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OSI Model Concepts

The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: 1. The physical layer defines physical media like cables and connectors. 2. The data link layer defines data formatting and addressing using MAC addresses. 3. The network layer handles routing with IP addressing and protocols like ARP that map addresses between layers.

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300 views2 pages

OSI Model Concepts

The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: 1. The physical layer defines physical media like cables and connectors. 2. The data link layer defines data formatting and addressing using MAC addresses. 3. The network layer handles routing with IP addressing and protocols like ARP that map addresses between layers.

Uploaded by

Abhishek kapoor
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSI Model Concepts

Layer 1 - Physical
Physical layer defines the cable or physical medium itself, e.g., thinnet, thicknet, unshielded twisted pairs (UTP). All media are
functionally equivalent. The main difference is in convenience and cost of installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to
another operate at this level.

Layer 2 - Data Link


Data Link layer defines the format of data on the network. A network data frame, aka packet, includes checksum, source and
destination address, and data. The largest packet that can be sent through a data link layer defines the Maximum Transmission Unit
(MTU). The data link layer handles the physical and logical connections to the packet's destination, using a network interface. A host
connected to an Ethernet would have an Ethernet interface to handle connections to the outside world, and a loopback interface to send
packets to itself.

Ethernet addresses a host using a unique, 48-bit address called its Ethernet address or Media Access Control (MAC) address. MAC
addresses are usually represented as six colon-separated pairs of hex digits, e.g., 8:0:20:11:ac:85. This number is unique and is
associated with a particular Ethernet device. Hosts with multiple network interfaces should use the same MAC address on each. The
data link layer's protocol-specific header specifies the MAC address of the packet's source and destination. When a packet is sent to all
hosts (broadcast), a special MAC address (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) is used.

Layer 3 - Network
NFS uses Internetwork Protocol (IP) as its network layer interface. IP is responsible for routing, directing datagrams from one network
to another. The network layer may have to break large datagrams, larger than MTU, into smaller packets and host receiving the packet
will have to reassemble the fragmented datagram. The Internetwork Protocol identifies each host with a 32-bit IP address. IP addresses
are written as four dot-separated decimal numbers between 0 and 255, e.g., 129.79.16.40. The leading 1-3 bytes of the IP identify the
network and the remaining bytes identifies the host on that network. The network portion of the IP is assigned by InterNIC
Registration Services, under the contract to the National Science Foundation, and the host portion of the IP is assigned by the local
network administrators. For large sites, the first two bytes represents the network portion of the IP, and the third and fourth bytes
identify the subnet and host respectively.

Even though IP packets are addressed using IP addresses, hardware addresses must be used to actually transport data from one host to
another. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map the IP address to it hardware address.

Layer 4 - Transport
Transport layer subdivides user-buffer into network-buffer sized datagrams and enforces desired transmission control. Two transport
protocols, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), sits at the transport layer. Reliability and speed
are the primary difference between these two protocols. TCP establishes connections between two hosts on the network through
'sockets' which are determined by the IP address and port number. TCP keeps track of the packet delivery order and the packets that
must be resent. Maintaining this information for each connection makes TCP a stateful protocol. UDP on the other hand provides a
low overhead transmission service, but with less error checking. NFS is built on top of UDP because of its speed and statelessness.
Statelessness simplifies the crash recovery.

Layer 5 - Session
The session protocol defines the format of the data sent over the connections. The NFS uses the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) for its
session protocol. RPC may be built on either TCP or UDP. Login sessions uses TCP whereas NFS and broadcast use UDP.

Layer 6 - Presentation
External Data Representation (XDR) sits at the presentation level. It converts local representation of data to its canonical form and
vice versa. The canonical uses a standard byte ordering and structure packing convention, independent of the host.

Layer 7 - Application
Provides network services to the end-users. Mail, ftp, telnet, DNS, NIS, NFS are examples of network applications.

Source:- http://www.petri.co.il/osi_concepts.htm

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