A USERS GUIDE TO SPRAY NOZZLES

HOW A USERS GUIDE

TO SPRAY NOZZLES IS
DIFFERENT
A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles is
educational and informative. It provides
facts, not opinions.
This guide provides you with cutting edge
reference material that will help make you
a more knowledgeable buyer and user of
spray nozzles. We hope this guide enables
you to better evaluate performance claims
published by all nozzle manufacturers.
Spray nozzles are highly engineered,
precision components. Full consideration
should be given to the manufacturer and the
manufacturers capabilities.

A USERS GUIDE TO

SPRAY NOZZLES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

SECTION ONE
The Costly Consequences Of
Spraying Too Much or Too Little. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

SECTION TWO
Spray Nozzle Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SECTION THREE
Know Your Nozzle Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SECTION FOUR
Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

SECTION FIVE
Consult The Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

SECTION SIX
Making Maintenance A Priority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

SECTION SEVEN
Sprayer Calibration
Ensures Optimal Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6

SECTION EIGHT

Future Trends in
Spraying and Nozzle Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

INTRODUCTION

poor choice in
spray nozzles,

or use of under-performing nozzles,

can lead to re-spraying and reduced
performance two problems no user
should face.

Your success

in any spraying season is dependent on

many individual factors. Some of these factors, like the equipment you choose
to use, are controlled by you; others, like the weather, are not. The purpose of
this guide is to assist you in an area where you have total control: spray nozzle
selection and use.
Even though spray nozzles are a physically small component in your overall
operation, they are vitally important. Improper application of plant protection
products can be extremely costly if re-spraying is required, performance is
reduced or legal issues arise as a result of chemical drift. However, many users
perceive spray nozzles as fairly simple components, when in fact it is quite the
opposite. There are dozens of nozzle types from various manufacturers that
offer very different performance.

This guide will help you:

Learn more about the technical aspects of spray nozzles
S
 elect the spray nozzles best suited to your specific application
requirements
Maintain your spray nozzles for optimal performance

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

SECTION

ONE

THE
COSTLY
CONSEQUENCES
OF
SPR AYING TOO MUCH OR TOO LIT TLE

Making sure you have the proper spray nozzles for your applica-

tion and that they are performing properly are two things that every user should
practice to maximize performance and profitability. The spray nozzles you
select will determine:
The amount of chemical applied to an area
The uniformity of the application
The coverage of the chemical on the target surface
The amount of potential drift
Using the wrong spray nozzle or a spray nozzle that isnt performing properly
can result in over or under application. Over application can be wasteful and
costly; under application can result in a reduction in performance or the need for
re-application.
The use of a rate controller can certainly help ensure the proper amount is
sprayed. You can also make minor adjustments to sprayer pressure or speed to
apply the correct amount of chemical. However, the proper application volume
doesnt necessarily mean maximum effectiveness.

EVEN A SPRAY NOZZLE

WITH ONLY 10% WEAR

MAY NOT GIVE YOU THE COVERAGE

AND PERFORMANCE YOU EXPECT

For example, if you are using the wrong nozzle or if the nozzle is worn by as
little as 10%, the spray pattern may not be uniform across the boom and you
will not get the spray coverage you expect. Coverage may be streaky and some
areas may receive more or less chemical than intended, resulting in the need to
re-apply the product.
No matter the root cause, over and under application both have high price
tags thousands of dollars, and in some cases, tens of thousands of dollars.
The full cost of these losses will likewise depend on your operation and the plant
protection products you use. See the example below.
Problems like this can be avoided by making sure youve selected the proper
spray nozzles for your application and that they are in good working order. If you
think there is a nozzle that may better meet your needs, or you suspect that your
nozzles are worn, do not hesitate to replace them. The cost of replacing nozzles
is minor compared to the effects of poor spraying. In fact, youll recoup the cost
of the nozzles almost immediately by applying the proper amount of chemical in
just a few acres.

Cost calculator for under or over application:

Under application of chemical causing re-spray* (U.S. dollars):
$27/acre x 100 acres
$27/acre x 1000 acres
$27/acre x 2000 acres

$2,700
$27,000
$54,000

*Does not include time/labor, fuel or machinery expense.

Over application of chemical by 10% (U.S. dollars):

($27/acre x 10%) x 100 acres $270
($27/acre x 10%) x 1000 acres $2,700
($27/acre x 10%) x 2000 acres $5,400

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

SECTION

TWO

S P R AY N O Z Z L E F U N D A M E N TA L S

Spray Patterns
There are many types of nozzles and spray patterns available; your best choice
will depend on the application. Three of the most common types are:
Flat fan
Cone spray
Streaming nozzles

Flat Fan
The flat fan spray nozzle forms a narrow, elliptical, inverted V pattern commonly
referred to as a tapered spray (FIGURE 1). Deposition is heaviest at the center
of the pattern and dissipates toward the outer edge. A uniform distribution
pattern across the boom is achieved when the boom height and nozzle spacing
are optimized for proper spray pattern overlap of adjacent nozzles. Variations of
the flat fan include:
E
 xtended range flat fan for broadcast spraying; designed to operate
with a wider range of spray pressures (FIGURE 1).
S
 ymmetric or asymmetric twin flat fan for broadcast spraying; flow
is divided between two orifices pointed forward and backward; can
provide improved coverage and canopy penetration (FIGURE 2).
F
 looding for broadcast spraying; wide angle flat pattern using larger
droplets (FIGURE 3).
E
 ven spray for band spraying; non-tapered spray patterns provide
even coverage without overlapping (FIGURE 4).
A
 dditionally, all of the above nozzle types may be offered in a
traditional single orifice design, pre-orifice design or air induction
design. More to come on this in the next section.

Higher
Pressure

Lower
Pressure
AT 15 PSI / 1 bar
PRESSURE

FIGURE 1:
Extended range flat fan
spray pattern

FIGURE 3:
Wide angle flat fan
spray pattern

Overlap broadcast pattern

AT 60 PSI / 4 bar
PRESSURE

FIGURE 2:
Symmetric twin flat fan spray pattern

FIGURE 4:
Even spray pattern

Band spray application

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

Cone Sprays
Cone sprays come in two basic variations - hollow cone and full cone. The
hollow cone spray nozzle forms a ring-shaped pattern, finely atomized spray
and can be operated at high pressures. These unique characteristics make
hollow cone nozzles well suited for air blast applications as well as specialty
and directed spray applications. Hollow cone nozzles may be offered in a singlepiece tip design or a two-piece disc and core design. Air induction hollow cone
nozzles are a recent development that produces a spray pattern like a traditional
cone spray, but with much coarser droplets to reduce drift. (FIGURE 5 & 6).
The full cone spray nozzle creates a full, circular spray pattern. Full cones
typically produce coarser droplets and are offered in larger capacities than
hollow cone nozzles. These nozzles are typically used for directed spraying and
other specialty applications. Full cone nozzles may be offered in a single-piece
tip design or a two-piece disc and core design (FIGURE 7).

FIGURE 5:
Hollow Cone Spray Pattern

FIGURE 6:
Air Induction Hollow Cone
Spray Pattern

FIGURE 7:
Full Cone Spray Pattern

Streaming Nozzles
Solid stream or broadcast streaming nozzles are offered in a variety of
configurations and are commonly used for liquid fertilizer application. The
solid stream spray pattern reduces foliar coverage to minimize leaf burn while
projecting the liquid more directly to the soil surface where it can be absorbed by
the root system. More to come on these nozzles in the next section

Spray Tip Geometry

The charts to the right provide information on the theoretical spray coverage of
the included spray angle at various spray heights. These values are based on the
assumption that the spray angle remains the same throughout the entire spray
distance. In actual practice, this does not happen due to the effects of gravity
(FIGURE 8).

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

Always keep in mind that spray coverage will vary based on operating pressure,
spray height and nozzle spacing. Follow the manufacturers recommendations to
achieve uniform coverage.
Optimum spray heights can be found in the table on the next page (FIGURE 9).
These heights are based on laboratory testing and provide the overlap required
to obtain uniform distribution. In many cases, typical height adjustments are
based on 1:1 nozzle spacing to height ratio. For example, 110 flat spray nozzles
spaced 20/50 cm apart are commonly set 20/50 cm above the target.

Included Spray
Angle
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
73
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150

Included Spray
Angle

Theoretical Coverage at Various Spray Heights (in)

8" 10" 12" 15" 18" 24" 30" 36"
2.1
2.8
3.5
4.3
5.0
5.8
6.6
7.5
8.3
9.2
10.2
11.8
13.4
14.7
16.0
17.5
19.1
22.8
27.7
34.3
43.8
59.6

2.6
3.5
4.4
5.4
6.3
7.3
8.3
9.3
10.3
11.5
12.7
14.8
16.8
18.3
20.0
21.8
23.8
28.5
34.6
42.9
54.8
74.5

20 cm

30 cm

3.2
4.2
5.3
6.4
7.6
8.7
9.9
11.2
12.5
13.8
15.3
17.8
20.2
22.0
24.0
26.2
28.6
34.3
41.6
51.5
65.7
89.5

3.9
5.3
6.6
8.1
9.5
10.9
12.4
14.0
15.6
17.3
19.2
22.0
25.2
27.5
30.0
32.8
35.8
42.8
52.0
64.4
82.2

4.7
6.4
8.0
9.7
11.3
13.1
14.9
16.8
18.7
20.6
22.9
27.0
30.3
33.0
36.0
40.3
43.0
51.4
62.4
77.3
98.6

6.3
8.5
10.6
12.8
15.5
17.5
19.9
22.4
25.0
27.7
30.5
36.0
40.3
44.0
48.0
52.4
57.2
68.5
83.2
103

7.9
10.6
13.3
16.1
18.9
21.8
24.8
28.0
31.2
34.6
38.2
44.0
50.4
55.4
60.0
65.5
71.6
85.6
104

9.5
12.7
15.9
19.3
22.7
26.2
29.8
33.6
37.5
41.6
45.8
53.0
60.4
66.4
72.0
78.6
85.9
103

80 cm

90 cm

Disc Core

Theoretical Coverage at Various Spray Heights (cm)

40 cm

50 cm

60 cm

70 cm

15 5.3 7.9 10.5 13.2 15.8 18.4 21.1 23.7

20 7.1 10.6 14.1 17.6 21.2 24.7 28.2 31.7
25 8.9 13.3 17.7 22.2 26.6 31.0 35.5 39.9
30 10.7 16.1 21.4 26.8 32.2 37.5 42.9 48.2
35 12.6 18.9 25.2 31.5 37.8 44.1 50.5 56.8
40 14.6 21.8 29.1 36.4 43.7 51.0 58.2 65.5
45 16.6 24.9 33.1 41.4 49.7 58.0 66.3 74.6
50 18.7 28.0 37.3 46.6 56.0 65.3 74.6 83.9
55 20.8 31.2 41.7 52.1 62.5 72.9 83.3 93.7
60 23.1 34.6 46.2 57.7 69.3 80.8 92.4
104
65 25.5 38.2 51.0 63.7 76.5 89.2
102 115
73 29.6 44.4 59.2 74.0 88.8 104 118 133
80 33.6 50.4 67.1 83.9
101 118 134 151
85 36.7 55.0 73.3 91.6
110 128 147 165
90 40.0 60.0 80.0
100 120 140 160 180
95 43.7 65.5 87.3
109 131 153 175 196
100 47.7 71.5 95.3
119 143 167 191 215
110 57.1 85.7
114 143 171 200 229 257
120 69.3
104.0
139 173 208 243
130 85.8 129 172 215 257
140 110 165 220 275
150 149 224 299

FIGURE 8:
Theoretical Coverage

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

The most commonly used spray angle for various nozzle types are listed below.
Tapered flat fan nozzles are most often available with 80 or 110 spray angles
E
 ven flat fan nozzles are commonly available with 40, 65, 80, or 95
spray angles
Flooding (wide angle) nozzles typically produce a 120 spray angle
Hollow cone nozzles are commonly available with 65 or 80 spray angles
The trend in broadcast flat fan spray tip design is toward wider spray
angles. This is why you will see most new generation tips offered in 110
or wider spray angles only. The advantages of wider spray angles include
increased overlap for better spray distribution and the ability to run booms
closer to the target surface to reduce drift potential.

Spray Pressure
Nozzle flow rate varies with spraying pressure. In general, the relationship
between flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per minute (l/min) and
pressure in PSI or bar is shown at the right (FIGURE 10).

Key facts about pressure:

Increasing the pressure by four times doubles the flow rate
Higher pressure decreases droplet size and increases drift potential
Higher pressure increases orifice wear
P
 ressure impacts the spray angle and coverage; operate your spray
nozzles within the proper pressure range
P
 erformance data is typically provided in spray nozzle catalogs for
spraying water. Liquids more dense, or heavier, than water, like 28%
liquid nitrogen, form smaller spray angles. Liquids less dense, or
lighter, than water form wider spray angles.

10

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

(in)
20"

30"

40"

30"

NR*

NR*

110

20

30"

NR*

120o

24"

30"

39"

80

(cm)
50 cm

75 cm

100 cm

80

75cm

NR*

NR*

110

50cm

75cm

NR*

120o

60cm

75cm

100cm

FIGURE 9:
Optimum spray heights
*Not recommended

GPM1
GPM2
l/min1
l/min2

PSI1
PSI2
bar1
bar2

FIGURE 10:
Relationship between flow rate (GPM or l/min) and pressure (PSI or bar)

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

11

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

Droplet Size Basics

A nozzles spray pattern is made up of many droplets of varying sizes. Droplet
size is the diameter of an individual spray droplet and measured in microns
(micrometers) often notated with the symbol . One micron equals 0.001 mm
(0.0000394); there are 25,400 microns in one inch. For example, the diameter
of a human hair is about 100 microns.
Most nozzles have a wide array of droplet sizes. These droplet sizes
are commonly summarized by statistical analysis based on testing from
sophisticated droplet size measuring equipment such as laser and imaging
systems. Droplets are then classified as shown to the right (Figure 11). These
classification categories enable comparisons to be made between nozzles.
The most reliable droplet size data will conform to the British Crop Protection
Council (BCPC) standard in accordance with the American Society of
Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) standard S572.1. This standard
provides strict conditions for spray droplet measurement and is preferred
because it uses reference nozzle sets to normalize data. This eliminates
interpretation differences when comparing statistical data among different
types of laser measuring equipment (Figure 12). Generally speaking, without
these classification categories, you can never accurately compare droplet size
numbers between nozzles or nozzle types.

Droplet size is a key factor in nozzle selection:

W
 hen coverage is critical, such as in post-emergence contact
applications, nozzles with finer droplets are used because of the
excellent coverage on leaf surfaces.
N
 ozzles producing mid-range droplets are most commonly used
for application of contact and systemic herbicides, insecticides and
fungicides.
N
 ozzles producing coarser droplets are typically used for systemic
herbicides and pre-emergence soil applied herbicides while
minimizing drift.
Remember, droplet size can vary based on pressure. The same nozzle can
produce medium droplets at low pressures and fine droplets at higher pressures.

12

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

XF

VF

Extremely
Fine

Very
Fine

Fine

Medium

VC

XC

UC

Coarse

Very
Coarse

Extremely
Coarse

Ultra
Coarse

FIGURE 11:
Droplet Size Classification

Laser Analyzer

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

13

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

Defining Spray Drift

Spray drift is defined as the movement and deposition of spray particles through
the air to non-target locations. The two forms of spray drift are: particle drift
which results from droplets physically moving to non-target locations via air
currents; and vapor drift which results from the evaporation of and later redeposition of spray particles in non-target areas. Droplets most prone to drift
are those less than 150 microns in diameter.

Factors that determine drift:

Wind velocity and direction has the greatest impact on spray drift.
T
 he greater the distance between the spray tip and the target area,
the greater impact wind velocity can have on drift.

A temperature inversion layer, a situation where the air temperature

is cooler near the earths surface than in the air immediately above it,
can lead to increased lateral movement of spray particles leading to
spray drift.

Increased operating speeds can cause the wind to be diverted back

into upward wind currents and vortices behind the sprayer that trap
small droplets and can contribute to drift.
W
 hen temperatures are over 77F (25C) with low relative humidity, small
droplets are more prone to drift because of the effects of evaporation.
L ow application rates usually requires the use of small nozzle sizes,
increasing the risk of drift.
T
 he smaller the nozzle size and the greater the spray pressure, the
smaller the droplet size and the greater proportion of driftable droplets.
Various agencies conduct rigorous distribution and drift testing. When
evaluating drift data, always inquire about the source of the data. The best data
will come from independent testing agencies, such as Food and Environment
Research Agency (FERA) in the United Kingdom, the Julius Khn Institute
(JKI) in Germany and the Centre for Pesticide Application and Safety (CPAS)
in Australia.

14

Certain agencies also conduct assessment testing on spray application

systems. Some of these agencies have rating systems and accreditation
programs. Ask to see these such ratings when evaluating drift potential. The
most popular rating system is the Local Environment Risk Assessment for
Pesticides (LERAP).

Spray Nozzle Fundamentals

For more information, please contact:

ASABE (http://www.asabe.org)
FERA (http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk)
JKI (http://www.jki.bund.de/en)
Pesticides Safety Directorate (PSD) (http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/)
CPAS (http://www.uq.edu.au/agriculture)
LERAP (http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/guidance/industries/pesticides/
topics/usingpesticides/spray-drift/leraps)

Helpful Drift Control Tips:

R
 educe operating pressure to increase droplet size. Flow rate will
be reduced so it may be necessary to go to a larger nozzle size to
stay within the labeled application rate.
U
 se nozzles that produce larger droplets such as drift reducing
nozzles or nozzles of larger capacity.
L ower boom height to reduce drift but maintain proper overlap for
spray coverage.
Pay close attention to weather conditions throughout the day and
adjust your application methods accordingly.

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

15

SECTION THREE
KNOW

YOUR

NOZZLE

TYPES

Venturi Air Induction Nozzles

Air induction (AI) nozzles feature two orifices. The first orifice, known as the
pre-orifice, meters the liquid flow. The second orifice, known as the exit orifice, is
larger than the pre-orifice and forms the spray pattern. A venturi or air aspirator
sits between the two orifices. This air venturi draws air into the body of the
nozzle where it is mixed with water. This mixing creates an air-entrained spray
pattern at a lower pressure. The spray pattern is comprised of large, air-filled,
coarse droplets with very few drift-susceptible droplets.

Using AI nozzles:
Ideal for drift reduction while maintaining good coverage; when used
with the proper chemicals/additives, air bubbles are formed in the droplet
causing the droplets to shatter on impact, providing improved coverage.
B
 e sure to use the proper operating pressures to achieve the proper
droplet size. Some AI nozzles require an operating pressure of
30 to 100 PSI (2 to 7 bar) to maximize performance. Many newer AI
nozzles have been designed to operate effectively at pressures as low
as 15 PSI (1 bar).
Most AI nozzles produce a wide angle flat fan or twin flat fan pattern.
AI
 nozzles are typically used for broadcast spraying of post-emergence
systemic herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. In banded and
directed spraying, AI nozzles provide excellent performance in
application of pre-emergence herbicides, post-emergence systemic
herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.
A
 symmetric twin spray nozzles are a more recent development that
features one spray pattern projected downward for canopy penetration
and one pattern projected horizontally for coverage at the top of the
crop canopy/seed head. These nozzles have proven to be particularly
effective for fungicide application and disease control in small grains.
16

 C
 arry a few spares. Even though cleaning these nozzles shouldnt
require tools, in-field cleaning isnt recommended because of the
number of small pieces. If in-field cleaning is necessary, keep a small
can of compressed air on board the sprayer.

Twin Spray Venturi

Air Induction Nozzle

Asymmetric Twin Spray

Venturi Air Induction Nozzle

Venturi Air Induction Nozzle

Venturi Air Induction Nozzle

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

17

Know Your Nozzle Types

Extended Range Flat Fan Nozzles

Extended range flat fan nozzles provide excellent spray distribution over a range
of pressures. When operated at lower pressures drift can be reduced while at
higher pressures coverage can be improved.

Using extended range flat fan nozzles:

C
 ommonly used for contact products (herbicides, insecticides &
fungicides) where thorough leaf coverage is needed for effective control.
L ower pressures and higher flow rates will produce droplets more
resistant to drift. Pressures above 30 to 40 PSI (2 to 3 bar) produce
finer droplets more prone to drift.
N
 ozzles should be placed so patterns overlap a minimum of 30%
on each spray pattern edge.

Extended Range Flat Fan Nozzle

18

Know Your Nozzle Types

Pre-Orifice Flat Fan Nozzles

Pre-orifice flat fan nozzles reduce the operating pressure internally and produce
a larger droplet than conventional flat fan nozzles. The nozzles pre-orifice
restricts the amount of liquid entering the nozzle and creates a pressure drop
through the tip. Fewer droplets prone to drift are produced creating excellent
spray pattern uniformity. Pre-orifice nozzles are available in flat fan and plugresistant flooding versions.

Using pre-orifice nozzles:

F
 lat fan versions operate at pressures from 15 to 90 PSI (1 to 6 bar),
require a minimum of 30% overlap on the edge of each spray pattern
and should be mounted so the preset spray angle is directed away
from the direction of travel.
F
 lat fan versions are widely used for the application of
post-emergence products.
C
 ompared to extended range flat fan nozzles, drift can be reduced
by as much as 50%.
C
 arry a few spares. The pre-orifice is more difficult to clean than
conventional nozzles and not practical for in-field cleaning. If in-field
cleaning is necessary, keep a small can of compressed air on board
the sprayer.

Pre-Orifice Flat Fan Nozzle

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

19

Know Your Nozzle Types

Flooding Type Nozzles

Flooding type nozzles produce a wide angle flat fan pattern. Pressure changes
affect the width of the spray pattern more than with extended range flat fan nozzles.

Using flooding type nozzles:

B
 est distribution is achieved with nozzles mounted for 100% (or double)
overlap, meaning the edge of one spray pattern extends to the center
of the adjacent nozzle, at the lowest possible operating pressure.
N
 ozzles can be mounted to spray in any direction but the mounting
position will impact the distribution. If spraying downward, rotating the
nozzles 30 to 45 up from horizontal will help uniformity at operating
pressures in the 10 to 30 PSI (0.7 to 2 bar) range.
A
 t low pressures, flooding type nozzles produce large droplets; at high
pressures, smaller droplets are produced even smaller than flat fan
nozzles with an equivalent flow rate.
C
 ompared to extended range flat fan nozzles, drift can be reduced by
as much as 50%.
P
 re-orifice style flooding versions operate at pressures from
10 to 40 PSI (0.7 to 2.8 bar), require a minimum of 30% overlap on
the edge of each spray pattern and can be mounted in a variety of
positions for spraying in any direction.
F
 looding versions are well-suited for soil applications especially when
applying a mix of fertilizers and herbicides.

Flooding Type Nozzle

20

Know Your Nozzle Types

Nozzles for Specialty Applications

There are many variations to the basic nozzle types and many other specialty
nozzles available as well. Your choice will, of course, depend on your
application requirements.
V
 ariation of standard nozzles includes, wide angle and extra wide
angle sprays, double-outlet flat spray and even flat spray.
B
 oomless nozzles are designed for spraying areas not easily accessed
with a boom sprayer. Flat spray and extra wide flat spray patterns are
typically used to provide a wide swath.
H
 ollow cone nozzles are available in disc and core types for spraying
pesticides at higher pressures and flow rates. Standard hollow cone
nozzles produce a finely atomized spray and are commonly used
for spraying post-emergence contact herbicides, fungicides and
insecticides. Wide angle versions are also available.
F
 ull cone nozzles provide a coarse spray pattern and are available in
standard and wide angle spray patterns. These nozzles can be used in
broadcast spraying and in some banded applications.

Boomless Type Nozzle

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

21

Know Your Nozzle Types

Fertilizer Nozzles
Solid stream nozzles are offered in a variety of sizes offering anywhere from
1 to 7 or more individual streams. By utilizing individual liquid streams instead
of a fan spray, liquid fertilizer can be applied more directly to the soil surface
where it is needed. This minimizes foliar coverage in standing crop reducing
the chances of leaf burn and makes the likelihood spray drift extremely low.
Fertilizer streaming tips are not recommended for pesticide application.

Using fertilizer nozzles:

S
 treaming nozzles typically utilize a removable pre-orifice to meter the
flow. The ability to remove this pre-orifice for cleaning is a good feature.
W
 hen selecting a liquid fertilizer tip, always remember to apply the
liquid density correction factor when calculating your application rate
and selecting the tip size/operating pressure (see Section Four for
more details).
S
 ingle stream tips are often used in conjunction with a coulter or knife
which creates a trench in the soil surface and allows the liquid fertilizer
to penetrate into the root zone where it is most accessible to the plant.
3 -stream (or similar) tips produce a narrower coverage area and
project liquid more directly to the soil surface. These are more
commonly used in directed spray applications. The fewer streams
and narrower spray pattern generally require a lower, more consistent
boom height and may be more suitable for lower-speed applications
common with pull-type machines.
7 -stream (or similar) tips produce a wider coverage area making them
ideal for broadcast application in both standing crop and bare soil.
Due to the greater number of streams and wider spray pattern these
tips are most ideal for higher boom heights as well as higher ground
speeds commonly encountered with self-propelled machines.

22

Know Your Nozzle Types

D
 ue to the more 3-dimensional nature of some streaming nozzles, be sure
to verify that the spray pattern formed by the tip is compatible with your
spray boom. Some manufacturers offer simple adapters that can be utilized
to adjust the orientation/position of the tip for optimum performance.

Fertilizer Nozzle Spray Patterns

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

23

SECTION FOUR
SELEC TING THE RIGHT SPR AY NOZZLE

To find the right spray nozzle,

ask yourself these questions:
1. What are you spraying?
2. How are you spraying?
3. What is your tolerance to drift?
4. What is the weight of the spray solution?
5. What is the pressure range of the sprayer?
6. What is the nozzle spacing on the boom?
7. What is the boom height?
8. Which nozzle material is best?
9. Who is the nozzle manufacturer and why does it matter?

24

There is a reason why there are dozens of different nozzle

types available in hundreds of different sizes, capacities and materials. Each
nozzle is designed to yield very specific performance based on what youre
spraying, when youre spraying and how youre spraying.

It may be tempting to overlook the role spray nozzles can have in the overall
success of your spraying season simply because they are a small, relatively lowcost component. However, a poor choice in spray nozzles or the use of underperforming nozzles, can lead to re-spraying or reduced performance two
problems no user should face.
Giving serious consideration to your spraying objectives and studying your options
shouldnt be shortchanged. Its a small time investment that will help maximize
your success. Start by reviewing your spraying requirements and be prepared to
have multiple nozzle sets on hand to meet your varying needs.

1. What are you spraying?

Herbicides, fungicides or insecticides for soil incorporated, pre-emergence
or post-emergence? If post-emergence, contact or systemic? Is it a wettable
powder, emulsifiable concentrate or flowable? Will two or more chemicals be
used in combination?

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

25

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

2. How are you spraying?

Broadcast?
Banded?
Directed?
Mechanical air assisted?
The answers to these basic questions will get you started. Consult the charts at
the end of Section Four for recommended nozzle types. Another good source
of information on nozzle type is the pesticide label. In addition to information
on recommended nozzle types, many chemical labels include information on
gallons per acre (GPA) or liters per hectare (l/ha), nozzle spacing and droplet
size recommendations.

3. What is your tolerance to drift?

If you answer yes to any of the following questions, you may want to consider
low drift nozzles.
Will you be applying near any residential areas?
Do you spray in an area with different, adjacent crops or ornamentals?
D
 o the adjacent crops have different herbicide tolerant genetics and/or
will spray drift result in crop damage?
A
 re you concerned about the impact your spraying may have on
the environment?
Have you had a drift complaint in the past?
26

Do time constraints require you to spray under less than ideal conditions?

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Selection of a nozzle
that reduces drift potential
requires an understanding
of droplet size.

The correlation between droplet size and drift

All nozzles produce a range of droplet sizes within the given spray pattern. To
measure the range of droplets produced by a nozzle, three measurements are
generally used.
D
 V0.1 is a value where 10% of the total volume of liquid sprayed is
made up of droplets with diameters smaller or equal to this value. For
example, if the DV0.1 is listed as 100 microns, this means that only 10%
of the volume of the spray is contained in droplets smaller than 100
(microns). The other 90% of the volume of the spray is contained in
droplets larger than 100 .
D
 V0.5 also known as VMD, is a value where 50% of the total volume of
liquid sprayed is made up of droplets with diameters larger than the
median value and 50% smaller than the median value. For example, if
the VMD is listed as 250 , this means that 50% of the volume of the
spray is in droplets both larger and smaller than 250 .
DV0.9 is a value where 90% of the total volume of liquid sprayed is
made up of droplets with diameters smaller or equal to this value. For
example, if the DV0.9 is listed as 500 , this means that 90% of the
volume of the spray is contained in droplets 500 or smaller. Only
10% of the volume is contained in droplets larger than 500 .
Be sure to verify which standards are being used when reviewing droplet
size classification data. BCPC (formerly know as British Crop Protection
Council) specifications and ASABE standard S572.1 are the leading
standards for compliance.
A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

27

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Droplet size classification information is provided by nozzle manufacturers

for products at varying pressures. Chemical labels also use this classification
system to indicate proper product usage and ensure efficacy.

Drift studies
Drift has become a topic of great interest in recent years and many studies
have been conducted to document drift potential of different types of nozzles at
varying operating pressures. However, drift studies can be difficult and costly to
conduct and there are several different methodologies in use. The methodology
influences the results so it is very important to understand these differences
if you are comparing drift data from different manufacturers or studies from
different research groups. Direct comparisons should not be made between:
Field studies They are costly and difficult to conduct, but the
data from these studies is considered the most reliable since actual
spraying conditions are tested.
Lab studies They use various collection devices and dye
concentrations. This technique uses various sophisticated
collection devices in a lab setting that replicates field spraying as
precisely as possible.
W
 ind tunnel testing Uses water sensitive paper to collect and
observe drift. The use of wind tunnels and water sensitive paper is the
least accurate and clear guidelines for accuracy and repeatability do
not exist.
When evaluating drift data, it is important to read the entire test report. Some
companies can selectively extract information to make their spray nozzles look
better and/or make invalid comparisons across various nozzle types.

Wind Tunnel
for Drift Studies

28

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Key drift concepts

If youve determined that drift is a concern, keep these concepts in mind:
W
 eather conditions, sprayer set-up and nozzle choice are the most
important influences on drift.
R
 educe the proportion of small droplets in the spray. This can be
achieved by using spray nozzles that produce coarse droplets at the
intended operating pressure.
P
 rotect the spray from wind by adjusting boom height and shrouding.
Lower boom heights are usually recommended to reduce drift.
Shrouds, cones and other protective shields can also reduce drift but
can be costly and may not fit all sprayers.
D
 ilute the spray solution if the chemical label allows it. Use of higher
carrier volumes reduces drift by necessitating the use of larger nozzles
to apply the higher volumes, which results in a less drift-prone spray.
Plus, the spray solution is more dilute at the higher volume so the drift
will contain less active ingredient and have less potential for damage.
S
 elect the appropriate nozzle for your travel speed. Higher travel
speeds typically require the use of larger flow rate nozzles that
generate coarser sprays and reduce drift potential.
C
 onsider the active ingredients in your herbicides and insecticides and
adjust accordingly to minimize vapor and spray drift.
L arger droplets do reduce drift potential. However, larger droplets can
negatively impact product effectiveness. Insecticides, fungicides and
contact herbicides with little or no systemic activity usually require
small droplets to ensure thorough coverage. Systemic materials that
move within plants can use larger droplets.

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

29

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

General guidelines:
F
 ine, Medium & Coarse Droplets Use for post-emergence contact
applications that require excellent coverage on leaf surfaces including
herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.
C
 oarse & Very Coarse Droplets Use for contact and systemic
herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.
V
 ery Coarse, Extremely Coarse & Ultra Coarse Droplets Use for
systemic herbicides, pre-emergence surface applied herbicides and
when working in highly sensitive areas.
D
 roplet size will vary based on pressure. In general, the smaller the
nozzle size and the greater the spray pressure, the smaller the droplets
and the greater proportion of driftable droplets.
A larger capacity nozzle will produce more coarse droplets.
S
 pray for the situation at hand. Crop conditions, pest conditions, and
weather conditions can dramatically impact the performance of the
applied product.
ALWAYS consult the chemical label for the manufacturers application
and droplet size recommendations before applying.

4. What is the weight of the spray solution?

Tabulations in spray nozzle catalogs are based on spraying water that weighs
8.34 pounds per U.S. gallon or 1 kilogram per liter. Use conversion factors
(FIGURE 12) when using solutions heavier or lighter than water. Multiply the
desired GPM or GPA (l/min or l/ha) of solution by the water rate conversion
factor. (FIGURE 13) Then use the converted GPM or GPA (l/min or l/ha) to
select the proper size nozzle.

30

GPA (solution)
Conversion Factor
GPA (water)
l/ha (solution)
Conversion Factor
l/ha (water)

FIGURE 12:
Density conversion formulas

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Pounds
per Gallon

Kilograms
per Liter

Conversion
Factor

7.0 lb/gal

0.84 kg/l

0.92

8.0 lb/gal

0.96 kg/l

0.98

8.34 lb/gal

1.00 kg/l
(water)

1.00

9.0 lb/gal

1.08 kg/l

1.04

10.0 lb/gal

1.20 kg/l

1.10

10.65 lb/gal

1.28 kg/l
(28% Nitrogen)

1.13

11.0 lb/gal

1.32 kg/l

1.15

12.0 lb/gal

1.44 kg/l

1.20

14.0 lb/gal

1.68 kg/l

1.30

FIGURE 13:
Density conversion tables

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

31

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

5. What is the pressure range of the sprayer?

Always operate any nozzle in the middle of its recommended operating range
for best performance. Sizing nozzles in the middle of the sprayer pressure
range offers more flexibility for adjustments in speed or changes in the terrain,
especially when using an automatic rate controller. Reducing spray pressures
below the rated minimum will result in poor spray patterns.

6. What is the nozzle spacing on the boom?

The nozzle size you need depends on many factors including the desired
application rate, ground speed and nozzle spacing. For each nozzle type and
spray angle, the manufacturer recommends proper spray heights and nozzle
spacing. Nozzle spacing of 20" (50 cm) and 30" (75 cm) are most common. This
information may also be available on the chemical label.

7. What is the boom height?

Lower boom heights are usually better as long as proper overlap of spray
nozzles is achieved. In general, nozzles with 110 fan angles can be used at
lower boom heights than 80 fan angles. Lower boom heights reduce drift and
improve coverage. Higher boom heights increase nozzle overlap and can help
maintain good pattern uniformity for low drift nozzles.

8. Which nozzle material is best?

To determine the best material for your application, you need to know what
chemicals you will be spraying and what you perceive to be an acceptable wear
life (spray hours) for your nozzles. It may be advantageous to choose nozzles
in wear-resistant materials. The initial cost may be higher, but the longer life will
offset the cost in the long run. Also, depending on your application requirements,
you may need different types of spray nozzles in different materials.
Note: D
 o not mix nozzle types or materials on a boom. Always equip a boom
with identical nozzles.

32

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Material selection guidelines:

W
 ear-resistant materials such as ceramic maintain a constant flow rate
over a longer period of use.
B
 rass materials wear quickly. A brass nozzle may have an increase in
flow of 10-15% after 50 hours of use, depending on what product is
being sprayed.
P
 lastic material with stainless steel or ceramic inserts cost less than
solid stainless steel and will last longer than brass.
P
 lastic can, in some cases, be more fragile than other materials
and can be damaged more easily. However, with advancements in
manufacturing technique and with proper care, the life expectancy of
plastic nozzles can be quite good. In fact, with some nozzle designs,
plastic nozzles can wear as long as, if not longer than, stainless steel.
Stainless steel will last longer than brass.
Ceramic will last the longest.

Comparing wear life of nozzle materials:

Plastic two to three times longer than brass, four to six times longer
than brass with some plastic nozzle designs.
Stainless steel four to six times longer than brass.
Ceramic 20 to 50 times longer than brass.

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

33

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

9. Who is the nozzle manufacturer

and why does it matter?
Once again, because spray nozzles are so small, it may be easy to think of them
as simple components. However, spray nozzles are highly engineered, precision
components and consideration should be given to the manufacturer and the
manufacturers capabilities. Heres a list of credentials to look for:
Focus on agricultural and turf spray technology Is the manufacturer
focused on spray nozzles and related equipment? Is spray nozzle manufacturing
a core competency or just a supplemental offering? Manufacturers committed
to the industry will invest more in research and development, quality control and
support than those producing spray nozzles as an auxiliary or secondary item.
Experience, expertise and a willingness to share The manufacturer should
have a proven track record in the industry preferably spanning decades. The
company should also demonstrate its understanding of the technology and
changing trends by introducing new products on a regular basis.
Does the company share its knowledge and invest in making you a savvy
customer? Catalogs, technical publications, and company web sites should
do more than sell you products they should help you improve quality and
efficiency in application of your crop protection products.

34

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Size How many spray nozzles does the manufacturer produce annually? How
much manufacturing space is dedicated to spray nozzle production? These are
often good indicators of quality. Manufacturers producing low quality nozzles
wont have the same level of demand as those producing superior products.
Commitment Is the manufacturer actively involved in the international spray
community? Does it participate in conferences and technical committees? Does
it conduct research and share the findings with the industry to advance spray
technology? All of these items indicate a long-term commitment to the industry
and the environment both of which provide value to you.

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

35

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Herbicides
Soil Incorporated

Pre-Emergence

Extended Range Flat

Spray

Systemic

Excellent

Good

Wide Angle Pre-orifice

Flat Spray

Good

Good

Very Good

Very Good

Air Induction Flat Spray

Very Good

Very Good

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Low Pressure
Air Induction Flat Spray

Pre-orifice Twin Flat Spray

Air Induction
Twin Flat Spray

Wide Angle Pre-orifice

Flood Spray

Extended Range
Flat Spray

Excellent

Excellent

Twin Flat Spray

36

Post-Emergence
Contact

Good

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Very Good

Very Good

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Wide Angle Pre-orifice

Flat Spray

Air Induction
Flat Spray

Very Good

Low Pressure Air

Induction Flat Spray

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Fungicides

Insecticides
Drift Management

Contact

Systemic

Contact

Systemic

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Good

Very Good

Very Good

Very Good

Very Good

Very Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Very Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Very Good

Very Good

Very Good

Twin Flat Spray

Pre-orifice Twin Flat

Spray

Air Induction Twin

Flat Spray

Wide Angle Pre-orifice

Flood Spray

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

37

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Herbicides
Pre-Emergence

Banding

Even Air Induction

Flat Spray

Even Flat Spray

Directed Spraying

Twin Even Flat

Spray

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Very Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Even Flat Spray

Good

Good

Twin Flat Spray

Very Good

Air Induction Flat

Spray

Air Induction
Hollow Cone
Mechanical
Air Assisted

Systemic

Even Air Induction

Flat Spray

Hollow Cone Spray

38

Post-Emergence
Contact

Hollow Cone Spray

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Selecting The Right Spray Nozzle

Fungicides

Insecticides

Contact

Systemic

Contact

Systemic

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Very Good

Good

Very Good

Good

Even Flat Spray

Even Air Induction

Flat Spray

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Good

Good

Good

Very Good

Good

Very Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Twin Even Flat Spray

Excellent

Excellent

Hollow Cone Spray

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Air Induction
Hollow Cone Spray

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

39

SECTION
C O N S U LT

T H E

FIVE
E X P E R T S

This booklet is filled with

a tremendous amount of
actionable information. Its goal is to educate you and guide you through the spray
nozzle selection process so you make the best decision possible. However, the
process is complex because there are so many variables. It is recommended you
consult with spray nozzle experts for assistance during the selection process to
validate your decision.

Local resources
University and county extensions are always willing to help. Tap into their
personnel and request recent publications on spraying equipment. These
agencies have no manufacturer bias.

Third-party research
Broaden the scope of your knowledge. There are several respected
researchers in the field that publish technical data on a regular basis.
Ask your local university extension for additional information or consider
researching on the Internet. http://www.asabe.org has a variety of helpful
articles available.

40

Government sources
State agricultural departments as well national and international departments
shouldnt be overlooked. Below is a list of a few of the many additional
institutions who all have information to share.
The Spray Drift Task Force (http://www.agdrift.com/)
The Environmental Protection Agency (http://www.epa.gov/)
The United States Department of Agriculture (http://www.usda.gov/)

Chemical and spray nozzle manufacturers

These companies can be a good source of information. However, it is
important to remember their goal is to have you purchase their products, so
watch for bias. Several companies do invest in customer education for the
betterment of the industry, but carefully scrutinize manufacturer-sponsored
research. Manufacturers typically dont publish research unless it presents
their products in a positive fashion.

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

41

S E C T I O N S I X
MAKING MAINTENANCE A PRIORITY

Crop protection products can only be effective

if applied properly. That means selecting the proper spray nozzle and then
ensuring optimal performance. Sounds simple enough, right? But in reality,
ensuring proper spray nozzle performance can be challenging. Heres why.
Spray nozzles dont last forever. Yet it is extremely difficult to detect wear
because it may not be visible. Spray nozzle wear of 10, 20 or even 30% wont be
visible. Special optical equipment would be required to actually see changes in
the orifice size. So rather than relying on visual inspection, you should compare
the flow rate from a used nozzle with the flow rate from a new nozzle of the same
size and type.
C
 heck the flow rate by using a graduated collection container, a timing
device and a pressure gauge mounted at the nozzle.
C
 ompare flow rates. If the flow from the used nozzle is 10% greater
or more, replace it.
A
 10% over application of chemical on a twice-sprayed
1000 acre (247 ha) farm could represent a loss of $2,000 to
$10,000 (USD) based on current chemical costs. This number
doesnt take into account fuel, machinery wear and tear, time/labor
or crop damage.

42

FIGURE 14:
An inside look at nozzle orifice wear and damage.
New nozzle (top), worn nozzle (middle) and damaged nozzle (bottom).

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

43

Making Maintenance a Priority

If you feel your spray nozzles are wearing quickly, consider upgrading
to longer wearing materials.
P
 rior to replacing spray nozzles due to wear, it is critical to keep them
in good working order. Variations in spray distribution, droplet size or
flow rate can reduce the effectiveness of the application.
It is important to clean clogged spray nozzles properly. Use a softbristled brush or compressed air for cleaning. Do not use metal objects
under any circumstances.
Use extreme care with softer tip materials such as plastic.
B
 e sure to use adequate filtration and properly sized strainers
to minimize clogging.

The coefficient of variation

is a statistical method used
throughout the world for
determining spray uniformity of
nozzles across a spray boom.
NEW SPRAY TIPS
Produce a uniform distribution
when properly overlapped.

44

Making Maintenance a Priority

What is Cv? Coefficient of Variation is what it stands for. The Cv is a statistical

method used throughout the world for determining spray uniformity of nozzles
across a spray boom. The lower the Cv value, the better the distribution quality.
For extremely uniform distributions the Cv can be less than or equal to 7%. In
some countries, nozzles must conform to very strict Cv specifications, while
other countries require annual sprayer distribution testing. These stipulations
emphasize the importance of distribution quality and its impact on chemical
effectiveness. See the chart below for more information.

WORN SPRAY TIPS

have a higher output with more
spray concentrated under each tip.

DAMAGED SPRAY TIPS

Have a very erratic output
overapplying and underapplying.

FIGURE 15:
The Coefficient of Variation

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

45

SECTION SEVEN
S P R A Y E R
C A L I B R A T I O N
ENSURES OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE

You may think youre ready to spray,

but you
need to calibrate your sprayer. The time investment is well worth it as it can help
you avoid a re-spray.

Start by measuring your travel speed

While GPS speed sensors have become increasingly popular and are very
reliable, many machines are still equipped with traditional speed sensors
that may need calibration. To check your tractor/sprayer speed see how
long it takes you to travel down a 100 ft (30.5 m) or 200 ft (61 m) strip,
FIGURE 16 gives some commonly used speeds.
D
 o your test in the area to be sprayed or an area with a similar
surface and select the engine throttle setting and gear that will be
used when spraying.
Fence posts or other permanent devices can be used as markers.
T
 he starting point should be far enough away to permit your tractor or
sprayer to reach the desired spraying speed.
Hold that travel speed between markers.
Most accurate results will be achieved with the spray tank half full.
Calculate your real speed (FIGURE 17).

46

Speed
MPH
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0

Time Required in SECONDS

to Travel a Distance of:

100 ft

200 ft

300 ft

68
45
34
27
23
19
17
15
14

136
91
68
55
45
39
34
30
27
25
23
21
19
18
17
16
15

205
136
102
82
68
58
51
45
41
37
34
31
29
27
26
24
23

Time Required in SECONDS

to Travel a Distance of:

Speed
km/h
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
40

30 m

60 m

90 m

22
18
15
14

43
36
31
27
24
22
20
18
17
15
14

65
54
46
41
36
32
29
27
25
23
20
18
16
13

120 m
86
72
62
54
48
43
39
36
33
31
27
24
22
17
14
12
11

FIGURE 16:
Speeds

Speed (MPH) =

Speed (km/h) =

Distance (ft) x 60
Time (s) x 88
Distance (m) x 3.6
Time (s)
FIGURE 17:
Calculate Speeds

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

47

Sprayer Calibration Ensures Optimal Performance

Travel speed tips

In general, slower speeds are better and produce more consistent results.
Faster speeds reduce canopy penetration, increase dust and may cause drift
problems. In addition, faster speeds may require larger nozzles that produce
a coarser droplet which may reduce target coverage. Furthermore, they may
result in vertical and horizontal boom movement which can negatively impact
overall coverage.

Record the following information

Nozzle type on your sprayer all nozzles must be identical
Recommended application volume
Measured sprayer speed
Nozzle spacing

Calculate the required nozzle output

See the chemical label to ensure you apply the right volume. Then, use the
travel speed of your sprayer to calculate nozzle flow rate (FIGURE 18).

Set the correct pressure

Turn your sprayer on and check for leaks.
Clean nozzles and strainers as needed.
R
 eplace one nozzle and strainer with an identical new nozzle
and strainer.
Use conversion factors (Section Four) to determine the target flow rate
if the weight of the spraying solution is different than the weight of water.
D
 etermine the pressure required to deliver the nozzle flow rate
calculated earlier.
Turn sprayer on; adjust pressure.
C
 ollect and measure the volume of the spray from the new nozzle into
a collection container. Fine-tune pressure until you collect your desired
flow rate in GPM (l/min).

48

Sprayer Calibration Ensures Optimal Performance

GPA x MPH x W
GPM =

5,940

GPM = the nozzle flow rate in gallons per minute

GPA = application rate in gallons per acre
MPH = the ground speed in miles per hour
W = the nozzle spacing in inches for broadcast spraying

l/min =

l/ha x km/h x W
60,000

l/min = the nozzle flow rate in liters per minute

l/ha = application rate in liters per hectare
km/h = the ground speed in kilometers per hour
W = the nozzle spacing in centimeters for broadcast spraying
FIGURE 18:
Nozzle output formulas

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

49

Sprayer Calibration Ensures Optimal Performance

Check your system

Check the flow rate of a few nozzles on each boom section.
If the flow rate of any nozzle is 10% greater or less than the new
nozzle, recheck the output.
If only one nozzle is faulty, replace with a new nozzle (and strainer,
if necessary).
If a second nozzle is faulty, replace all nozzles on the entire boom.
Replacing only a couple of worn nozzles could cause distribution
problems.

Broadcast versus banding and directed applications

The instructions just presented are for calibrating a sprayer for a broadcast
application. For banding or directed applications, change the value of W in
the formula.
F
 or single nozzle banding or boomless applications:
W = sprayed band width or swath width in inches or centimeters.
F
 or multiple nozzle directed applications: W = row spacing in inches or
cm divided by the number of nozzles per row.
Use care when calculating for banding or directed applications. Make sure to read
the chemical label carefully and understand the rate that is specified. Rates can
be specified as Field Acres (Field Hectares) or Treated Acres (Treated Hectares),
see FIGURE 19.

50

Sprayer Calibration Ensures Optimal Performance

Field Acres or Hectares =

Total Acres (Hectares)
of area to be sprayed

Treated Acres or Hectares =

Field Acres x
(Hectares)

Band Width (in or cm)

Row Spacing (in or cm)

FIGURE 19:
Formulas for Broadcast or Banding

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

51

SECTION EIGHT
F U T U R E T R E N D S I N S P R AY I N G
AND NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY

New challenges lie ahead

in the world of spraying.

Thankfully, new advancements in spray technology are coming online to
make those challenges more manageable. Wed like to use this final chapter
to discuss these opportunities.

Herbicide Resistance and Next Generation Cropping Systems

The extensive use of a fixed set of herbicides (such as glyphosate)
and herbicide tolerant cropping systems has led to the emergence of
numerous herbicide resistant weeds. These weed escapes can have costly
consequences for your operation if not managed properly and aggressively.
According to www.weedscience.org there are now 220 weed species that have
developed herbicide resistance. This problem is not limited to a single weed,
a single herbicide, single crop or a single geographic region. While it may be
true that your particular operation has not yet been a victim of this growing
problem you should still be prepared to address this challenge. The global
seed and chemical industry is developing and launching the next generation
of herbicides and cropping systems to address this problem. With this broader
range of chemicals and herbicide resistant genetics comes the need for
improved spraying management and smarter spray nozzle selection. Products
such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba and others have different
modes of action and different potential for drift. This means that proper droplet
size management and proper tip selection will be more important in upcoming
years, perhaps more important than it has been in a generation. As a producer
or applicator you must make the best application decisions possible.
As a nozzle manufacturer we must provide you the tools and information
to make informed, effective decisions. Read on to learn more about these
exciting, new technologies.

52

Droplet Size Monitoring

Nozzle manufacturers, chemical manufacturers and third party research institutes
continue to invest heavily in the analysis of spray tip performance and droplet size
measurement. Up to now, print and web-based sources have provided growers
access to this critical droplet size information, while chemical labels continue to
provide more complete application recommendations. However the burden is still on
the applicator to ensure that their sprayer is delivering the proper droplet size during
the actual spray application. New generation sprayer controls and GPS guidance
systems are now incorporating real-time, in-cab droplet size reporting and recording
capabilities. As you investigate new technologies for your operation consider
selecting products with this valuable feature.

Category
Extremely Fine
Very Fine
Fine
Medium
Coarse
Very Coarse
Extremely Coarse
Ultra Coarse

Symbol

Color
Code

XF
VF
F
M
C
VC
XC
UC

FIGURE 20:
Droplet Size Categories

FIGURE 21:
Droplet Size Monitor

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

53

Future Trends in Spraying and Nozzle Technology

Tip Flow Monitoring

A spray nozzle is only as good as the product coming out of it, provided something
is indeed coming out of it at all. A familiar trend continues in the world of sprayersmachines are getting larger, are being operated at higher speeds, and run for
more hours per day. These factors can make it more difficult to detect problems
with your spray tips during operation. It also means a problematic spray tip can
cause more problems across more acres faster than ever. The technology is
available today to precisely measure the flow rate through every tip mounted on
the spray boom and provide instant feedback to the operator of a malfunction
caused by a plugged, damaged or missing spray tip. Monitoring systems like this
can greatly reduce the likelihood of localized under- or over-application which, in
addition to environmental concerns, can lead to yield loss, chemical waste and
reduced profitability. Consider what individual tip flow monitoring technology may
mean for your operation and for your peace of mind.

FIGURE 22:
Individual Tip Flow Meter

54

Future Trends in Spraying and Nozzle Technology

Pulse Width Modulation Control Systems

When spraying, your goal is to eliminate pests, increase crop yields and
maximize your profits. The agronomic efficacy of your crop protection application
and the field efficiency of your sprayer/labor are critical for success. New
generation sprayer control systems are being offered today that incorporate
pulse width modulation (PWM) technology. This technology uses individual tip
solenoid shutoffs which oscillate between open and closed several times per
second. By varying the amount of time the nozzle is on versus off, known as
duty-cycle, the operator is able to vary flow rate through the nozzle independent
of boom pressure. In other words, droplet size and flow rate through a single
tip can be controlled independently of each other. PWM technology offers two
key benefits depending on how you choose to use it. First it allows the operator
to adjust the size of your spray tip from the seat of the cab allowing you to
maintain your target application rate across a wider range of ground speeds.
Secondly, it allows you to select the most appropriate droplet size for your
application and maintain this droplet size across a wider range of ground
speeds. As a sprayer operator this means you can potentially cover more acres
per day while maintaining a more consistent application rate and droplet size,
resulting in improved pest control and crop yields.

75%

ON

Duty Cycle

OFF

50%

ON

Duty Cycle

OFF

25%

ON

Duty Cycle

OFF

FIGURE 23:
PWM Duty Cycle

FIGURE 24:
PWM Equipped Nozzle Body

A Users Guide to Spray Nozzles

55

Future Trends in Spraying and Nozzle Technology

Mobile Apps
A wide range of mobile apps related to spraying are available today. Consult your
app store regularly to see what new, and often times free, tools are available.

A few worth investigating include:

- TeeJet Spray Select provides recommended nozzle and operating pressure
based on ground speed, tip spacing, target rate & droplet size requirements
- Ground Spray provides droplet size data for a wide range of spray tips
spraying water or active ingredient
- Mix Tank provides the proper sequence for adding various active
ingredients into tank mixes
- Calibrate My Sprayer used to assist in calibrating sprayers when doing a
volume collection test.

56

Parting Thoughts.

As you can

see, there are many considerations when selecting

spray nozzles. In the whole scheme of things, nozzle
selection may not seem that important. However, when
you consider the cost of putting a crop in the ground
each year, the investment in proper nozzle technology
is quite small and can generate significant returns.
We urge you to study this guide, give thoughtful
consideration to the nozzles you use, and wish you the
best of luck for long-term success in your operation.

For more information, please visit: www.teejet.com

LI-TJ178
All rights reserved. Full protection of law claimed
under Universal Copyright and Berne Conventions
and other applicable national and international laws.
Printed in USA. 2013, TeeJet Technologies.

www.teejet.com