Geometric Dimensioning and

Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5-1994 & 2009
Training Plan: Session I
• Basics
• Drawings
• Views
• Dimensioning and Tolerancing:
• Concepts and Dimensioning Rules
• Symbology
• Fundamental Rules and Principles
• Datum System
• Form Controls (Straightness, Flatness, Circularity, Cylindricity)
• Orientation Controls (Perpendicularity, Parallelism, Angularity)
 Learning Rules

• Knowledge: • Analysis:
• Memorize • Identify and sort out relevant facts
• Remember • Synthesis:
• Comprehension: • Combine and Develop
• Interpret and assimilate • Evaluation:
• Application: • Judge value of results. Define a
• Use for problem solving meaningful conclusion

MEMORIZATION ALONE DOES NOT WORK

Basics: Drawings
and Views
ASME Drawing Standards

• ASME Y14.1 Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format

• ASME Y14.1M Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format
• ASME Y14.2 Line Conventions and Lettering
• ASME Y14.3 Multiview and Sectional View Drawings
• ASME Y14.5 Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• ASME Y14.24 Types and Applications of Engineering Drawings
• ASME Y14.34 Associated Lists
• ASME Y14.35M Revision of Engineering Drawings and Associated Documents
• ASME Y14.36M Surface Texture Symbols
• ASME Y14.38 Abbreviations and Acronyms for Use on Drawings and Related Documents
• ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practices
• ASME Y14.100 Engineering Drawing Practices
There are many other ASME Standards
What is a Drawing?

Drawing (ASME Y14.100):

• An engineering document or data set.
• Provides Information directly or by reference, by means of graphic or
textual presentations, or by combinations of both.
• Discloses the physical or functional requirements of an item.

Drawing types are defined in ASME Y14.24

Drawing Practices are specified in ASME Y14.100
 Drawing Types

• Layout Drawing • Control Drawings

• Detail Drawing • lnterface Drawing
GD&T Training
• Assembly Drawing • Identification / Cross-Reference
• Installation Drawing Drawing
• Modifying Drawing • Electrical / Electronic Diagram
• Arrangement Drawing • Special Application Drawing
• Mechanical Schematic Diagram
Drawing types are defined in ASME Y14.24
GD&T Training will focus on Details and Assembly
Detail Drawing Types

• Notes or Specifications
• Monodetail
• Multidetail
• Cast or Forged Part
• Machined Part
• Sheet Stock Part
• Inseparable Assembly
• Layout
Drawing Elements

• Drawing Format
• Title Block
• Revision Block
• Views and View Types
• Notes and Symbols
• Annotations
• Dimensions
• Tables
• Miscellaneous Drawing Elements
 Drawing (Sample)

Drawing Format

Title Block

Revision Block

Views

Notes

Miscellaneous Elements
Views and Projection Systems
• First Angle Projection. Used in Europa and other
places following ISO Standards
• Third Angle Projection. Used in Americas
Views and Projection Systems

First Angle Third Angle

Projection Projection
View Types: Base Views
• Six Main Views
• Top
• Bottom
• Left
• Right
• Front
• Back
• Isometric Views
View Types: Auxiliary / Projection Views

• Auxiliary Views
• Drawn on projection
planes other than the
principal projection
planes
• May use section lines
View Types: Section Views
• Show internal features of parts
• Use hashing where solids are cut
• Exceptions may be: shafts, fasteners,
rivets, keys, ribs, webs, and spokes
• Types:
• Full
• Half
• Offset
• Broken-Out
• Revolved or Removed
View Types: Others

• Broken Views
• Partial Views
• Detail Views
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5-1994/2009

3/24/2021
Foreword
• When applying GD&T the first consideration is to establish a datum
reference frame based on the function of the part in the assembly with
its mating parts. After the datum reference frame is established, the
form of the primary datum feature is controlled, followed by the
orientation and/or location of the secondary and tertiary datum
features. After the datum features are related relative to each other, the
remaining features are controlled for orientation and location relative to
the datum reference framework.

Foreword, ASME Y14.5-2009

3/24/2021
Foreword: Key Points
• First:
• Establish Datum Reference Frame (e.g. Datums A, B & C)
• Based on Function
• Second:
• Form Controls for Primary Datum
• Later:
• Orientation / Locations for Secondary / Tertiary Datums
• Control remaining features using this hierarchy:
• Size
• Location (Position, Concentricity, Coplanarity)
• Orientation (Perpendicularity, Parallelism, Angularity)
• Form (Straightness, Flatness, Circularity, Cylindricity)

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Concepts and Dimensioning Rules
ASME Y14.5-2009, Section 1

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FOR THE COURSE

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 Dimension

• A numerical value or a mathematical

expression in appropriate units of
measure used to define form, size,
orientation or location, of a part or
feature.
• Can be specified in different ways.
• All dimensions are related to a
tolerance, always, in some form.

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Types of Dimensions

Millimeter Dimensions Decimal Inch Dimension

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Application of Dimensions
• Alignment: For uniformity
• Spacing: No less than 10mm from part to dim, and no
less than 6mm between dimensions
• Crossing: Avoid
• Reference Dimensions: Parentheses
• Overall Dimensions: Only if important. If intermediate
define overall, reference
• Diameters and radii: Symbol precede
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 Application of Dimensions

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 Application of Dimensions (Leaders)

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Application of Dimensions (Holes)
Application of Dimensions (Holes)
Application of Dimensions (Holes)
Dimensioning Rule 1
• Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except:
• Reference
• MAX
• MIN
• Stock
• Threads (Not in Standard Rule)
• Gauges (Not in Standard Rule)
• Tolerances can be applied directly, in a note, or in the drawing format
Dimensioning Rule 2

•Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be complete

so there is full understanding of each part
feature.
•No assumptions of distances.
•If there is no information, state as such
(UNDIMENSIONED, NOT TO SCALE, etc)
Dimensioning Rule 3

•Every necessary dimension shall be shown. No

more, no less.
•Minimize reference dimensions
Dimensioning Rule 4

•Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to

suit the function and mating relationship of a
part
•Dimensions shall not be subject to more than
one interpretation.
Dimensioning Rule 5

• The drawing should define a part without specifying

manufacturing methods.
• Example: Holes only specify diameter, not reaming,
drilling lasering, etc.
• Only exception: When it is critical for processing, QA,
environmental or regulatory.
• Reference in notes, or in document.
Dimensioning Rule 6

• Nonmandatory processing dimensions shall be identified by an

appropriate note, such as “NONMANDATORY (MFG DATA).”
• Examples:
• Processing dimensions (finish allowance, shrink allowance, before or
after coating)
• Final dimensions shall be given on the drawing.
Dimensioning Rule 7

•Dimensions should be arranged to provide

required information for optimum readability.
•Dimensions should be shown in true profile
views and refer to visible outlines
Dimensioning Rule 8

• Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials manufactured to

gage or code numbers shall be specified by linear dimensions
indicating the diameter or thickness.
• Gage or code numbers may be shown in parentheses following
the dimension
Dimensioning Rules 9 and 10

• A 90° angle applies where centerlines and lines are shown on at

right angles, and no angle is specified.
• A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of features in a
pattern or surfaces shown at right angles on a drawing are
located or defined by basic dimensions and no angle is specified.
Dimensioning Rule 11

• A zero basic dimension applies where axes, center planes,

or surfaces are shown coincident on a drawing, and
geometric tolerances establish the relationship among the
features.

IF THERE IS GD&T, AND IT SEEMS ALIGNED, WE CONSIDER IT ALIGNED

Dimensioning Rule 12

•Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are

applicable at 20° C (68° F).
•Compensation can be made for measurements
at other temps

ANSI / ASME B89.6.2

Dimensioning Rule 13

• All dimensions and tolerances apply in free-state

condition.
• This principle does not apply to non-rigid parts.
• Exceptions
• Restrained condition
• Interfaced condition (installation simulation)
Dimensioning Rule 14

• Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tolerances

apply to the full depth, length, and width of a feature.
Dimensioning Rule 15

• Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level

where they are specified.
• A dimension specified on a detail drawing is not mandatory
for that feature on the assembly drawing.
Dimensioning Rule 16

• Where a coordinate system is shown on the drawing, it

shall be right-handed unless otherwise specified.
• Each axis shall be labeled and the positive direction shall
be shown.
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Symbology

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General Symbology and Concepts
General Symbology and Concepts
 Symbols: Modifiers
• Projected tolerance zone
• Changes the location of the tolerance zone on the
part.
• It projects the tolerance zone so that it exists
above the part.
• It extends beyond a feature by a specified
distance..
 Symbols: Modifiers
• Tangent plane
• Denotes that only the tangent plane of the
toleranced surface needs to be within this
tolerance zone.
 Symbols: Modifiers
• Diameter symbol
• Used two ways
• Inside a feature control frame as a modifier to
denote the shape of the tolerance zone.
• Outside the feature control frame, to denote the
feature
 Symbols: Modifiers
• Radius and controlled radius
• A radius is a straight line extending from the center
of an arc or a circle to its surface.
• A controlled radius is a radius with no flats or
reversals allowed.
• Always used outside the feature control Frame.
 Symbols: Modifiers (Radius)
• Contour defined by radius dimension
 Symbols: Modifiers
• Reference
• Simply the method of denoting that information is
for reference only.
• The information is not to be used for
manufacturing or inspection.
Symbols: Geometric Characteristics
• Fourteen symbols used in the language of geometric
tolerancing.
• Divided into five categories: form, profile, orientation,
location, and runout.

The five categories may use or

not Datum as reference:
Form = Never
Profile = Usually
Orientation, location and runout
= Always
Symbols: Feature Control Frame

• Geometric tolerances are specified on a drawing

through the use of a feature control frame.
• It is a rectangular box that is divided into
compartments within which the geometric
characteristic symbol, tolerance value, modifiers, and
datum references are placed. See next figure.
 Symbols: Feature Control Frame
• The first compartment of the feature control
frame is called the geometric characteristic
portion.
• It contains one of the fourteen geometric characteristic
symbols.
 Symbols: Feature Control Frame
• The second compartment of the frame is
referred to as the tolerance portion.
• E.g. if the tolerance value is preceded by a
diameter symbol Ø, the shape of the
tolerance zone is a cylinder.
 Symbols: Feature Control Frame
• When specifying a datum related control,
the feature control frame may have up to
five compartments:
• The first for a geometric characteristic symbol,
• One for tolerance information
• Up to three additional for datum references.
Symbols: Additional Symbology
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Fundamental Rules and Principles
ASME Y14.5-2009, Section 2

3/24/2021
Types of Tolerance

• Limit Tolerance
• Plus / Minus Tolerance
• Equal Bilateral
• Unequal Bilateral
• Unilateral
 Tolerance Types

 Limits

Plus and Minus

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Exercise: Identify

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Tolerance Notes
• All limits are absolute
• Tolerances need to have the same amount of decimals
• Exception: Basic dimensions and Geometric Tolerances can have
different number of decimals
• Coating: Applicability (Before or After) needs to be specified
Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Dimensioning Ambiguity
Coordinate Dimensioning

Coordinate Dimensioning & Tolerance

Zones
Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning
Coordinate Dimensioning

• Coordinate Dimensioning
• Square or rectangular tolerance
zones
• Fixed-size tolerance zones
• Ambiguous instructions for
inspection
Coordinate vs Geometric Tolerancing
Coordinate Dimensioning
Geometric Dimensioning
Chain Dimensioning
Tolerance Accumulation
•Tolerance Stack Up analysis are based on this
•Direct effect is by Chain Dimensioning

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Chain Dimensioning

X  Y

Distances
6 + 10 + 10 = 26

Tolerances
.05 + .05 + .05 + .05 = .20

Final Dimension = 26 ±.20

MAX = 26.20
MIN = 25.80

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Baseline Dimensioning

X  Y

Distances
-10 + 36 = 26

Tolerances
.05 + .05 = .10

Final Dimension = 26 ±.10

MAX = 36.10
MIN = 35.90

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Direct Dimensioning

X  Y

Direct Dimension = Final

Dimension = 26 ±.05

MAX = 36.05
MIN = 35.95

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Exercise: Calculate

Dim Max / Min Measured Dimension Why?

Limits value accepted?

YES NO

13.52001
A
93.9999
B
6.27001
C
40.1999
D
16.80
E
KEY ELEMENTS
 Key Elements: Features and Features of Size
(FoS)
• Feature
• Any surface on a part
• Feature of Size
• Cylindrical or Spherical Surface, or set
of two opposed elements or parallel
surfaces.
• Can be used to establish an axis,
median plane, or centerpoint
• Is associated with a size dimension
Features
 Feature of Size (FoS)

• Can be Internal or External • Dimensions associated

• Shafts are dimensions of size
• Keyways • Modifiers apply
• Holes • Material Conditions apply
• Contain more than one
feature
Feature of Size (FoS)
Partial FoS
Exercise: Identify
Effect of Size Tolerance
 Actual Local Size & Actual Mating Envelope
(AME)
• Actual Local Size: Is the value of any individual • Actual Mating Envelope (AME):
distance at any cross section of a FOS. • Defined according to the type of FoS considered.
• Two-point measurement, taken with an instrument • Feature counterpart of the smallest size. It contacts
like a caliper or micrometer the surfaces at the highest points.
• Checked at a point along the cross section of the
part.
• For example:
• A smallest cylinder of perfect form
• A FOS may have several different values of actual
local size • Two parallel planes of perfect form at a minimum
separation
 Key Elements: Actual Local Size
• Applies to Features of Size (FoS)
• It is the value of any individual distance at any
cross section of a FoS
• What you measure at any point, as long as it’s
within tolerance
• Measure with a rotary gage on a FIM (Full
Indicator Movement)
Actual Local Size
Actual Mating Envelope
Actual Mating Size. The
dimensional
value of the actual mating
envelope.
 Key Elements: Size Limits (MMC, LMC)
• Variation of Size
• A size tolerance zone is the volume between the
minimum size and the maximum size
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

• Least Material Condition (LMC)

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

• Maximum Material Condition

(MMC)
• Is the condition in which a feature of
size contains the maximum amount of
material everywhere within the stated
limits of size.
• For example, the largest shaft diameter
or smallest hole diameter.
• Consider that the part is the heaviest.
The symbol is
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

• Least Material Condition (LMC)

• Is the condition in which a feature of
size contains the least amount of
material everywhere within the stated
limits of size.
• For example, the smallest shaft
diameter or the largest hole diameter.
• Consider that the part is the lightest.
The symbol is
Fits (Between Material Conditions)

The specified size limits of mating part features are intended to produce a particular type of fit.
• Clearance fit.
• When the specified size limits of mating part features always result in clearance at assembly.
• Interference fit.
• When specified size limits produce interference at assembly mating part features.
• Transition fit.
• When mating part features do not fit together in their maximum material condition, but do fit at
some points as they approach their material condition.
Fits (Between Material Conditions)
Material Conditions

• Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

• Is the term that indicates a geometric tolerance applies at
any increment of size of the feature within its size
tolerance.
• Another way to visualize FRS is that the geometric
tolerance applies at whatever size the part is produced.
• There is no symbol for RFS because it is the default
condition for all geometric tolerances.
Material Conditions

• Material Conditions and Part Dimensions.

• Every feature of size has a maximum and least
material condition (limits dimensions directly
specify these conditions).
• When a drawing contains plus-minus dimensions,
the material conditions may have to be derived
from the dimensions. See next figure.
Material Conditions

• Material Condition Usage.

• Each material condition is used for different functional reasons.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at MMC when the function of a FOS is
assembly.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at LMC to insure a minimum distance
on a part.

• Geometric tolerances are often specified to apply at RFS to insure symmetrical

relationships.

• Note: geometric tolerances specified at maximum or least material condition have a

significant cost advantage over geometric tolerances specified regardless of feature size.
Material Conditions
Exercise: Define

Letter MMC LMC NA

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Exercise: Define

Letter MMC LMC NA

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Exercise: Define

? ? ?

?
?
Exercise: Define

? ? ?

? ?
 Inspection of Features of Size (FoS)
• When inspecting a FOS controlled by
Rule#1, both its size and form need to be
verified.
 Inspection of Features of Size (FoS)

• The MMC size and the Rule #1

envelope can be verified with a Go
gage.
• It is a gage that is intended to fit into
(for an internal FOS) or fit over (for an
external FOS) the FOS.
• A Go gage is made to the MMC limit
of the FOS and has perfect form.
• This gage must be at least as long as
the FOS it is verifying. See next
example.
 Inspection of Features of Size (FoS)

• The minimum size (LMC) of a FOS

can be measured with a No-Go
gage.
• It is a gage that is not intended to fit
into or over a FOS. This gage is made
to the LMC limit.
• A no-go gage makes a two point
check, using a caliper or snap gage,
etc.
• The two point check is made at
various points along the cross section
to make sure that the FOS does not
violate the LMC limit.
GD&T Rules

• There are two general rules in ASME Y14.5M-1994.

• The first rule establishes default conditions for features of
size.
• The second rule establishes a default material condition
for feature control frames.
Rule #1: Concept and Application

• This rule is referred to as the “Individual Feature of Size Rule”. It is a key concept
in geometric tolerancing.
• Rule #1 is a dimensioning rule used to ensure that features of size will assemble with one
another.
• When rule # 1 applies, the maximum boundary (or envelope) for an external FOS is its MMC.
The minimum envelope for an internal FOS is its MMC.
• To determine if two features of size will assemble, the designer can then compare the MMCs
of the features of size. The Y14.5 definition for rule #1 is shown below:
• Rule #1: where only a tolerance of size is specified, the limits of size of an individual feature
prescribe the extent to which variations in its geometric form, as well as in its size, are
allowed.
• In industry, Rule #1 is often paraphrased as “perfect form at MMC” or the
“envelope rule”.
Rule #1: Concept and Application
Rule #1: Concept and Application
Override of Rule #1

• If a straightness control is applied to a FOS, rule #1 is overridden. Also

if specified in a note
• Size control form, not orientation.
• Drawing note to override: Perfect orientation at MMC required.
• Does not apply to:
• Commercial stock size
• Parts subject to free-state variation in the unrestrained condition (non-
rigid). In simple terms, does not apply to flexible parts that are not
restrained.
• Straightness of an axis or average diameter. Drawing note to override:
Perfect form at MMC not required.
Exercise: Answer
Are E, F and G controlled by Rule 1?
Exercise: Calculate
 Rule #2: Concept and Application
• This rule is called “the all applicable geometric
tolerances rule”. Applicability of RFS, MMC and
LMC is limited to features to variations in size.
 Rule #2: Concept and Application
• RFS applies, with respect to the individual
tolerance, datum reference, or both, where no
modifying symbol is specified. MMC or LMC
must be specified on the drawing where
required.
 Rule #2: Concept and Application
• Certain geometric tolerances always apply FRS
and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
• Where a geometric tolerance is applied on a
RFS basis, the tolerance is limited to the
specified value regardless of the actual size of
the feature.
 Rule #2: Concept and Application
• Note: Circular runout, total runout,
concentricity, and symmetry are applicable only
on a RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC
or LMC.
 Rule #2a: Concept and Application
• Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2.
• This rule states that, for a tolerance of position,
RFS may be specified in feature control frames if
desired and applicable.
• It can be also specified on the drawing with
respect to the individual tolerance, datum
reference or both.
• In this case the FRS symbols would be the symbol
from the 1982 version ofY14.M.
 Screw Thread Rule
• Screw Thread Rule: Each tolerance of
orientation or position and datum reference
specified for a screw thread applies to the axis
of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder.
• Where an exception to this practice is necessary,
the specific feature of the screw thread (such as
MAJOR DIA or MINOR DIA) shall be states beneath
the feature control frame, or beneath or adjacent
to the datum feature symbol, as applicable.
 Basic Dimensions
• That is a Basic Dimension 
• A basic dimension locates a Geometric
Tolerance Zone or defines gage information.
• A Basic dimension only gives you half the
requirement. It needs a Geometric Tolerance

Tolerance?
Boundary Conditions

• Depending upon its function, a FOS is controlled by a size

tolerance and one or more geometric controls.
• Various material conditions (MMC, LMC, or RFS) may also be
applied.
Boundary Conditions

• In each case, consideration must be given to the

collective effects of the size, specified material
condition, and geometric tolerance of the FOS. The
terms that apply to these conditions are
• Virtual condition
• Inner boundary
• Outer boundary.
Virtual condition

• Virtual Condition (VC) is a worst-case boundary (constant

boundary)
• It is generated by the collective effects of a feature of size at
MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that
material condition.
• The VC of a FOS includes effects of the size, orientation, and
location for the FOS.
Virtual Condition
Virtual Condition
Inner and Outer Boundaries
Inner boundary

• Inner boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary

generated by the smallest feature of size minus the
stated geometric tolerance
• Includes any additional tolerance, if applicable.
• MMC for an internal feature
• LMC for an external feature.
Outer boundary

• Outer boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary

generated by the largest feature of size plus the
stated geometric tolerance
• Includes any additional tolerance, if applicable
• LMC for an internal feature
• MMC for an external feature).
 Worst Case Boundary
• Worst-case boundary (WCB) refers to the
extreme boundary of a FOS that is the
worst case for assembly.
• It can be virtual condition, inner or outer
boundary.
• If there are no geometric controls applied
to a FOS, the WCB is the outer or inner
boundary (MMC boundary defined by
Rule #1).
Exercise: Virtual Condition
Boundary Condition Formulas
Bonus Tolerance

• Bonus tolerance
• Is an important concept in dimensioning parts.
• Can reduce manufacturing costs significantly.
• Is an additional tolerance for a geometric control.
• Whenever a geometric tolerance is applied to a
FOS, and it contains an MMC or LMC modifier, a
bonus tolerance is permissible.
 Bonus Tolerance

• When the MMC is used, it means

It needs MMC or LMC modifiers
that the stated tolerance applies
when the FOS is at its maximum
material condition.
• When the actual mating size of the
FOS departs from MMC (towards
LMC), an increase in the stated
tolerance equal to the amount of the
departure is permitted.
• This increase or extra tolerance is
called the bonus tolerance.
 Bonus Tolerance

• A functional gage is built to a fixed

It needs MMC or LMC modifiers
dimension (the virtual condition) of
a part feature.
• A part must fit into (or onto) the gage.
• A functional gage does not provide a
dimensional measurement, it only
indicates if the part is or not to the
print specification.
Bonus Tolerance
DATUM REFERENCING
ASME Y14.5-1994 Section 4
Datum System

• Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the drawing user how
dimensional measurements are to be made.
• Allows the designer to specify in which sequence the part is to contact
the inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension.
• Allows the designer to specify which part surfaces are to contact the
inspection equipment for the measurement of a dimension.
 Datum

• A theoretically exact point, axis, or

plane derived from the true
geometric counterpart of a
specified datum feature.
• A datum is the origin from which
the location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part
are established.
Datum System

•Limits the movement of a part.

•This way, repeatable measurements can be
made during inspection.
 Part Immobilization

• If there are datum features, part

needs to be immobilized relative to
a Datum Reference Frame
• Datums are defined by Datum
Features and their
counterparts,True Geometrical
Counterparts
Use the 3-2-1 rule
The 3-2-1 Rule

• It defines the minimum number of points of contact required

for a part datum frame with its primary, secondary, and
tertiary datum planes.
• The primary datum feature has at least three points of contact
with its datum plane
• Secondary has two points
• Tertiary hast at least one point of contact
• This rule only applies on a part with all planar datums.
Datum Reference Frame

• When a part is free to move in space, it has six degrees of

freedom. Rotation around the X, Y, or Z axis and movement
along the X, Y, or Z axis.
• To restrict these degrees of freedom, it takes the use of three
datum planes.
• When three datum planes are used, they are considered to
be a datum reference frame.
• It is a set of three mutually perpendicular datum planes. It
provides direction as well as an origin for dimensional
measurements
Datum Reference Frame
Datum Feature

• An actual feature of a parts that is used to

establish a datum.
Datum Sequence
True Geometric Counterpart

• May be:
• A plane
• A maximum material condition boundary (MMC concept)
• A least material condition boundary (LMC concept)
• A virtual condition boundary
• An actual mating envelope
• A mathematically defined contour
Application
• We use Datum Feature Simulators
Datum Feature Simulator
Implied Datum

• An assumed plane, axis or point from which a dimensional

measurement is made.
• It is an old concept from coordinate tolerancing. These datums do
not communicate to the drawing user which surfaces should contact
the inspection equipment.
• Also do not communicate to the drawing user in which sequence the
part should be brought into contact with the inspection equipment.
• Good parts are rejected / Bad parts are accepted.
Implied Datums
 Simulated Datum
• A point, axis, or plane
established by processing or
inspection equipment: surface
plate, a gage surface, mandrel.
Simulated Datums
Datum Selection

• The method of attaching this symbol to a part feature

determine if it designates a planar datum or a FOS datum.
• Datum Features are selected on the basis of a part function
and assembly requirements.
• The datum features are often the features that orient
(stabilize) and locate the part in its assembly.
 Datum Selection

• In the next figure, the part mounts

on surface A and is located by the
diameter B.
• For assembly, the holes need to be
located relative to the features that
mount andlocate the part to the
mating part.
• A and B are designated as datum
features.
 Datum Specification

• Planar Surfaces
• Add a Leader
• Place on Extension Line
• Leader triangle can be filled or clear.
 Datum Specification

• Angular Surfaces
• Same as planar
• Angle must be basic, so it needs a
geometric tolerance
 Datum Specification

• Cylindrical Features
• Axis of feature
• It means 2 plane intersection
• Needs an extra control
Datum Specification

• Features of Size
• For cylindrical features (holes, shafts) it is the same 2
plane intersection
• For widths, it is a mid plane
• Requires LMC, or MMC. Else, it applies RFS
 Datum Referencing

• After datums are specified, the

drawing must also
communicate when and how
the datums should be used.
• This is done through the use of
feature control frames.
Datum Specification

MMC
RFS

MMC
Exercise: Datum Specification
Exercise: Datum Specification
FOS Datums RFS
FOS Datums MMC
FOS Datums LMC
Material Condition and Precedence
FOS Datums

• A FOS is specified as a datum feature by associating the datum identification

symbols with FOS.
• The symbol can be touching the surface of diameter.
• Symbol touching the beginning of a leader line of a FOS.
• Symbol touching a feature control frame to specify an axis or centerplane.
• The symbol can be in line with a dimension line and touching the extension line on the
opposite side of the dimension line arrowhead of a FOS.
• The symbol can replace on side of the dimension line and arrowhead.
FOS Datums

• When a diameter is designated as a datum feature and referenced in a feature

control frame as primary at MMC, a fixed gage element may be used as the
datum feature simulator.
• The size of the fixed-gage element is equal to the MMC (or worst-case boundary)
of the datum feature.
FOS Datums
Application: FOS Datums
 RFS Datums
• Where a diameter is a datum feature and
referenced at RFS, a datum axis is established, Devices that are adjustable in
through physical contact between the size, such as a precision chuck,
inspection equipment and the datum feature. collet or centering device are
used as the datum feature
• A datum feature simulator surrounds (or fills) simulator.
the diameter.
• The axis of the datum feature simulator
becomes the datum axis and establishes the
orientation of the part.
Combined Datums

Two Datum Features, Single Datum Axis

Combined Datums

Two Datum Features, Single Datum Axis

Excercise: Define
X surface as Datum B
Y surface as Datum C
Z surface as Datum D
 Datum Targets
• Symbols that describe the shape, size and
location of gage elements that are used to
establish datum planes or axes.
• Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces
on a drawing, but they actually do not exist on a
part.
 Datum Targets
Examples:
• The gage elements only contact a portion of the castings, forgings, irregularly
part surface. shaped parts, plastic parts,
weldments.
• These datums should be specified on parts
where it is not practical to use an entire surface
as datum feature.
Datum Target Application
 Datum Target Symbols
• Points, lines, and areas on datum features are
designated by a datum target symbol.
• The symbol is placed outside the part outline.
• The symbol is divided into two parts with a
horizontal line.
• The bottom half denotes the datum letter and the
target number associated with that datum
• The top half contains gage element size
information when applicable
Leader Line

• The leader line from the symbol specifies whether the datum target exists on the
surface shown or on the hidden surface side of the part.
• If the leader line is solid, the datum target exists on the surface shown.
• Leader dashed denotes that the datum exists on the hidden surface.
Application
Application
Application: RFS Centerplane
Application: RFS Axis
 Datum Shift

• Applies when a FOS datum feature is referenced at MMC.

• Gage element (datum feature simulator) that simulates the perfect feature
counterpart is fixed in size.
• Part datum feature may vary within its size limits, there may be some
looseness between the part and the gage.
• Datum Shift is allowable movement, or looseness, between the part
datum feature and the gage.
• May result in additional tolerance for the part.
• Datum shift is only when an MMC modifier is shown in the datum portion in
the feature control frame.
3/24/2021 • The maximum allowable datum shift is the difference between the gage size
(for the datum) and the LMC size of the datum feature.
 FORM CONTROLS

3/24/2021

20-Nov-15
 Form Controls
• Straightness
• Defines how much a line element can vary from a straight line.
• Flatness
• Defines how much a surface can vary from its perfect plane.
• Circularity
• Defines how much circular elements can vary from a perfect circle
• Cylindricity
• Defines how much a surface can vary from a perfect cylinder
 Form Controls
• Used to define the shape of a feature in relation to
itself
• Therefore, they never use a datum reference.
• Cylindrical surfaces can have three different form
characteristics
• Straightness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
Form Controls
 Flatness
• Is the condition of a surface having
all of its elements in one plane.
• A flatness control is a geometric
tolerance that limits the amount of
flatness error a surface is allowed.
• It consist of two parallel planes
within which all the surface
elements must lie.
 Flatness
• This distance between the parallel planes is equal to the flatness control
tolerance value.
• Flatness is measured by comparing a surface to its own true counterpart.
• In the case of flatness, the first plane of the tolerance zone (theoretical
reference plane) is established by contacting the three high points of the
controlled surface.
• The second plane of the tolerance zone is parallel to the first plane and offset
by the flatness tolerance value.
 Flatness
• A flatness control is always applied to a planar surface.
Therefore, it can never use a MMC or LMC modifier.
• Flatness cannot override Rule #1.
• Flatness is a separate requirement and verified separately
from the size tolerance and Rule #1 requirements.
• Flatness is a refinement of the size limits
Flatness Definition
 Application

• some examples
• For a gasket or seal
• To attach a mating part
• Sliding surfaces
• For better contact with a datum plane
• How do We manufacture it?
• Milling: .003 and above / Facing: .001
and above
• Grinding: .0005 and above / Lapping:
.0005 & below
Inspecting Flatness
Straigthness

• Straightness of a line element is the condition where

each line element (axis or centerplane) is a straight
line.
• A straightness control directed to a surface is a
geometric tolerance that limits the amount of
straightness error allowed in each surface line
element.
• The tolerance zone consists of two parallel lines for
each line element of the surface.
 Straigthness

• The distance between the

parallel lines is equal to the
straightness tolerance value.
• The first line element of the
tolerance zone is established
by the two high points of a line
element of a surface.
Straigthness

• The second line element is parallel to the first

and offset by the straightness tolerance value.
• All the points of each controlled line element
must lie within the tolerance zone.
• When straightness is applied to surface
elements, the MMC or LMC modifiers are not
used.
Application to FOS
 Application to Surface Only

• Whenever Rule #1 is in effect, an In this case, It is a refinement of

automatic indirect straightness the size tolerance
control exists for the surface line
elements.
• When the FOS is at MMC, the line
elements must be perfectly straight.
• As the FOS departs from MMC, a
straightness error equal to the
amount of the departure is allowed.
 Inspecting Straightness

• Check Size of the FOS (Rule

1)
• Place part in surface or in
bases
• Insert a gage wire.
• If the wire doesn’t fit, the part is within its
specifications
• If the wire does fit into the space, line element Also, this
straightness is not within its specifications. way
 Circularity

• Is a condition where all points

of a surface of revolution, at
any section perpendicular to a
common axis, are equidistant
from that axis.
• Circularity can be applied to
any part feature with a
diametral (round) cross
section.
 Circularity

• A circularity control is a geometric

tolerance that limits the amount of
circularity on a part surface.
• It specifies that each circular
element of a feature´s surface must
lie within a tolerance zone of two
coaxial circles.
• It also applies independently at
each cross section element and at a
right angle to the feature axis.
 Circularity

• The radial distance between

the circles is equal to the
circularity control tolerance
value.
• This control can only be
applied to a surface; therefore ,
MMC, LMC, diameter, or
tangent plane modifiers are
not used.
Circularity
 Circularity

• Whenever Rule #1 applies, an Circularity is a refinement of the

automatic indirect circularity size tolerance, but may be
control exists. redundant

• When a diameter is at MMC, its

cross section elements must be
perfectly circular.
• As a diameter departs from MMC, a
circularity error is permissible.
 Circularity

• A diametral dimension Circularity is a refinement of the

automatically restricts the size tolerance, but may be
circularity of a diameter to be equal redundant
to its size tolerance.
• A common reason for using this
control on a drawing is to limit the
lobing (out of round) of a shaft
diameter. In certain cases, lobing of
a shaft will cause bearings or
bushings to fail prematurely.
 Inspecting Circularity

• Rule #1 boundary must be checked.

• A circularity control could be inspected
with a special roundness checking
device like the the one shown below.

Also, this
way
 Cylindricity
• Is a condition of a surface of revolution in
which all points of the surface are
equidistant from a common axis.
• Tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders
within which all points of the surface
must lie.
• The radial distance between the two
coaxial cylinders is equal to the
cylindricity control tolerance value.
• A cylindricity control is a composite
control that limits the circularity,
straightness, and taper of a diameter
simultaneously.
Cylindricity
 Cylindricity
• Whenever Rule #1 applies, an automatic indirect
cylindricity control exists for its surface.
• When the diameter is at MMC, its surface must be
perfectly cylindrical.
• As the diameter departs from MMC, a cylindricity
error is permissible.
• The diameter must also be within its size
tolerance.
• The cylindricity control does not override Rule #1.
• The cylindricity control tolerance must be less
than the total size tolerance.
Inspecting Cylindricity
Also, this
way

Can be inspected in a manner similar to the inspection for

circularity.
The difference is that for cylindricity, a spiral path must be
traced on the part surface.
The surface points would then be compared to the two
coaxial of the cylindricity tolerance zone.
Form Controls Summary
Tolerance Zone Shape

3/24/2021
 ORIENTATION CONTROLS

20-Nov-15
What are Orientation Controls
Orientation Controls

• Define Perpendicularity, Angularity and Parallelism of part

features
• Do NOT locate part features
• Need a Datum Reference
Indirect Orientation Controls

• Two lines shown at 90° are in an implied 90° angle.

• Tolerance comes from Titleblock or general notes
tolerance
• Tolerance is fan shaped (angular)
• Angles are usually not inspected
• Parts can be inspected in more than one way.
Indirect Orientation Controls
PERPENDICULARITY
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• Perpendicularity is the condition

that results when a surface, axis
o centerplane is exactly 90
degrees to a datum.
Concept, Rules and Applications

• A Perpendicularity control is a tolerance that limits the amount a

surface, axis o centerplane is permitted to vary.
Concept, Rules and Applications

• The tolerance zone is

• Two parallel planes
• A cylinder
• Perpendicularity can be applied to:
• Surface
• Planar FOS
• Cylindrical FOS
Concept, Rules and Applications

Method 1

Method 2
Concept, Rules and Applications

This is the Drawing

Concept, Rules and Applications

This is what it means

Concept, Rules and Applications

This is the drawing

Concept, Rules and Applications

This is what it means

Inspecting Perpendicularity
Inspecting Perpendicularity
Tolerance Zone, effects on Flatness

This limits flatness

Modifiers, application to FoS

FOS + Modifier = BONUS!

Modifiers, application to FoS

FOS + Modifier = BONUS!

?
Requirements

• A datum must be referenced in FCF

• If applied to a surface MMC, LMC cannot be
used. They can only be used on Datum
Reference.
• If applied to FOS, modifiers can be used
• Tolerance value must be less than other
geometric tolerances.
Requirements

• Perpendicularity can be restricted by other controls

• Tolerance of Position
• Runout
• Profile
• These will not be inspected and only control indirectly
• You want perpendicularity? You specify
perpendicularity.
Are you
doing it
right?
 ANGULARITY

20-Nov-15
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• It is the condition of a surface,

centerplane or axis being
exactly at a specified angle.
 Concept, Rules and Applications
This is not correct
• Angularity control limits the
amount a surface, axis or
center plane can vary from its
specified angle. This is correct
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• The common tolerance zones

are
• Two parallel planes
• A cylinder
• Angularity can be applied to
• Surface
• Planar FOS
• Cylindrical FOS
Concept, Rules and Applications

Method
Concept, Rules and Applications

This is the Drawing

Concept, Rules and Applications

This is what it means

Side effect: It also limits flatness

Inspecting Angularity
Inspecting Angularity
Tolerance Zone, effects on Flatness

This limits flatness

Modifiers, application to FoS

Angularity
on FOS
needs two
datum
references

FOS + Modifier = BONUS! Not that common.

Requirements

•A datum must be referenced in FCF

•If applied to a surface MMC, LMC cannot be
used.
•They can only be used on Datum Reference.
•If applied to FOS, modifiers can be used
•Tolerance value must be less than other
geometric tolerances.
Requirements

• Angularity can be restricted by other controls

• Tolerance of Position
• Runout
• Profile
• These will not be inspected and only control indirectly.
• Angularity tolerance shall be less than indirect
tolerance.
• You want angularity? You specify angularity.
Are you
doing it
right?
 PARALLELISM

20-Nov-15
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• It is the condition of a surface,

centerplane or axis being
exactly parallel to a datum.
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• Parallelism control limits the

amount a surface, axis or
center plane can vary from
being parallel to a datum.
 Concept, Rules and Applications

• The common tolerance zones

are
• Two parallel planes
• A cylinder
• Parallelism can be applied to
• Surface
• Diameter (MMC)
Implied Parallelism

Unless otherwise
specified, parallelism
is defined by limits of
size.
This is not very
good.
Parallelism to a Surface
Parallelism to a FOS

•Tolerance zone is a Cylinder

•Axis must be within tolerance zone
•Bonus is allowed
•Fixed Gage
•WCB of FOS is affected (See image)
Parallelism to a FOS

This is the drawing

Parallelism to a FOS

This is what it means

Parallelism to a FOS

This is also what it means

Inspecting Parallelism

Part from drawing

Are you
doing it
right?
Summary of Orientation
Exercise For each:
1. What is the maximum tolerance
allowed?
2. Is orientation controlling form?
3. Is it redundant?
Excercise
Excercise

• Add a control to surface L that limits its perpendicularity relative to datums A & B to within 0.2
• Add a control to surface K that limits its parallelism relative to datum C to within 0.2
• Add a control to surface J that limits its angularity relative to datum D within 0.2
• Add a control to surface F that limits its flatness within 0.1
• Add a control to surface G that limits its perpendicularity relative to datum A within 0.6
• Add a control to surface P that limits its perpendicularity relative to datum C within a 0.2
cylindrical tolerance zone when the diameter is at MMC
• Add a control to surface M that limits its parallelism relative to datum A within 0.2. Use a tangent
plane modifier
• Add a control to surface N that limits its parallelism relative to datum B within 0.4
Session Summary
What did we learn?
Dimensions
Concepts
Datums
Summary

• What is an Engineering Drawing?

• Dimensions
• Drawings
• First Angle Projection vs Third Angle Projection
• View Types
Coordinate Dimensioning
 Summary: Features and Features of Size

• Feature
• Any surface on a part
• Feature of Size
• Cylindrical or Spherical Surface, or set
of two opposed elements or parallel
surfaces.  Can be Internal or External
• Can be used to establish an axis,  Shafts
median plane, or centerpoint  Keyways
 Holes
• Is associated with a size dimension
 Contain more than one feature
 Summary: Actual Local Size

• Value of any individual distance

at any cross section of a FOS.
• What you measure at any given
point
• Risk of error
Summary: Actual mating Envelope

• Feature counterpart of
the smallest size. It
contacts the surfaces at
the highest points.
 Summary: MMC & LMC
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC) • Least Material Condition (LMC)
• Consider that the part is the heaviest. • Consider that the part is the lightest.
• The largest shaft diameter or smallest hole • The smallest shaft diameter or the largest hole
diameter. diameter.
 Fits (Between Material Conditions)
• Clearance fit
• Interference fit
• Transition fit
Summary: RFS

• Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

• Indicates a geometric tolerance applies at any increment of size of the feature within its
size tolerance.
• whatever size the part is produced.
• No symbol for RFS
• It is the default condition for all geometric tolerances.
 Summary: Rules for GD&T
• Rule 1
• Perfect Form at MMC. Size controls form, not
orientation.
• Override: Straightness to FOS axis
• N/A: Stock size, Flexible, Screws.
• Rule 2
• RFS by default if no control is used
• MMC or LMC MUST be used to apply.
• Rule 2a: RFS can be stated on tolerance of position
Summary: Basic Dimensions
Summary: Boundary Conditions

• Worst Case Boundary

• Worst-case boundary (WCB) refers to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the worst
case for assembly.
• It can be virtual condition, inner boundary, or outer boundary.
• If there are no geometric controls applied to a FOS, the WCB is the outer or inner
boundary (MMC boundary defined by Rule #1).
Summary: Boundary Conditions

• Virtual condition
• Collective effects of MMC or LMC and the geometric tolerance for that material condition.
• Includes effects of the size, orientation, and location for the FOS.

• Inner boundary
• Smallest feature of size minus the stated geometric tolerance
• Includes any additional tolerance, if applicable.
• MMC for an internal feature or LMC for an external feature.

• Outer boundary
• Largest feature of size plus the stated geometric tolerance
• Includes any additional tolerance, if applicable
• LMC for an internal feature or MMC for an external feature
Summary: Bonus Tolerance

• Applies only to FOS

• Applies only with material Modifiers
• Applies when FOS is NOT at the specified
condition
Summary: Boundary Condition Formulas
Summary: Symbology and Concepts
 Summary: Modifiers
• Projected tolerance zone
• Tangent plane
• Diameter
• Radius and controlled radius
• Reference
Summary: Datum

•A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane

derived from the true geometric counterpart of
a specified datum feature.
•Origin for the location or geometric
characteristics of features of a part.
 Summary: Datum System
• Symbols and rules communicate how
dimensional measurements are to be
made.
• Specifies sequence for the Part
Immobilization, and which surfaces
contact the inspection equipment.
• Limits the movement of a part for
repeatable measurements.
Summary: The 3-2-1 Rule

• Primary datum feature: at least three points of contact

with its datum plane
• Secondary: two points
• Tertiary: at least one point of contact
• Only applies on a part with all planar datums.
 Summary: Part Immobilization

• If there are datum features,

part needs to be immobilized
relative to a Datum Reference
Frame
• Datums are defined by Datum
Features and their
counterparts,True Geometrical
Counterparts
Summary: Datum Reference Frame

Three mutually perpendicular datum planes. It provides direction

as well as an origin for dimensional measurements
Summary: Datum Feature

• An actual feature of a parts that is used to

establish a datum.
Summary: Datum Sequence
Summary: True Geometric Counterpart

• A Datum is defined by:

• A plane
• A maximum material condition boundary (MMC
concept)
• A least material condition boundary (LMC concept)
• A virtual condition boundary
• An actual mating envelope
• A mathematically defined contour
 Summary: Implied Datum

• An assumed plane, axis or point

• Old concept from coordinate
tolerancing.
• Does not communicate:
• Which surfaces should contact the
inspection equipment.
• Sequence the part should be locked in
place Good parts are
rejected / Bad parts
are accepted.
 Summary: Simulated Datum
• A point, axis, or plane
established by processing or
inspection equipment:
• Surface plate
• Gage surface
• Mandrel
Summary: Datum Selection

• Determine if planar datum or a FOS datum.

• Part function and assembly requirements.
• The datum features orient (stabilize) and locate the part in
its assembly.
Summary: Datum Specification
Summary: Datum Specification
Features of Size Cylindrical Features
 Summary: Datum Referencing
• After datums are specified, the drawing
must also communicate when and how
the datums should be used.
• This is done through the use of feature
control frames.
Summary: Material Condition and Precedence
Summary: Combined Datums

Two Datum Features, Single Datum Axis

/ Plane
 Summary: Datum Targets
• Describe the shape, size and location
• Are used to establish datum planes or axes.
• Are shown on the part on a drawing,
• Do not exist on a part.
• Used where it is not practical to use an entire
surface as datum feature.
Summary: Datum Target Application
Summary: Datum Target Application
Summary: Datum Target Application
Summary: Datum Shift
 Summary: Form Controls
• Straightness
• Defines how much a line element can vary from a straight line.
• Flatness
• Defines how much a surface can vary from its perfect plane.
• Circularity
• Defines how much circular elements can vary from a perfect circle
• Cylindricity
• Defines how much a surface can vary from a perfect cylinder
 Summary: Form Controls
• Form controls are used to define the shape of a feature in relation to itself,
therefore, they never use a datum reference.
• Cylindrical surfaces can have three different form characteristics: straightness,
circularity, and cylindricity.
Summary: Form Controls
Summary: Form Controls
 Summary: Flatness
• Is the condition of a surface having all of
its elements in one plane.
• Flatness can never use a MMC or LMC
modifier.
• Flatness cannot override Rule #1.
• Flatness is a refinement of the size limits
 Summary: Straigthness
• Condition where each line element (axis
or centerplane) is a straight line.
• The tolerance zone consists of two
parallel lines for each line element of the
surface.
• It can override Rule 1 if applied to FOS
 Summary: Circularity
• All points within two concentric circles
• Circularity can be applied to any part feature
with a diametral (round) cross section.
• Applies on each cross section
 Summary: Cylindricity
• Is a condition of a surface of revolution in which
all points of the surface are equidistant from a
common axis.
• Tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders within
which all points of the surface must lie.
• The radial distance between the two coaxial
cylinders is equal to the cylindricity control
tolerance value.
• A cylindricity control is a composite control that
limits the circularity, straightness, and taper of a
diameter simultaneously.
Thank You