstatic
a c options
op o s and
a d parameters
pa a e e s
– Look for a good design; it need not be perfect
– Be strict when sending and tolerant when receiving
– Think about
abo t scalabilit
scalability
– Consider performance and cost
Network Layer
• The Internet can be viewed as a collection of
interconnected subnetworks called Autonomous Systems
(AS)
– Attached to these AS are regional networks
– Attached to the regional networks are LANs of universities,
companies, and ISPs
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the glue holding all of these
ppieces
eces together
oge e
– The IPs job is to provide a best-efforts (not guaranteed) way to
transport packets from source to destination, without regard for
whether the machines are on the same network
Internet Protocol Header

• Version – which version of IP is being used


• IHL (Internet Header Length) – tells how long the header is, in 32-bit words. The minimum value is 5, maximum is 15 (limiting
the header to 60 bytes)
• Type of Service – intended to distinguish between different classes of service, such as reliability and speed, though most routers
ignore this field
• Total Length
g – maximum length g is 65535 bytesy
• Identification – all fragments of a datagram contain the same Identification value
• DF – Don’t Fragment
• MF – More Fragments, used to know when the last fragment of a datagram has arrived
• Fragment Offset – where in the current datagram this fragment belongs
• Ti to Live
Time Li – counter usedd to limit
li i packet
k lifetimes
lif i based
b d on number
b off hops,
h decremented
d d on eachh hop
h
• Protocol – TCP, UDP, etc.
• Header Checksum – verifies the header only and must be recomputed at each hop since the TTL changes
• Options – are not really used by all routers, so are irrelevant
IP Addresses

• Network numbers are managed by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Special IP Addresses
Subnets
• Since network addresses are so scarce, we can take a few bits away
from the host address to make a subnet within a network
• To implement subnetting, the router needs a subnet mask that indicates
the split between the network and the subnet/host combination
• Assume a host has an IP address of 137.229.154.221 with a subnet
mask of 255.255.224.0 (also written as 137.229.154.221/19)
– What is the network address?
– What is the subnet address?
CIDR
• Classless InterDomain Routing (RFC 1519)
allocates IP addresses in variable-sized
blocks without regard to class
• So if a site needs 2000 IP addresses
addresses, it
would get 2048 addresses
• In essence,
essence ICANN is giving out network
addresses and subnet masks as a
combination
NAT
• Network Address Translation (RFC 3022) allows
an organization to assign local IP addresses with a
single (or multiple) public IP addresses
• When a packet exits the organization and goes to
the
h ISP, an address
dd translation
l i takes
k place
l
• Reserved NAT addresses are 10.255.255.255/8,
172 31 255 255/12 192.168.255.255/16
172.31.255.255/12, 192 168 255 255/16
• When a packet arrives back at the router, the TCP
S
Source P
Portt fi
field
ld iis usedd to
t determine
d t i theth
destination within the network
ICMP
• Internet Control Message Protocol – an
unexpected
p event occurred
ARP
• The Address Resolution Protocol is used to
find the hardware address from an IP
address
• It is found by broadcasting an ARP packet
onto the network asking “Who owns IP
Address w.x.y.z?
w x y z?”
DHCP
• Dynamic Host Control Protocol allows a
router ((or other computer)
p ) to dynamically
y y
assign IP addresses to hosts to avoid
conflicts with statically
y assigning
g g addresses
RARP
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol solves
the pproblem of findingg the IP address that
belongs to a specific hardware address.
OSPF and BGP
• Open Shortest Path First is a protocol for
routing
g within an AS
– NOTE: More than one network protocol could
be used within a single
g AS
• Border Gateway Protocol is a protocol for
routing between two AS
IPv6

• Version – always 6 for IPv6


• Traffic Class – distinguishes
g between packets
p with different real-time delivery
y requirements
q
• Flow Label – to allow a source and destination to set up a pseudo-connection with particular properties and
requirements
• Payload Length – how many bytes follow the 40-byte header
• Nextt Header
Ne eade – te
tellss w
which
c oof tthee six
s eextension
te s o headers
eade s (if
( any)
a y) follow
o ow this
t s one
o e
• Hop Limit – same as TTL from IPv4
• Source and Destination Addresses – fixed-length 16-bytes each
IPv6 Extension Headers
• Some of the IPv4 fields are still needed in
IPv6,, so extension headers exist
Homework
• Chapter 5 Homework is now posted!

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