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GT&D

This document provides an overview of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) concepts and principles. It defines key GD&T terms like features of size, non-size features, datum features, and modifiers. It also explains the four levels of GD&T control and how size limits are specified using splines and boundary spheres. GD&T establishes tolerances and defines acceptable variation in part features to ensure assemblies will fit together as intended.

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Micha Vardy
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
231 views17 pages

GT&D

This document provides an overview of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) concepts and principles. It defines key GD&T terms like features of size, non-size features, datum features, and modifiers. It also explains the four levels of GD&T control and how size limits are specified using splines and boundary spheres. GD&T establishes tolerances and defines acceptable variation in part features to ensure assemblies will fit together as intended.

Uploaded by

Micha Vardy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A designer starts by creating an ideal assembly where all the parts fit together

with nominal dimensions or optimal tightness and clearances. It is impossible to


manufacture under nominal dimensions due to the variations imparted during
manufacturing process. Given assembly analysis and surface assessment, the
designer conveys how much variation is acceptable in:
1. Size
2. Form
3. Orientation
4. Location
The calculated magnitude of variation or tolerance is shown on part sketchs to
ensure a workable assembly. The language which conveys graphically the
amount of acceptable variation is called Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
(GD&T).
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing steps:
1. Identify part surfaces to serve as origins and provide specific rules
explaining how these surfaces establish the starting point and direction for
measurements.
2. Convey nominal distances and orientations from origins to the other
surfaces.
3. Establish boundaries and tolerance zones for specific attributes of each
surface along with specific rules for conformance.
4. Allow dynamic interaction between tolerances simulating actual
assembly possibilities where appropriate to maximize tolerances.
Feature is the general term applied to a physical portion of a part. Usually a part
feature is a single surface or pair of opposed parallel plane surfaces, such as a
pin, tab, hole, slot, or surface. Datums and GD&T controls are applicable to
features only. The two types of features include:
1. Features of size: contains built in dimensions
2. Non-size features: non dimensioned features
Features of size is one cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two opposed
elements or opposed parallel surfaces associated with a size dimension.
All features of size must pass the caliper test.

Opposed parallel surfaces or width-type feature is constructed with parallel


surfaces in which exists a perpendicular line intersecting both surfaces from

which meaningful measurements of size are shown. A feature of size Has


opposing points that are specially bounded. Holes are internal features of size
and pins are external features of size. Features of size are subject to material
condition
Modifiers.
A non size feature is a surface having no unique or intrinsic size (diameter or
width) dimension to measure.
nonsize features include:
A nominally flat planar surface
An Irregular or warped planar surface (i.e. windshild or airfoil)

180

A radius or portion of a cylindrical surface encompassing less than

of arc length
A spherical radius or portion of a sperical surface encompassing less than

180

of arc length

A revolute or a surface such as a cone generated by revolving a spine


about an axis

Non standard features


Screw thread is a group of complex helical surfaces however the abstract pitch
cylinder derived from the threads flanks best represent the threads functional axis
and can be used as a datum feature or feature of size to be controlled with an
orientation or positional tolerance. The designer may add a notionation
specifying different abstract feature of the thread such as MAJOR DIA, MINOR DIA
given beneath the feature control frame.

Gears and splines


Need a designated abstract feature of size however due to their varied
configurations and applications, there is no default. In every case the designer
shall add a notation specifying an abstract feature of the gear or spline such as
MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA, MINOR DIA, ect.

Wheel rotor dimensions shown in three different dimensioning variations:


Figure 5-4 shows general dimensions only without GT&D
Figure 5-5 shows the manufactured part that conforms to the drawing in Figure 5-4
Figure 5-6 shows the necessary GT&D to manufacture a workable part
Figure 5-7 shows the English interpretation of the symbols used on figure 5-6

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing symbols

dimensions

Modifiers

Geometric Dimensions

Runout dimensions

Radial, spherical and angular


dimensions

Conical taper, reference, arc


length, statistical dimensions

Feature control frame:


Compartment containment:
1. Geometric characteristic symbol
2. Tolerance geometrical attribute (geometric boundary or zone) , Geometric
tolerance value, modifying symbol
3,4,5. Primary, secondary, tertiary datum with material condition modifier

feature control frame placement


a) Feature of size dimension
b) Nonsize Feature
c) Nonsize feature extension line
d) Feature of size dimension extension line

Basic Dimension
A basic dimension is a numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact
size, profile orientation or location of a feature or datum target.

Reference Dimensions and Data


A reference dimension is a dimension used for information and have no bearing
on part conformance. Reference data shall either repeat or derive from
specifications expressed elsewhere, used to simplify the feature location.
Fundamental rules:
1. Each dimension shall have a tolerance except for those dimensions
specifically identified as reference, maximum, minimum or stock. The
tolerance may be applied directly to the dimension or located in a
supplementary dimension block
2. Dimensioning and Tolerancing shall be complete so there is a full
understanding of the characteristic of each feature. Neither scaling nor
assumption of a distance or size is permitted.
3. Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more
dimensions than those necessary for complete definition shall be given.
The use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be minimized.
4. Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating
relationship of a part, and shall not be subject to more than one
interpretation.
5. The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing
methods. Thus only the diameter of a hole is given without indicating
whether it is to be drilled, reamed, punched, or made by any other

operation. However, in those instances where manufacturing processing,


quality assurance or environmental information is essential to the definition
of engineering requirements, it shall be specified on the drawing or in a
document referenced on the drawing.
6. It is permissible to identify as non-mandatory certain processing
dimensions that provide for finish allowance, shrink allowance, and other
requirements provided the final dimensions are given on the drawing. Non
mandatory processing should be identified by an appropriate note, such as
NONMANDATORY
7. Dimensions should be arranged to provide required information for
optimum readability, dimensions should be shown in true profile views and
refer to visible outlines
8. Wires, cables, sheets, rods and other materials manufactured to gage or
code numbers shall be specified by linear dimensions indicating the
diameter or thickness. Gage or code numbers may be shown in
parentheses following the dimension.
9. A

90

angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are

shown on a drawing at right angles and no angle is specified.


10.A

90

basic angle applies where center lines of features in a pattern or

surfaces shown at right angles on a drawing are located or defined by basic


dimensions and no angle is specified.
11.Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at

68

20 C

or

F. Compensation made for measurements made at other

temperatures.
12.All dimensions and tolerances apply in a Free State condition. This
principle does not apply to non-rigid parts.
13.Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances apply for full-depth,
length, and width of the feature.
14.Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing lever where they are
specified. A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of
drawing, is not mandatory for that feature at any other level.
Nonrigid parts
A nonrigid part is a part that can have different dimensions while restrained in
assembly than while relaxed in its free state. Rubber, plastic or thin-wall parts
may be obviously nonrigid, while other parts might reveal themselves as nonrigid
after assembly functioning forces are applied. To ensure proper dimensions of a
nonrigid part while assembled one or more tolerances may be designated to apply
while the part is restrained in a way that simulates the restraining forces such as
a jig.
Specifying restraint
The designer may specify optional restraint, to allow samples to be inspected in
their free state, or alternatively their restrained state. If the risk of unacceptable

distortion exists the designer must specify a mandatory restraint. Restraints may
be specified by not such as: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL/FLAGGED
DIMENSIONS AND TOERANCES MAY/SHALL APPLY IN A RESTRAINED CONDITION
and reference a specific jig to simulated expected assembly conditions.
Free state modification
A geometric tolerance can be applicable only in the free state shown by a free
state modifier in the feature control frame.
The four fundamental levels of control
Four levels of GD&T control applicable only to features of size. Each higher-level
tolerance adds a degree of constraint demanded by the features functional
requirements while satisfying all lower-level control requirements, allowing for a
single feature to conform to many tolerances simultaneously.
Level 1: size and circularity control (at cross-section areas )
Level 2: overall form control
Level 3. Orientation control
Level 4. Location control

Level 1 size limit boundaries


For every feature of size, the designer should specify the largest and smallest the
feature can be by giving geometrical boundaries.
A spline is a numeric function that is piecewise defined by a simple smooth
continuous polynomial functions.
To specify size limits, a spline may represent the center line of the feature and a
two spheres representing minimum and maximum boundaries may be swept
along the length of the center line. The part will conform to the size limit control
if contains the minimum sphere and is contained within the maximum sphere.
This is applicable to all radial-type features of size including holes for every crosssection. For width-type features of size, the spline is replaced by a spine plane
representing the center plane in which the swept spheres form thick blanket
boundaries.

Size limit boundaries inadvertently control roundness of radial-type features.


Material Condition
The material condition is a description of a features size in the context of its
intended function.
Maximum material condition (MMC) is the condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size
This condition equates to the smallest allowable hole or the largest allowable pin
relative to the stated size limit
Least material condition (LMC) is the condition in which a feature of size contains
the least amount of material within the stated limits of size.
This condition equates to the largest allowable hole or the smallest allowable pin
relative to the stated size limits.
The MMC boundary might ensure matability or removal of enough stock in the
manufacturing process, while the LMC might ensure structural integrity and
strength, as well as the matability in a subsequent manufacturing process.

Modifiers
Each geometric tolerance for a feature of size applies in one of the following three
modification contexts:
1. Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) default
2. Modified to Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
3. Modified to Least Material Condition (LMC)
Tolerances in RFS context in levels 2, 3, 4 establish a central tolerance zone and not a
fixed size boundary.
Geometric tolerance modifications MMC or LMC extend the system of boundaries for
direct control of the feature surface. At each level of control the applied tolerances
establish a unique boundary shown below which bounds the feature surface. Each
higher-level tolerance creates a new boundary with an added constraint demanded by
the features functional (mating) requirements, despite all lower-level controls which
remain in effect, regardless of their material condition context, thus a single feature can
be subject to many boundaries simultaneously.

Level 2- form control


For features of size that must achieve a clearance fit in assembly, the designer
calculates size tolerance based on the assumption that all features both internal
and external are straight

Level 2 control adds geometric form control to ensure assemblability by


establishing a surface boundary

Boundaries of perfect form


Sweeping a sphere over a perfectly formed spline (straight, flat) generates a
Boundary of perfect form. Such straightness or flatness is achieved on the
feature surface to avoid violating the boundary of perfect form. Form control is
adjusted using straightness, flatness or cylindricity geometric tolerance.
MMC only: based on the assumption that most features of size must achieve a
clearance fit
unless otherwise specified a features MMC size limit spine shall be perfectly
formed also called an envelope.

LMC only: geometric tolerance is necessary to assure an adequate skin, the


features LMC spine shall be perfectly formed. The same is true for a datum
feature of size referenced at LMC

At both MMC and LMC- a feature can be controlled at a MMC tolerance and
referenced as a datum feature at LMC, thereby invoking perfect form of both the
MMC and LMC feature

Neither MMC nor LMC: the independency principle- Stock produced to establish
industry or government standards that prescribe limits for straightness, flatness,
and other geometric characteristics. Unless geometric tolerances are specified on

the drawing of the part made from these items, standards for these items govern
the surfaces that remain in the as-furnished condition on the finished part.
Perfect form nullification:
If the designer wishes to nullify a perfect form rule he must explicitly add a note
such as PERFECT FORM AT MMC NOT REQD. By default every designer should
consider for every feature of size whether a boundary of perfect form is a
necessity or a waste.

Virtual condition boundary for overall form


There are cases where a perfect form boundary is needed at a different size than
MMC.
This overrides MMC only boundary of perfect form at MMC with a new perfect form
boundary called a virtual condition boundary at some size other than MMC

Geometric tolerance applied to a feature of size and modified to MMC establishes


a virtual condition boundary in the air adjacent to the feature surface(s). The
boundary constitutes a restricted air space limit.
Geometric tolerance applied to a feature of size and modified to LMC establishes
a virtual condition boundary embedded in part material just beneath the feature
surface(s), constituting a restricted core or shell of part material acting as a
feature limit.
Tolerance types for virtual condition boundary
The perfect geometric shape of any virtual condition boundary is a counterpart to
the nominal shape of the controlled feature and is usually expressed with the form
tolerance value.

Straightness tolerance for a cylindrical feature- the

symbol precedes the

straightness tolerance value. The tolerance specifies a virtual condition boundary


that is a cylinder of perfect form swept along the entire center spine.
Flatness tolerance for a width-type feature- no modifying symbol precede the
flatness tolerance value. The tolerance specifies a virtual condition boundary of
two parallel planes. The boundary planes extend over the entire length and
breadth of the actual feature.
Tolerance types for virtual condition boundary with material modifiers
Whether the form tolerance is modified to MMC or LMC determines the size of the
virtual condition boundary relative to the features specified size limits.
Modified to MMC- the MMC virtual condition boundary represents a restricted air
space reserved for the mating part feature. In such a mating interface, the
internal features MMC virtual condition boundary must be at least as large as that
for the external feature. MMC virtual condition is or the boundaries fixed size is
determined by:
1. The features type (external or internal)
a. for an internal feature of size:
MMC virtual condition=MMC size limit - geometric tolerance
b. for an external feature of size:
MMC virtual condition=MMC size limit + geometric tolerance
2. The features MMC size limit
3. The specified geometric tolerance value
Note: for the pin in the below figure the diameter of the virtual condition boundary is equal to
the ins MMC size plus the straightness tolerance value:
boundary can be simulated with a simple

0.073

0.063+ 0.010= 0.073

, this

ring gage.

Modified to LMC- the LMC virtual condition boundary assures a protected core
of part material within a pin boss or tab, or a protected case of part material
around a hole or slot. LMC virtual condition is determined by:
1. The features type (external or internal)
a. for an internal feature of size:
LMC virtual condition=LMC size limit + geometric tolerance
b. for an external feature of size:
LMC virtual condition=LMC size limit - geometric tolerance
2. The features MMC size limit
3. The specified geometric tolerance value
Note: the part below shows straightness of datum feature A is necessary to protect the wall

thickness. The tolerance establishes a virtual condition boundary feature limit. For datum
feature A the diameter of this boundary equals LMC minus the straightness tolerance value:

.247 .005= .242

Level 3- Virtual Condition Boundary for Orientation


Level 3 assures assemblability given orientation or location restraint between two
features of size.

Given the pin and hole example with stipulations of orientation based on flange
assembly, we take the envelope principle one step further to level 3. An
orientation tolerance applied to a feature of size, modified to MMC or LMC
establishes a virtual condition feature surface boundary. In addition to perfect
form this new boundary has perfect orientation in all applicable degrees of
freedom relative to any datum features we select. The shape and size of the
virtual condition boundary for orientation are governed by the same rules as for
form at level 2.
For each example weve restrained the virtual condition boundary perpendicular
to the flange face. We show how matability is assured for any part having a pin
that can fit inside its

.5 04 MMC virtual condition boundary and any part

having a hole that can contain its

.5 04 MMC virtual condition boundary.

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