GT&D
GT&D
180
of arc length
A spherical radius or portion of a sperical surface encompassing less than
180
of arc length
dimensions
Modifiers
Geometric Dimensions
Runout dimensions
Basic Dimension
A basic dimension is a numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact
size, profile orientation or location of a feature or datum target.
90
angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are
90
68
20 C
or
temperatures.
12.All dimensions and tolerances apply in a Free State condition. This
principle does not apply to non-rigid parts.
13.Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances apply for full-depth,
length, and width of the feature.
14.Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing lever where they are
specified. A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of
drawing, is not mandatory for that feature at any other level.
Nonrigid parts
A nonrigid part is a part that can have different dimensions while restrained in
assembly than while relaxed in its free state. Rubber, plastic or thin-wall parts
may be obviously nonrigid, while other parts might reveal themselves as nonrigid
after assembly functioning forces are applied. To ensure proper dimensions of a
nonrigid part while assembled one or more tolerances may be designated to apply
while the part is restrained in a way that simulates the restraining forces such as
a jig.
Specifying restraint
The designer may specify optional restraint, to allow samples to be inspected in
their free state, or alternatively their restrained state. If the risk of unacceptable
distortion exists the designer must specify a mandatory restraint. Restraints may
be specified by not such as: UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL/FLAGGED
DIMENSIONS AND TOERANCES MAY/SHALL APPLY IN A RESTRAINED CONDITION
and reference a specific jig to simulated expected assembly conditions.
Free state modification
A geometric tolerance can be applicable only in the free state shown by a free
state modifier in the feature control frame.
The four fundamental levels of control
Four levels of GD&T control applicable only to features of size. Each higher-level
tolerance adds a degree of constraint demanded by the features functional
requirements while satisfying all lower-level control requirements, allowing for a
single feature to conform to many tolerances simultaneously.
Level 1: size and circularity control (at cross-section areas )
Level 2: overall form control
Level 3. Orientation control
Level 4. Location control
Modifiers
Each geometric tolerance for a feature of size applies in one of the following three
modification contexts:
1. Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) default
2. Modified to Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
3. Modified to Least Material Condition (LMC)
Tolerances in RFS context in levels 2, 3, 4 establish a central tolerance zone and not a
fixed size boundary.
Geometric tolerance modifications MMC or LMC extend the system of boundaries for
direct control of the feature surface. At each level of control the applied tolerances
establish a unique boundary shown below which bounds the feature surface. Each
higher-level tolerance creates a new boundary with an added constraint demanded by
the features functional (mating) requirements, despite all lower-level controls which
remain in effect, regardless of their material condition context, thus a single feature can
be subject to many boundaries simultaneously.
At both MMC and LMC- a feature can be controlled at a MMC tolerance and
referenced as a datum feature at LMC, thereby invoking perfect form of both the
MMC and LMC feature
Neither MMC nor LMC: the independency principle- Stock produced to establish
industry or government standards that prescribe limits for straightness, flatness,
and other geometric characteristics. Unless geometric tolerances are specified on
the drawing of the part made from these items, standards for these items govern
the surfaces that remain in the as-furnished condition on the finished part.
Perfect form nullification:
If the designer wishes to nullify a perfect form rule he must explicitly add a note
such as PERFECT FORM AT MMC NOT REQD. By default every designer should
consider for every feature of size whether a boundary of perfect form is a
necessity or a waste.
0.073
, this
ring gage.
Modified to LMC- the LMC virtual condition boundary assures a protected core
of part material within a pin boss or tab, or a protected case of part material
around a hole or slot. LMC virtual condition is determined by:
1. The features type (external or internal)
a. for an internal feature of size:
LMC virtual condition=LMC size limit + geometric tolerance
b. for an external feature of size:
LMC virtual condition=LMC size limit - geometric tolerance
2. The features MMC size limit
3. The specified geometric tolerance value
Note: the part below shows straightness of datum feature A is necessary to protect the wall
thickness. The tolerance establishes a virtual condition boundary feature limit. For datum
feature A the diameter of this boundary equals LMC minus the straightness tolerance value:
Given the pin and hole example with stipulations of orientation based on flange
assembly, we take the envelope principle one step further to level 3. An
orientation tolerance applied to a feature of size, modified to MMC or LMC
establishes a virtual condition feature surface boundary. In addition to perfect
form this new boundary has perfect orientation in all applicable degrees of
freedom relative to any datum features we select. The shape and size of the
virtual condition boundary for orientation are governed by the same rules as for
form at level 2.
For each example weve restrained the virtual condition boundary perpendicular
to the flange face. We show how matability is assured for any part having a pin
that can fit inside its