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Modern Geom Exam

This document discusses different types of geometries, including Euclidean, hyperbolic, elliptical/spherical, and finite geometries. It specifically focuses on Galois geometries, which are geometries defined over a finite field. Galois geometries have applications in areas like coding theory and algebraic geometry. The simplest examples are binary projective spaces of one, two, and three dimensions. These spaces can be visualized via partitions and diagrams. The document provides examples of visual representations of geometries over the binary field GF(2) and the ternary field GF(3).

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Joseph Andagan
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110 views5 pages

Modern Geom Exam

This document discusses different types of geometries, including Euclidean, hyperbolic, elliptical/spherical, and finite geometries. It specifically focuses on Galois geometries, which are geometries defined over a finite field. Galois geometries have applications in areas like coding theory and algebraic geometry. The simplest examples are binary projective spaces of one, two, and three dimensions. These spaces can be visualized via partitions and diagrams. The document provides examples of visual representations of geometries over the binary field GF(2) and the ternary field GF(3).

Uploaded by

Joseph Andagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

Similarities
Euclidean
Geometry

Hyperbolic Geometry

Elliptical/Spherical
Geometry

Lines

A line segment
measures the
shortest distance
between two
points

a geodesic line
segment measures
the shortest distance
between two points.

The shortest distance


between two points on a
sphere always lies on a
great circle

Line
Segments

Any straight line


segment can be
extended
indefinitely in a
straight line

Any finite piece of a


geodesic

We can extend any line


segment, but at some
point the line segment will
then connect up with
itself. A line of infinite
length would go around
the sphere an infinite
amount of times.

Circles

To describe
a circle with any
centre and
distance (radius).

Given any center C


and any radius R we
can draw a circle of
radius R centered at
C

Straight lines are great


circles, so any two lines
meet in two points.

Angles

all right angles

Right angles are

Right angles are

are equal to one


another

Vertical
angles

If two straight lines


cut one another,
they make the
vertical angles
equal to one
another

congruent.

If two straight lines cut


one another, they
make the vertical
angles equal to one
another

congruent.

If two straight lines cut


one another, they make
the vertical angles equal
to one another

Acute

Obtuse

Many lines through a


point not on
intersecting a given
line

No intersecting lines

Euclidean Geometry

Hyperbolic Geometry

Elliptical/Spherical
Geometry

T
hrough a point not on
a given straight line,
one and only one line
can be drawn that
never meets the given
line.

Through a point not on


a given straight line,
infinitely many lines can
be drawn that never
meet the given line

Quadrilaterals

Right

Parallel
Postulate

II.

A unique line
through a point
not intersecting a
given line.

Differences

Parallel lines

There are NO parallel


lines. Any two geodesics
will intersect in exactly
two points. Note that the
two intersection points
will always be antipodal
points.

Sum of the
angles of a
triangle

Area of a
triangle

The square of
a right triangle
with sides a
and b

Circumferenc
e of a circle

Equal to 180 degrees

bh

c2= a2+b2

less than 180 degrees

The area of a triangle


is proportional to its
defect

greater than 180


degrees.

The area of a triangle is


proportional to its excess
of its angle sum over
180

c2>a2+b2
c2<a2+b2

III.

Finite Geometry

Galois Geometry
"Projective spaces over a finite field, otherwise known as Galois geometries, find wide
application in coding theory, algebraic geometry, design theory, graph theory, and group theory
as well as being beautiful objects of study in their own right."
Oxford University Press on
General Galois Geometries, by
J. W. P. Hirschfeld and J. A. Thas
Galois geometry is analytical and algebraic geometry
over a Galois field, that is, geometry over a finite field Its
beginning may be traced back to a result of B. Segre (1954),
saying that every (q+1)-arc, i.e. set of q+1 three-by-three nonh

collinear points, of a projective Galois plane PG(2,q),q= p


,p an odd prime number, is an irreducible conic.

The connections between Galois geometry and other


branches of mathematics are numerous: classical algebraic
geometry and algebra, information theory, physics, coding
theory, cryptography and mathematical statistics.
There are graphic characterizations of remarkable
algebraic varieties like quadrics, Veronese varieties, Grassmann
varieties, unitals, etc. Further, there are links between caps and
codes, with the classification of k-sets from the point of view of
characters, and with the study of ovals and hyperovals, the
theory of spreads and blocking sets and the theory of combinatorial designs.

The simplest Galois geometries are the projective spaces of one, two, and three
dimensions over the two-element, that is to say, the binary projective line, plane, and 3-space.

The three line diagrams on the left side result from the three partitions,
into pairs of 2-element sets, of the 4-element set from which the entries of the
bottom colored figure are drawn. Taken as a set, these three line diagrams
describe the structure of the bottom colored figure. After coordinatizing the
figure in a suitable manner, we find that these three line diagrams are
invariant under the group of 16 binary translations acting on the colored
figure.
A more remarkable invariance that of symmetry itself is observed if
we arbitrarily and repeatedly permute rows and/or columns and/or 2x2
quadrants of the colored figure above. Each resulting figure has some
ordinary or color-interchange symmetry. The cause of this symmetryinvariance in the colored patterns is the symmetry-invariance of the line
diagrams under a group of 322,560 binary affine transformations.

The two-element Galois field GF(2) is of course


the simplest such field. The three-element Galois field
GF(3) also leads to some structures that are easily
visualized (see figure on the right side), but that lack,
since they involve an odd prime, some of the intriguing
combinatorial properties of structures based on GF(2).
Note that projective points are visualized in these figures over
GF(3) in a different way from those over GF(2) in the main article above.
These models of geometry over GF(3) are based on the standard
definition of points in an n-dimensional projective space as derived
from lines in an (n+1)-dimensional vector space. The main article's
models of projective points in spaces over GF(2), on the other hand
as partitions is not based on that standard definition, but is
new (as of 1979) and different.

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