MATH1131 Mathematics 1A

and

MATH1141 Higher Mathematics 1A

CALCULUS PROBLEMS
Semester 1 2015

Copyright 2015 School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW

Contents
Revision questions

1 Sets, inequalities and functions

Problems for Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Limits

2
5

Problems for Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Properties of Continuous functions

6
9

Problems for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Differentiable functions

13

Problems for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 The mean value theorem and its applications

17

Problems for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 Inverse functions

23

Problems for Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7 Curve sketching

27

Problems for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8 Integration

33

Problems for Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9 The logarithmic and exponential functions

41

Problems for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

10 The hyperbolic functions

45

Problems for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

iii

Answers to selected
Chapter 1 . . . . .
Chapter 2 . . . . .
Chapter 3 . . . . .
Chapter 4 . . . . .
Chapter 5 . . . . .
Chapter 6 . . . . .
Chapter 7 . . . . .
Chapter 8 . . . . .
Chapter 9 . . . . .
Chapter 10 . . . .

problems
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49
49
50
51
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

Revision questions
The following problems are part of the assumed knowledge for this course. You should attempt
these before taking the on-line Assumed Knowledge Quiz.

Inequalities and Absolute Values

1. Sketch the set of points (x, y) which satisfy the following relations.
a)

0 y 2x

and

0x2

b)

y/2 x 2 and

0y4

2. Solve
a)
d)

x(x 1) > 0
1
1
>
x
2

3. Solve


a) x + 1< 3

b)
e)

b)

Trigonometry

(x 1)(x 2) < 0
1
1
>
1x
2


x + 2> 3

c)
f)



3x + 2 1

c)

4. Find the exact value of each of the following:

 
 

5
7
b) sin
c) tan
a) cos
12
12
12
5. If A and B are acute with sin(A) =

2x2 + 3x 2 0
4
1
x1


x 1


x + 1 < 1

d)

d)

sec

11
12

3
12
and tan(B) =
find (without the use of a calculator):
5
5

a)

cos(A)

b)

tan(A)

c)

sin(B)

d)

cos(B)

e)

sin(A + B)

f)

cos(A B)

g)

sin(2A)

h)

tan(2B)

6. If A and B are acute with sin(A) =

a)

cos(2A)

b)

sin(A B)

c)

24
8
and cos(B) =
find (without finding A and B):
25
17
tan(A + B)

7. Find the period and amplitude for each of the following functions.
x 


b) y = 2 cos
+
a) y = 3 sin 2x
4
3
2
v

8. Express each of the following in terms of a single sine function in the form R sin(x ), where
R > 0 and is acute.

a) sin(x) + cos(x)
b) 2 sin(x) + 2 3 cos(x)

c)
3 sin(x) cos(x) d)
8 sin(x) 8 cos(x)
Functions
9. What is the (maximal) domain and range of the following functions?

a) f (x) = 5 x2
b) f (x) = x2 5

1
d) f (x) =
c) f (x) = x 1
x1

e) f (x) = (x 8)1/3
f) f (x) = sin x

x
if x < 0
cos

2
g) f (x) = 1 + tan x
h) f (x) =
1 x if 0 x 1

|x|
if x > 1

10. Sketch the graph of each of the functions in Problem 9.

11. Sketch each of the following functions without using calculus.

a) An odd function, f (x), defined on [2, 2] such that
f (x) = x2 (1 x) when 0 x 2.
b) An even function, f (x), defined on [3, 3] such that
f (x) = (x 1)2 (x 2)

when 0 x 3.

12. If f (x) = x + 5 and g(x) = x2 3 find

a)

g(f (0))

b)

g(f (x))

c)

f (g(2))

d)

f (g(x))

1
, give the explicit forms of
x1
f (x)
d) f (g(x))
f (x)g(x) c)
g(x)

13. If f (x) = x 1 and g(x) =

a)

f (x) + g(x)

b)

e)

g(f (x))

Limits of some Rational Functions

14. Find
a)
d)

x2
x2 x2 5x + 6
1 x4
lim
x1 1 x
lim

b)
e)

x2 5x + 6
x2 2x2 3x 2
2x2 3x + 7
lim
x 3x2 + x 1
lim

vi

c)
f)

2 0.8 0.2
1
1
3
2x + 3x + 2
lim
x 5x3 + 4x 1
lim

Simple Differentiation
15. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.

a) f (x) = (2x + 5)3 b) g(t) = t2 4

c) h(x) =
d)

f (x) = sin3 x

g)

f (x) = ex

j)

f (x) = x cos 2x
x+e
f (x) =
x+
sin x
f (x) =
2x + 5

m)
p)

2 /2

1
(2x + 3)3/2

e)

g(x) = cos(x3 )

f)

h(x) = sec(2x2 + 3)

h)

g(x) = x2 (2x 1)4

i)

h() = tan

k)

g(x) = x3 sin x
2x2 + 3
g(x) =
3x 2

l)

h(x) = x ln x
t
h(t) =
t2 4

n)

o)

Tangents and Normals

16. Find the equation of the tangent and the equation of the normal to each of the following
curves.
1
at the point (1, 5)
a) y = 4x +
x
1
b) y = x3 1 + 2 at the point (1, 1)
x
cos x

c) y =
at the point where x =
1 sin x
6
Stationary Points
17. Locate and identify the stationary points for
x
1 + x2

a)

y = 2x3 9x2 + 12x 3

b)

y=

c)

y = e2x (1 x)

d)

e)

y = xn ex

y = xex
ln x
y=
x

g)

y = 4x3 x4

for

n Z, n 2

f)
h)

y = x + cos x

18. The slope of the curve y = f (x) is given by

dy
= x2 (2x 1)(x 1)
dx
Determine the nature of the stationary points.
19. The slope of the curve y = f (x) is
dy
= 3(x 1)2 (x 2)3 (x 3)4 (x 4)
dx
vii

For what value or values of x does y have

a)

a local maximum?

b)

a local minimum?

Integration
20.

a) Use your answer to 15(i) to find a primitive function of sec2 .

Z
Hint: From tables
tan d = ln | sec | + C.

b) Use your answer to 15(j) to find a primitive function of x sin 2x.

c) Use your answer to 15(l) to find a primitive function of ln x.
21. The curve y = f (x) has
22. Find y where
dy
x2 + 1
a)
=
dx
x2

for

dy
= 3x2 2x + 1 and passes through the point (2, 3). Find f (x).
dx

x 6= 0

23. Without
recourse to tables find
Z
a)
ex dx
Z
sin(2x) dx
c)
0
Z
e)
(2x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 5)dx
Z 1
1
dx
g)
2x 3
2

b)

x+1
dy
=
dx
x

b)

d)
f)
h)

for

e3x dx

Z0

cos(3x) dx

(2x 3)5 dx

x>0

1
dx
3x + 1

For all the above indefinite integrals, check your answers by differentiating.
Integration by Substitution
24. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals by using the suggested substitution:
Z

5
a)
x2 x3 + 1 dx; u = x3 + 1
Z
p
b)
(t 1) t2 2t + 4 dt; u = t2 2t + 4
Z
2
c)
(x + 1) ex +2x+3 dx; u = x2 + 2x + 3
Z
Z


2
2
d)
x sin x + 1 dx; u = x + 1
e)
esin 2x cos 2x dx; u = sin 2x
Z
Z


dz
2x
2x
2x
; u = ln z
f)
e cos e
dx; u = e
g)
z ln z
Z
Z
ex
x+1
2
dx;
u
=
x
+
2x

1
i)
dx; u = 1 + ex
h)
x2 + 2x 1
1 + ex
Z
Z
x+1
sin(ln x) dx
2
j)
; u = ln x
dx;
u
=
x
+
2x

1
k)
5
2
x
(x + 2x 1)
viii

25. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals by using the suggested substitution:
Z /4
Z 4
sec2 x
2
dx; u = tan x
xex +1 dx; u = x2 + 1
b)
a)
/6 tan x
0
Z 20
Z 1
t
3x

dx; u = 3x + 1 d)
c)
dt; u = t 4
2
t4
5
0 (3x + 1)
Area and Volume
26. For each of the following functions, find the area between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis
over the given range of x values.
a)
c)
e)

f (x) = 2x2 1 from x = 1 to 2

1
f (x) = 2x2 + 2 from x = 1 to 2
x

b)

f (x) = x3 3x2 + 4x from x = 0 to 2

d)

f (x) = ex/3 from x = 0 to 3

f (x) = 2 cos x + 3 from x = 0 to

f)

f (x) =

1
from x = 0 to 2
x+1

27. For each of the following functions, find the volume of the solid formed when the curve
y = f (x) over the given range of x is rotated about the x-axis.
a)

f (x) = x2 + 1 from x = 0 to 1

b)

c)

f (x) = ex/4 from x = 0 to 2

d)

e)

f (x) =

2
from x = 1 to 2
x

f (x) = sec x from x = 0 to

4

f (x) = x +

1
from x = 0 to 1
x+1

Logarithms
28. Simplify:
a)

log4 12 log4 3

log2 16
log2 8

b)

c)

log1/3 729

29. Solve for x:

a)

22x+1 (17)2x + 8 = 0

b)

ln x = 3 ln 2 + 2 ln 3

c)

logx 125 = 3

Remainder Theorem
30. Without division find the remainder when p(x) = x3 5x2 + 10x 6 is divided by
a)

x2

b)

x1

c)

x+2

d)

x+1

which (if any) of these is a factor of p(x)?

Binomial Theorem
31. Use Pascals triangle to expand the following:
a)

(x + y)5

b)

(3x 2y)4

c)

(2x + 3)6
ix

32. Use the Binomial Theorem to find the following.

a) The coefficient of x12 in the expansion of (2x3 3)7 .


2 3
3
2
.
b) The coefficient of x in the expansion of x
x


1 9
2
c) The term independent of x in the expansion of 2x +
.
x

Answers for Revision Questions

1. Answer for both: the interior and boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0),
(2, 0), and (2, 4).
2.

a) x < 0 or x > 1
d) x < 2 or x > 0

3.

a) 4 < x < 2

4.

a)

5.

1
4

4
5
6
g)
13

b)

b) x < 5 or x > 1

c)

2 1+

12
13

87
425

b)

a)

7.

a) amplitude = 3,

9.

c) 1 x

3

c) 2 +

5
13

d)

e)

63
65


2 sin x +
4


d) 4 sin x
4

a) 5 x 5;

c)

c) x 1; y 0

b) amplitude = 2,



b) 4 sin x +
3
0y

d) x > 1; y > 0

b) x2 + 10x + 22

a) x 1 +

14.

a) 1

15.

a) 6(2x + 5)2

1
x1

b)

e) 3x2 sin(x3 )

1
5

b)

e) x 6= 8;

d) x2 + 2
c) (x 1)3/2

x1

t
b)
2
t 4

d) 4

e)

c)

2
3

3
(2x + 3)5/2

f) 4x sec(2x2 + 3) tan(2x2 + 3)

h) 2x(6x 1)(2x 1)3

y 6= 0

y0

h) R; y 1

c) 6

c) 1.2

period = 6

b) x 5 or x 5;

g) {x : x 6= (2n + 1)/2, n Z}; y 1

13.

56
65

d) 2 3 1



c) 2 sin x
6

f) {x : 2n x (2n + 1), n Z}; 0 y 1

a) 22

f)

d) x > 0

297
304

period =

a)

12.

3

1
3

120
119

6.

8.

1
4

b)

3
4

h)

527
625

c) x 2 or x

e) 1 < x < 1

2 1+ 3

a)

1
2
f) x < 1 or x 5

b) 1 < x < 2

i) sec2 + tan

1
1
d)
x1
f)

e)

2
5

d) 3 sin2 x cos x
g) xex

2 /2

j) 2x sin 2x + cos 2x
6x2 8x 9
e
n)
k) x2 (x cos x + 3 sin x)
l) 1 + ln x
m)
(x + )2
(3x 2)2
(2x + 5) cos x 2 sin x
4
p)
o) 2
3/2
(2x + 5)2
(t 4)
xi

1
x2

16.

a) y = 3x + 2, x + 3y = 16
b) y = x, x + y = 2




1
, y 3= x
c) y 3 = 2 x
6
2
6

17.

a) (1, 2) is a local maximum and (2, 1) is a local minimum

b) (1, 21 ) is a local maximum and (1, 12 ) is a local minimum
c) ( 21 , 2e ) is a local maximum

d) (1, e1 ) is a local maximum



nn
e)
n, n is a local maximum and (0, 0) is a local minimum if n is even and a point of
e
inflection if n is odd
f) (e, e1 ) is a local maximum
g) (3, 27) is a local maximum and (0, 0) is a point of inflection
h) ( 2 + 2k, 2 + 2k) k Z are points of inflection
1
18. There is a point of inflection for x = 0, a local maximum for x = , and a local minimum for
2
x=1
19.

a) x = 2

b) x = 4

20.

a) tan ln | sec |

1
1
b) x cos 2x + sin 2x
2
4

c) x ln x x

21. f (x) = x3 x2 + x 3
22.

a) y = x

23.

a) ex +C
f)

24.

1
+C
x
b)

b) y =

2 3/2
x +2 x+C
3

1 3
(e 1)
3

1
1 4
sin(3x)+C
e)
x +x3 +2x2 +5x+C
3
2
1
(2x 3)6 + C
h)
12

c) 0
 
5
1
g)
ln
2
7

1
ln |3x + 1| + C
3

d)

6

3
1 2
1
1 x2 +2x+3
e
+C
x3 + 1 + C
b)
t 2t + 4 2 + C
c)
18
3
2




1
1 sin 2x
1
d) cos x2 + 1 + C
e)
e
+C
f)
sin e2x + C
g) ln | ln z| + C
2
2
2

1  2
1
h)
+C
ln x + 2x 1 + C
i) ln (1 + ex ) + C
j)
2
8 (x2 + 2x 1)4
k) cos(ln x) + C
a)

1 17
e e
2

25.

a)

26.

a)

27.

28
a)
15

11
3

b)

b) 4
25
b)
3

1
ln 3
2
c)

31
6

c)

2
1
ln 2
3
4
3
e


d) 3


c) 2 1

1
e

xii

d) 66
e) 3

d)

f) ln 3
e)

b)

4
3

28.

a) 1

29.

a) 1, 3

30.

a) 2

31.

a) x5 + 5x4 y + 10x3 y 2 + 10x2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5

c) 6

b) 72
b) 0

c)

c) 54

1
5
d) 22;

b) 81x4 216x3 y + 216x2 y 2 96xy 3 + 16y 4

x 1 is a factor.

c) 64x6 + 576x5 + 2160x4 + 4320x3 + 4860x2 + 2916x + 729

32.

a) 15120

b) 6

c) 672

xiii

xiv

Chapter 1

Sets, inequalities and functions

Problems for Chapter 1

Questions marked with [R] are routine, with [H] are harder and with [X] are for MATH1141 only.
Questions marked with [V] have a video solution available from Moodle. You should make sure
that you can do the easier questions before you tackle the more difficult questions.

Problems 1.1
1. [R] Express the following sets in words. Graph the sets on the number line (if possible).
a) {x Z : < x < }

b) {x R : x2 x 1 < 0}
c) {x Q : x2 = 2}

2. [R] Graph on the number line the following sets.

a) [3, ),

(, 3),

(, ),

(3, 3]

b) {x : |x 2| < 5}

c) {x : x2 + 4x 5 > 0}

3. [R] Sketch the set of points (x, y) which satisfy the following relations.
a) 0 y 2x

and

0x2

b) y/2 x 2 and

0y4

Problems 1.2, 1.3

4. [R] Solve the following inequalities.
a) x(x 1) > 0
d)

1
1
>
1x
2

b) (x 1)(x 2) < 0
e) x

c)

1
1
>
x
2

6
x1

5. [R] Solve the following inequalities.



a) x + 1< 3

6. [R] [V]



b) x + 2> 3



c) 3x + 2< 1



x 1
<1
d) 
x + 1

a) By expanding (x y)2 , prove that x2 + y 2 2xy for all real numbers x and y.

a+b
b) Deduce that
ab for all non-negative real numbers a and b. When does
2
equality hold?
1
c) Use the result above to find the minimum value of y = x2 + 2 .
x
2

7. [R] True or false:

1
1
< .
a
b
c) If 0 < a < b then a2 < b2 .
a) If a > b then

b) If a < b then a2 < b2 .

d) If a2 + b2 = 0 then a = b = 0.

e) If 1 < a < b then a2 < b2 .

8. [H] Prove that (x + y)2 4xy and hence deduce that

1
4
1
+ 2 2
.
2
x
y
x + y2

9. [H] [V]
a) Prove that f (x) = 1 + x + x2 is positive for all real numbers x.
b) By considering cases (or otherwise) prove that 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 is always positive.
c) Generalise the above results.

Problems 1.4
10. [R] Determine the (maximal) domain and corresponding range for each function f described below.

a) f (x) = 5 x2
b) f (x) = x2 5

c) f (x) = (x 8)1/3
d) f (x) = x 1

1
e) f (x) =
f) f (x) = sin x
x1

h) f (x) = 1 + tan2 x
g) f (x) = 1 2 sin x

x
if x < 0

cos

i) f (x) =
1 x if 0 x 1

|x|
if x > 1

11. [R] If f (x) = x + 5 and g(x) = x2 3 then find

a) (g f )(0)

b) (g f )(x)

12. [R] If f (x) = x 1 and g(x) =

a) (f + g)(x)

b) (f g)(x)

c) (f g)(2)

d) (f g)(x).

1
, then give the explicit forms of
x1
 
f
c)
(x)
g

d) (f g)(x).

Problems 1.5, 1.6, 1.7

13. [R] Draw neat sketches (preferably without using calculus) of the graphs given by the
following equations.
3

a) y = x2 5x + 6

b) y = 2x3 16

d) y = 2ex1

g) y = x 1

e) y =

x2

1
+4

c) y =

4
x3

f) y = 3 sin 2x

14. [R]

a) Sketch the graph of y = x + 1 and use your graph to sketch (on the same diagram)
1
y=
.
x+1
b) Repeat for y = x2 4x + 3.
15. [R] Sketch the graph of y = x2 7x 8 and hence sketch the graph of y = |x2 7x 8|.
16. [R] What range of values will x2 + 4 take if 2 x 3?
17. [R] Use a graphical approach to solve |2x 5| = x + 2.
18. [R]
a) Show that if p and q are polynomials then p q is again a polynomial.

b) [H] Is the same true for rational functions?

Problems 1.8
19. [R] Sketch the graphs given by the following equations.
a)

x2 y 2
+
=1
9
4

c) 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36

x2 y 2

=1
9
4
y 2 x2

=1
d)
9
4
b)

Chapter 2

Limits

Problems for Chapter 2

Problems 2.1
1. [R] [V] Evaluate the following limits if they exist.
2x2 + x 1
x x2 + 4x 3
x5 + 5x + 1
d) lim
x
x4 + 3

x2 1
x x2 + 1
2x2 + 5x 1
c) lim
x
x3 + x
5x2 3x + cos 7x
e) lim
x 4 + sin 2x + x2
a)

b)

lim

f)

lim

lim sin x

2. [R] Use the pinching theorem to find the following limits.

a)

sin x
x x
lim

b)

cos x
x x2
lim

3. [R]

a) Prove that lim ( x + 1 x) = 0.

x
p
1
b) Show that lim ( x2 + x x) = .
x
2

Problems 2.2, 2.3

4. [R]
a) Write down the formal definition for the statement
lim f (x) = L.

1
.
2x2
c) Verify from the formal definition that your answer in (b) is correct.

b) Evaluate lim

5. [R]
x2 + 1
.
x
x2

a) Evaluate lim

b) Find a real number M such that the distance between

than 0.01 whenever x > M .

x2 + 1
and its limit is less
x2

c) Suppose that > 0. Find a real number M (expressed in terms of ) such that the
x2 + 1
and its limit is less than whenever x > M .
distance between
x2

6. [R] [V] For each of the following, find the limit of f (x) as x tends to infinity and prove
from the definition that your answer is correct.
4x
x3
a) f (x) =
b) f (x) = 2
c) f (x) = e2x
x+7
x +3
sin 3x
sin x
e) f (x) = 2
d) f (x) =
x
x +4
7. [X]
a) With in (0, 1), Sarah solves the inequality |f (x) 4| < and finds that the required
x values satisfy


1
x
, .

Does lim f (x) exist? Give reasons for your answer.

x

b) With in (0, 1), Lyndal solves the inequality |g(x)5| < and finds that the inequality
holds for all x satisfying


1
, .
x

Does lim g(x) exist? Give reasons for your answer.

x

8. [R] A parcel is dropped from an aeroplane. A simple model, taking into account gravity
and air resistance, suggests that the parcels velocity v(t) (in metres per second) is given
by v(t) = 50(1 et/5 ), where t is the number of seconds since leaving the plane.
a) Calculate the terminal velocity of the parcel (that is, find lim v(t)).
t

b) The parcel never attains its terminal velocity. How long does it take to come within
1 metre per second of its terminal velocity?
9. [X] For each question below, give reasons for your answer. [In some cases a single example
will be sufficient while in other cases a general proof will be required. As a reminder, if
f (x) as x then lim f (x) does not exist.]
x

a) If lim f (x) and lim g(x) do not exist, can lim [f (x) + g(x)] or lim f (x)g(x) exist?
x

b) If lim f (x) exists and lim [f (x) + g(x)] exists, must lim g(x) exist?
x

c) If lim f (x) exists and lim g(x) does not exist, can lim [f (x) + g(x)] exist?
x

d) If lim f (x) exists and lim f (x)g(x) exists, does it follow that lim g(x) exists?
x

Problems 2.5
10. [R] Evaluate the following limits.
a) lim 2x + 4
x3

x2 4
x2 x 2

b) lim

x3 1
x1 x 1

c) lim

11. [R]
7

d) lim

x3

13
x3
1
x

|x 2|
.
x2
|x 2|
.
b) Find the right-hand limit lim
x2+ x 2
|x 2|
c) Does lim
exist?
x2 x 2
a) Find the left-hand limit lim

x2

12. [R] By finding the left- and right-hand limits first, decide whether or not each of the
following limits exist and if so find their values.
x
x0 |x|

a) lim

|x2 4|
x2 x 2

x4
x4 |x 4|

b) lim

c) lim

4
x0 x

d) lim

13. [R]
a) Use the pinching theorem to find lim x sin x1 .
x0

b) Repeat for lim x2 sin

x0

1
.
2x

14. [R] [V] Suppose that is a (positive) angle measured in radians and consider the diagram
below.
D
C

A B

The curve segment CB is the arc of a circle of radius 1 centre O.

a) Write down, in terms of , the length of arc CB and the lengths of the line segments
CA and DB.
b) By considering areas, deduce that sin cos tan whenever 0 < < 2 .

= 1.
c) Use the pinching theorem to show that lim
0+ sin
sin
d) Deduce that lim
= 1.
0
15. [H] Discuss the limiting behaviour of cos x1 as x 0.

Chapter 3

Properties of Continuous functions

Problems for Chapter 3

Problems 3.1, 3.2
1. [R] Suppose that f : R R is defined by f (x) = |x|.
a) Show that f is continuous at 0.
b) Is f continuous everywhere? Give brief reasons for your answer.
2. [R] Determine at which points each function f : R R is continuous. Give reasons.
(
e2x
a) f (x) =
cos x

2x

if x < 0
e
b) f (x) = sin x + 1 if 0 x /2

2x
if x > /2

if x < 0
if x 0

3. [R] Suppose that

f (x) =

x2 16
x4

if x 6= 4
if x = 4,

where k is a real number. For which values of k (if any) will f be continuous everywhere?
4. [H] Use the pinching theorem for limits to show that if f , g and h are three functions
defined on an open interval I, such that
f (x) g(x) h(x) for all x I,
f (a) = g(a) = h(a) for some a I, and
f and h are continuous at a,
then g is also continuous at a.

Problems 3.3
5. [R] Show that the function f , given by f (x) = x3 5x + 3, has a zero in each of the
intervals [3, 2], [0, 1] and [1, 2].
6. [R] [V] Use the intermediate value theorem to show that the equation ex = 2 cos x has at
least one positive real solution.
7. [H] Suppose that f is continuous on [0, 1] and that Range(f ) is a subset of [0, 1]. By using
g(x) = f (x) x, prove that there is a real number c in [0, 1] such that f (c) = c.
8. [X] Suppose that f is a continuous function such that f (0) = 1 and lim f (x) = 1. Show
x

that f has a zero somewhere in (0, ).

10

Problems 3.4
9. [R] In each case, determine whether or not f attains a maximum on the given interval.
Give reasons for your answer.



ln x 
x
2

a) f (x) = x 4 on [3, 5]
b) f (x) = sin(e ) + 2
on [2, 4]
x 1
c) f (x) = x2 4 on

(3, 5)

d) f (x) = (x2 4)

on

(3, 5)

10. [H] [V] Suppose that f is a continuous function on R and that lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0.
x

a) Give an example of such a function which has both a maximum value and a minimum
value.
b) Give an example of such a function which has a minimum value but no maximum
value.
c) [X] Show that if there is a real number such that f () > 0 then f attains a
maximum value on R. [Note that the maximum-minimum theorem only applies to
finite closed intervals [a, b].]

11

12

Chapter 4

Differentiable functions

13

Problems for Chapter 4

Problems 4.1
1. [R] Using the definition of the derivative, show that:
a) if f (x) = x2 then f (x) = 2x;
b) if f (x) = x3 then f (x) = 3x2 ;
then f (x) = 1
;
x2

d) [H] if f (x) = x then f (x) =

c) if f (x) =

1
x

.
2 x

Problems 4.2
2. [R] Find the derivative in each case.
a) f (x) = 5(x4 + 3x7 )
y2
y3 + 8

e) f (t) = t/ t2 4

c) h(y) =

b) g(x) = (x4 2x)(4x2 + 2x + 5)

d) f (x) = x(x2 4)1/2

g) g(x) = x4 ex

f) g(y) = sin 3y 3 cos2 2y

h) f (x) = (x2 + 1) ln x3 + 1

i) f (x) = ln(etan x )

j) f (x) = ln(cos x)

3. [H] Suppose that f : R R is defined by f (x) = x|x| for all x in R.

f (0 + h) f (0)
.
h
h0+
f (0 + h) f (0)
b) If it exists, evaluate lim
.
h
h0
c) State the value of f (0) or explain why f is not differentiable at 0.
a) If it exists, evaluate lim

4. [R] [V] Determine at which points each function f is (i) differentiable; (ii) continuous.
(
sin x if x 0
x3 6x + 4
c) f (x) = 2
a) f (x) = |x|
b) f (x) =
x + 4x + 4
x
if x > 0
5. [R] Sketch the graph of f , where f (x) = x1/3 . Is f differentiable at 0? Give reasons.
6. [X] Prove that the function f : R R, given by
(
x2 sin x1 if x 6= 0
f (x) =
0
if x = 0,
is continuous and differentiable everywhere, but that f is not continuous at 0.
7. [X] The function f is differentiable at a. Find
lim

h0

f (a + ph) f (a ph)
.
h
14

8. [R] (An exercise on notation.) Suppose that f (x) = x + cos 2x. Write down
a) f (x + 17)

b) f (x + n)

d) f (2 x2 )

e)

d
dx

c) f (2 x2 )

f (2 x2 ).

Problems 4.4
dy
in terms of x and y if
dx

a) x3 + y 3 = xy
b) x2 xy + y 2 = 6.

9. [R] Find

10. [R] Find

dy
for the curve x4 + y 4 = 16. Sketch the graph of the curve.
dx

11. [R] [V] Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve x3 + y 3 = 3(x + y) at the point
(1, 2).

Problems 4.5
12. [R] Suppose that a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b (if any) such that
the functions f and g, given by
(
(
ax + b if x < 0
ax + b if x < 0
a) f (x) =
and
b) g(x) =
,
sin x
if x 0
e2x
if x 0
are (i) continuous at 0 and (ii) differentiable at 0.
13. [H] The function f : R R is is defined by
(

x sin x
f (x) =
ax + b

if x 0
if x < 0,

where a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b (if any) such that f is differentiable at 0.

Problems 4.6
14. [R] Suppose that f (x) =

x.

a) Without using a calculator, give a rough estimate of f (8.01).

b)

i) Find the equation of the tangent to f at the point (8, 2).

ii) Use your answer to part (i) to find a different approximation for f (8.01).

c) Using a calculator, determine the error for the approximation in (a) and in (b). Which
approximation is better?
15

Problems 4.7
15. [R] At a certain instant the side length of an equilateral triangle is a cm and this length
is increasing at r cm/sec. How fast is the area increasing?
16. [R] [V] A 5 m ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. Suppose that the bottom of the
ladder is being pulled away from the wall at a rate of 1 m/sec. How fast is the area of the
triangle underneath the ladder changing at the instant that the top of the ladder is 4 m
from the floor?
17. [R] A spherical balloon is to be filled with water so that there is a constant increase in
the rate of its surface area of 3 cm2 /sec.
(The surface area A and volume V of a sphere of radius r is given by A = 4r 2 and
V = 43 r 3 .)
a) Find the rate of increase in the radius when the radius is 3 cm.
b) Find the volume when the volume is increasing at a rate of 10 cm3 /sec.
18. [R]
a) A container in the shape of a right circular cone, of semi-vertical angle tan1 ( 12 ), is
placed vertex downwards with its axis vertical.

= tan1 ( 12 )

Water is poured in at the rate of 10 mm3 per sec. Find the rate at which the depth,
h mm, is increasing when the depth of water in the cone is 50 mm.
b) [H] The cone is filled to a depth of 100 mm and pouring is then stopped. A hole is
then opened
at the vertex of the cone and water flows out of the hole at the rate

of 50 h mm3 per second, where h is the depth at time t. Show that it takes 200
seconds to empty the cone.

16

Chapter 5

The mean value theorem and its

applications

17

Problems for Chapter 5

Problems 5.1
1. [R] Find a real number c which satisfies the conclusions of the mean value theorem for
each function f on the given interval.

a) f (x) = x3 on [1, 2]
b) f (x) = x on [0, 2].
2. [R] Suppose that f (x) = 1/x. Show that there is no real number c in [1, 2] such that
f (c) =

f (2) f (1)
.
2 (1)

Why does this not contradict the mean value theorem?

3. [R] Consider the function f given by f (x) = (x 2)4 cos(x2 4x + 4). Use the mean value
theorem to show that f has a zero on the interval [1, 3].

Problems 5.3
4. [R] [V] By using the mean value theorem, show that
a) ln(1 + x) < x whenever x > 0;
b) ln(1 x) < x/(1 x) whenever 0 < x < 1;
c) 1 + x < ex whenever x > 0.

5. [R]
a) Use the mean value theorem to show that sin t < t whenever t > 0.
1
b) Using the pinching theorem and part (a), evaluate the limit lim sin .
x
x
6. [H] Prove that

x
x
1+
< 1+x<1+
2
2 1+x

whenever x > 0.

Problems 5.4
7. [R] [V] Use the mean value theorem to find an upper bound for the error involved if we
approximate

a)
17 by 16 = 4;


1998 2
b)
by 22 = 4;
1000
1
1
by
.
c)
1002
1000
18

Problems 5.5, 5.6, 5.7

8. [R] The derivative of a function f : R R is given by f (x) = 3(x + 1)(x 1)2 (x 4)3 .
Locate all stationary points of f and identify any local maximum or minimum points of
f.
9. [X] The function f : R R, given by
f (x) =

x sin x1
0

if x 6= 0
if x = 0,

is continuous but not differentiable at 0. Does f have a local maximum or a local minimum
at 0? Prove your answer.
10. [R] Find the maximum and minimum values for each function f over the given interval.
a) f (x) = 3 x3

c) f (x) = x3 x4
e) f (x) =

|x2

over
over

b) f (x) = 3 x4

[2, 4]
[5, 5]

3x + 2| over

over

d) f (x) = 2x(x + 4)3

[2, 4]
over

[2, 1]

[0, 3]

11. [R] Find the point on the straight line 2x + 3y = 6 which is closest to the origin.
12.

x2 x3
i) [R] Show that the polynomial p3 , where p3 (x) = 1 + x +
+ , has at least
2!
3!
one real root.
x2
ii) [H] Show that the polynomial p2 , where p2 (x) = 1 + x + , has no real roots
2!
and deduce that p3 has exactly one real root.
x2 x3 x4
iii) [X] Deduce that p4 (x) = 1 + x +
+
+
> 0 for all real numbers x.
2!
3!
4!
n
X
xk
b) [X] Suppose that pn (x) =
whenever n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Use induction to prove
k!
k=0
that
a)

i) if n is even then pn (x) > 0 for all real numbers x, and

ii) if n is odd then pn (x) has exactly one real root and this root is negative.
13. [R] A wire of length 100 cm is cut into two pieces of length x cm and y cm. The piece of
length x cm is bent into the shape of a square and the piece of length y cm into the shape
of a circle. Find x and y so that the sum of the areas enclosed by the shapes will be
a) a minimum

b) a maximum.

14. [X] Suppose that a 0. Find the greatest and least distances from the point (a, 0) to
the ellipse
x2 y 2
+
= 1.
4
1
(Have a precise answer before comparing with the given answer.)
19

15. [X] Find all the values of a and x, both in [0, 2], where
f (x) = cos a + 2 cos(2x) + cos(4x a)
has a horizontal point of inflexion.

Problems 5.8
16. [R] Show that x3 + x 9 = 0 has only one real solution.
17. [R] Suppose that p(x) = x3 12x2 + 45x 51 whenever x R. How many real zeros
does p have?

Problems 5.9
18. [R]
a) Find a function f that has the following properties:
f (t) = sin t + t
f (0) = 2.

whenever t R,

b) Are there any other functions with these properties? Explain your answer.
19. [R] A particle moving along the x-axis has velocity 2tt2 units per second after t seconds.
Find
a) the distance from the starting point after three seconds;
b) the total distance travelled after three seconds.

Problems 5.10
20. [R] Calculate the following limits.
xm 1
ex 1
b) lim n
, n 6= 0
a) lim
x1 x 1
x0 x(3 + x)


ln (1 + x) x
1 sin x
d) lim
e) lim
x0
x2
1 + cos 2x
x/2
21. [R] Determine the limiting behaviour in the following cases.
x3 + 1
as x
x4 + 1
e5x
c)
as x
x3

x4 + 1
e)
as x
3
x6 + 1

b)

a)

22. [H] Find the value of lim

t0

e5x
as x
x3

d) x sin(1/x) as x
f)


ln(x3 + 1)
as x
ln(x2 + 1)


1
1
+
.
ln(1 + t) ln(1 t)
20

c)
f)

lim

x/2

lim

x0

x /2
cos x

tan x x
x3

ax 1 + ebx
= 1.
x0
x2

23. [H] Find (a, b) such that lim

24. [R] Explain why lHopitals Rule cannot be used to find lim

method to find this limit.

4x + sin x
. Use another
2x sin x

25. [R] [V] Show that the function f , given by

(
e2x
if x 0
f (x) =
2x + 1 if x < 0,
is differentiable at 0.
26. [R]
cos

h1
.
h
h0+
b) A function f is defined by
a) Evaluate lim

cos x
f (x) =
ax + b

if x 0
if x < 0,

where a and b are real numbers. By using the limit calculated in (a), find all possible
values of a and b such that f is differentiable at 0.
27. [H]
a) Use lHopitals rule to show that lim x ln x = 0.
x0+

b) By using part (a), or otherwise, show that lim x2 ln x = 0.

x0+

c) A function f is defined by
(
x2 ln x
f (x) =
ax + b

if x > 0
if x 0,

where a and b are real numbers. Find all possible values of a and b such that f is
differentiable at 0.

21

22

Chapter 6

Inverse functions

23

Problems for Chapter 6

Problems 6.1
1. [R] [V] Suppose
that the functions

f : [0, ) [1, ) and g : [1, ) [0, ) are given

by f (x) = 1 + x2 and g(x) = x2 1.
a) By calculating (f g)(x) and (g f )(x), verify that g is the inverse function to f .
b) What are the domains of f g and g f ?
2. [R]
a) Suppose that f : R R is given by f (x) = 3x + 1. Find f 1 (x). Sketch the graph
of f and the graph of its inverse function, f 1 , on the same diagram.
b) The function g : (, 0] R is defined by g(x) = x2 +1. Write down the domain and
range of the inverse function g1 and find a formula for g1 (x). Find the derivative
of g1 .

Problems 6.2, 6.3

3. [R] Show that the function f : R R, given by f (x) = x3 +3x+1, has an inverse function
whose domain is R.
4. [R] Suppose that f : R R is given by f (x) = 4x + cos x.
a) Show that f has an inverse function g.
b) By using the inverse function theorem, find g (2).
5. [R] Suppose that f : R R is defined by f (x) = x3 3x + 1.
a) Show that f : R R is not a one-to-one function.
b) Find all possible intervals I of R, each as large as possible, such that the restricted
function f : I R has an inverse. What is the domain of each of corresponding
inverse function?
6. [H]
a) Can you find a quadratic function from R to R which is one-to-one?
b) Can you find a cubic function from R to R which is not one-to-one?

Problems 6.4
7. [H] For each function f : R R given below, find all possible intervals I of R, each as
large as possible, such that the restricted function f : I R is one-to-one. State the
range of each restricted function f : I R. What can you say about existence, domain
of definition, continuity and differentiability of the corresponding inverse functions?
a) f (x) = x(x2 1)(x + 2)
b) f (x) = (x + 1)17
c) f (x) = |x| |x + 1|
24

Problems 6.4, 6.5

8. [R] Simplify each expression without using a calculator.

b) cos(cos1 (2/5))
a) sin1 ( 3/2)

c) sin1 (sin(5/3))

d) cos1 (cos(/3)) e) cos(sin1 (3/5))

g) sec1 (2)

f) sin(tan1 (3/5))

h) sin1 (sin x) when

3
2

9. [R] Sketch the graph of f : [1, 3] R, where f (x) = cos1 (x 2).

10. [R] Show that
a)

d
1
cos1 x =
dx
1 x2

b)

d
1
.
tan1 x =
dx
1 + x2

11. [R] Differentiate

a) cos1 (2x)

b) sin1

c) tan1 (2x 3).

12. [R] Prove that sin1 x + cos1 x is constant. For what values of x is this valid and what
is the constant?
13. [H] Suppose that f (x) = tan1 x + tan1 (1/x) whenever x 6= 0.
a) Show that f (x) = 0 whenever x 6= 0.

b) Hence evaluate f on the intervals (0, ) and (, 0).

c) How do you account for this result geometrically?

14. [H]
a) Draw the graph of cosec x.
b) Show that cosec restricted to the interval (0, 2 ] has an inverse function. Sketch the
graph of the inverse and calculate its derivative.
15. [X]
a) Show that 2 tan1 2 = cos1 (3/5).

b) Show that cos1 (1 2x2 ) = 2 sin1 x whenever 0 x 1.

c) Suppose that q(x) = cos1 (1 2x2 ). Is q differentiable at 0?

16. [H] A function f : R R is defined by

f (x) =

 
(
if x > 0
x tan1 1x
ax + b

if x 0,

where a and b are real numbers. Find all values of a and b such that f is differentiable
at 0.
25

17. [H] A lighthouse containing a revolving beacon is located 3 km from P , the nearest point
on a straight shoreline. The beacon revolves with a constant rotation rate of 4 revolutions
per minute and throws a spot of light onto the shoreline. How fast is the spot of light
moving when it is (a) at P and (b) at a point on the shoreline 2 km from P ?
18. [H] A picture 2 metres high is hung on a wall with its bottom edge 6 metres above the
eye of the viewer. How far from the wall should the viewer stand for the picture to subtend
the largest possible vertical angle with her eye?

26

Chapter 7

Curve sketching

27

Problems for Chapter 7

Problems 7.1
1. [R] Find the maximal domain and range of the function f , given by f (x) =
and sketch its graph.

5 + 4x x2 ,

2. [R] Write down the period of each of the following functions f (where possible). Determine
which are odd or even. Sketch the graph of each function.
a) f (x) = sin 3x

b) f (x) = 1 + sin(2x/3)

c) f (x) = x sin x

d) f (x) = tan 3x

e) f (x) = cos2 x

f) f (x) = sin x + cos x

3. [R] Suppose that f is an odd function (not everywhere zero). Determine whether each
function g below is odd, even or neither.
a) g(x) = x2 f (x)

b) g(x) = x3 f (x)

c) g(x) = x2 + f (x)

d) g(x) = x3 + f (x)

e) g(x) = sin(f (x))

f) g(x) = f (cos x)

4. [R] For each function f , identify any vertical and oblique asymptotes and hence sketch
the graph. (Do not use calculus.)
a) f (x) = x + 2 +

1
x3

b) f (x) =

x2 2
x+1

c) [H] f (x) =

x3 7x + 8
x2 + x 6

5. [R] Sketch the following curves, showing their main features.

x1
1
2
b) y =
c) y = ex /2
a) y = x2 + 2
x
x2
x2
d) y = xex
e) y 2 = x(x 4)2
f) y =
x2
2
x 1
g) y = 2
h) y = x cos1 x
x 2x
6. [H] (Longer rather than difficult)

3x2 10x + 3
.
3x2 + 10x + 3
b) Find the asymptotes.

Suppose that y =

a) Find the values of x for which y 0.

c) Find the turning points.

d) Find the domain and range.

e) Sketch the graph.

Problems 7.2
7. [R] Sketch the curves given by the following parametric equations. Also find, where
possible, a Cartesian equation for the curve.
a)
b)
c)
d)

x = 4 cos t,
x = 3 sec t,
x = t3 ,
x = et cos t,

y
y
y
y

= 5 sin t
= 2 tan t
.
= t2
= et sin t
28

8. [R] For each of the curves given in parametric form by

a)

x=1t
y =1+t

b)

x = 3t + 2
y = t4 1

c)

x = cos t
y = sin t,

i) find the points on the curve corresponding to t = 1, 0, 1, and 2;

ii) find any point on the curve where y = 0;
iii) find

dy
as a function of t.
dx

9. [R]

a) Find the equation of the normal to the curve x =

when t = 2.

t
t
, y =
at the point P
t+1
t1

b) Eliminate t from the above equations and find the gradient of the normal at P using
the Cartesian form.
10. [X] A curve is given in terms of the parameter t by x = t3 , y = 3t2 .
a) What is the equation of the curve? Can you sketch it?
b) Show that the equation of the chord joining the points with parameters t1 , t2 is
(t21 + t1 t2 + t22 )y = 3(t1 + t2 )x + 3t21 t22 .
c) Show that the equation of the tangent at t is ty = 2x + t3 .
d) Suppose that P is a point with coordinates (a, b) and that P does not lie on on the
curve or on the y-axis.
i) Show that either one or three tangents may be drawn from P to the given curve.
Illustrate on a sketch the region in which P must lie so that there are three
tangents from P to the curve.
ii) Assume that P lies in this region and let Q1 , Q2 , Q3 denote the points of contact
of the tangents from P to the curve. Show that the centroid of the triangle
Q1 Q2 Q3 is the point (2a, 2b).
11. [H] Consider a fixed circle of radius 1 centred at the origin and a smaller circle of radius 14
initially centred at ( 34 , 0). The smaller circle rolls (without slipping) around the inside rim
of the larger circle such that the centre Q of the smaller circle moves in an anticlockwise
direction. A point P , fixed on the rim of the smaller circle and initially with coordinates
(1, 0), traces out a curve as the smaller circle moves inside the larger circle.

29

Configuration after motion has begun

Initial configuration

The goal of this question is to find the Cartesian form of the trajectory of P . Let denote
the angle (in radians) between OQ and the positive x-axis, as shown in the above diagram.

a) Explain why OQ = 43 (cos , sin ).

b) [X] Explain why QP = 14 (cos(3), sin(3)).

c) Show that OP = (cos3 , sin3 ).

(You may find techniques from MATH1131 Algebra useful here.)
d) Hence the trajectory of P is given by
x = cos3 ,

y = sin3 ,

0 2.

By using an appropriate trigonometric identity, eliminate to find the cartesian

equation of the trajectory of P .
e) Sketch the curve corresponding to this equation. (This curve is called an astroid after
the Greek word for star.)

Problems 7.3
12. [R] The following points are given in polar coordinate form. Plot them on a diagram and
find their Cartesian coordinates.
a) (3, 0)

b) (6, 7/6)

c) (2, 7/4)

13. [R] Convert these Cartesian coordinates into polar forms with r 0 and < .

a) (3, 0) b) (1, 1) c) (2, 2 3)

d) (0, 1)
e) (2 3, 2) f) (2 3, 2)
14. [R] Sketch the graph corresponding to each polar equation.
a) r = 4

b) = 2

c) r = 3,

15. [R]
30

for 0.

a) Express r = 6 sin , where 0 , in Cartesian form and hence draw its graph.

b) Repeat this for r = 2 cos , where /2 /2.

16. [R] Sketch the graph corresponding to each polar equation.

a) r = 2 + sin

b) r = 3 + cos

d) r = 2| cos |

e) r = 3| sin 6|

c) r = 2 2 cos

f) r = | tan 2 | ( < < )

17. [H] The hyperbolic spiral is described by the equation r = a whenever > 0, where
sin
a is a positive constant. Using the fact that lim
= 1, show that the line y = a is a
0
horizontal asymptote to the spiral. Sketch the spiral.
5
is the polar equation of an ellipse by finding the Cartesian
3 2 cos
equation of the curve (and completing the square).

18. [H] Show that r =

19. [X]
a) For what values of is r 2 = 25 cos 2 defined?
b) Sketch the graph of this curve. What difference would it make if you allowed negative
values of r?

31

32

Chapter 8

Integration

33

Problems for Chapter 8

Problems 8.1, 8.2
1. [R]


1 2
0, , , . . . , 1 of the interval [0,1], calculate the
n n
lower sum S Pn (f ) and the upper sum S Pn (f ) for each function f .
i) f (x) = 1
ii) f (x) = x
iii) f (x) = x2
n
X
[You may need
k2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1).]

a) By taking the partition Pn =

k=1

iv) f (x) = x3

[You may need

n
X

k3 = 14 n2 (n + 1)2 .]

k=1
(
1 if x Q
v) f (x) =
0 if x
/Q

b) By taking the limit as n for each sum S Pn (f ) and S Pn (f ) calculated in (a),

Z 1
f (x) dx, or show that f is not Riemann integrable.
either calculate
0

1
of a second.
2. [R] An electrical signal S(t) has its amplitude |S(t)| tested (sampled) every 10
It is desired to estimate the energy over a period of half a second, given exactly by
!1
Z 1
2
2
.
|S(t)|2 dt
0

The results of the measurement are shown in the following table:

t

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

|S(t)|

60

50

50

45

55

10

e(t)

a) Using the above data for S(t), set up an appropriate Riemann sum and compute an
approximate value for the energy.
b) It is known that the signal varies by an amount of at most e(t), as shown above, in
1
second period. Calculate upper and lower bounds for the energy.
each 10
3. [X] Consider the partition Pn of [1, 2], given by Pn = {q 0 , q 1 , q 2 , . . . , q n } where q n = 2.
(Notice that (i) the divisions are not of equal width and (ii) 1 < q < 2 and q 1 as
n .) If f (x) = xj for some positive integer j, then evaluate the integral
Z 2
f (x) dx
1

by calculating the limit lim S Pn (f ) of the corresponding lower Riemann sums.

n

34

Problems 8.3, 8.4

4. [R] Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = x and the parabola y = x2 2.
5. [R] Find
Z 9 3
x x
a)
dx
x3/2
4

b)

|x| dx.

6. [H] Find a function f which satisfies the integral equation

Z 0
Z x
(t2 + 1)f (t) dt + x.
tf (t) dt =
x

7. [R] Explain why

1
1

1
1
dx =
2
x
x

1

= 1 1 = 2 is not valid.

8. [H]
a) Suppose that f is a continuous increasing (and hence invertible) function on [a, b]. If
c = f (a), d = f (b) and a, b, c, d 0, then explain why
Z b
Z d
f (x) dx.
f 1 (t) dt = bd ac
a

b) Use this to find

sin1 x dx.

1/2

9. [H] Suppose that U (x) = u(x).

x

(x)

U (t) dt where a is a constant.

if V (x) = (a x)U (x) +
0 Z
Z a
a
(a x)u(x) dx.
U (x) dx = aU (0) +
b) Hence show that
a) Find V

Problems 8.5
10. [H] Suppose that f (t) = t and F (x) =

f (t) dt, where t is the greatest integer less

than or equal to t. Use a graph of f to sketch F on the interval [1, 3]. Is F continuous?
Where is F differentiable?
11. [H] Suppose that f (t) = sin(t2 ). Sketch the graph of f on Zthe interval [0, 3]. Use this to
x
f (t) dt. Indicate where F
sketch the graph of F on the interval [0, 3], where F (x) =
0

has local maxima and minima.

12. [R] Find F (x) for each function F : R R given below.

Z x3
Z x
sin(t2 ) dt
sin(t2 ) dt
b) F (x) =
a) F (x) =
0

c) F (x) =

sin(t ) dt

d) F (x) =

x3

35

x3

sin(t2 ) dt

13. [R] Find

d
dx

4
x

(5 4t)5 dt.

Problems 8.6
14. [R]
1
a) Suppose that f (x) = . By considering the lower Riemann sum for f with respect
x
to the partition


n n+1 n+2
2n
,
,
,...,
n
n
n
n
of [1, 2], show that

ln 2 = lim

1
1
1
+
+ +
n+1 n+2
2n

1
.
1 x2
i) Show that f is increasing on the interval [0, 12 ].
ii) Find the upper Riemann sum for f with respect to the partition


0 1 2 3
n
, , , ,...,
2n 2n 2n 2n
2n

b) Suppose that f (x) =

of [0, 21 ].
iii) Hence evaluate

lim
n

1
4n2 12

1
4n2 22

1
+ +
2
2
2
4n 3
4n n2

Problems 8.7
15. [R] Evaluate the following integrals by inspection.

Z
Z
sin x
x2

dx
b)
a)
x e dx
x
Z a p
Z 1
2 3
x2 a3 x3 dx
2x(1 + x ) dx
d)
c)
a

e)

/2

cos x sin x dx
0

f) [H]

(a > 0)

t2 + t4 dt

Problems 8.8
16. [R] Use a substitution to evaluate the following integrals.
Z
Z
dx

b)
x(5x 1)19 dx
a)
1+ x
Z 4
Z
dx
1x

dx
d)
c)
3
(1 + x)
0 5+ x
36

17. [X] Use the substitution u = t

t1

to find

1 + t2
dt.
1 + t4

Problems 8.9
18. [R] Use integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals.
Z
Z
Z 1
5x
2
x e dx
b)
x cos x dx
c)
ln x dx
a)
0

d)

0.5

sin

x dx

e)

x ln x dx

ex cos x dx

h)

f)

x2 cos 2x dx

g)

tan1 x dx

i) [H]

/4

sec3 d

Problems 8.10
19. [R] Evaluate the following improper integrals or show that they diverge.
Z
Z 1
Z
dx
0.01x
5x
e
dx
c)
e dx
b)
a)
4 + x2
0

0
Z
Z
Z
dx
dx
4
x3 ex dx
e)
f)
d)
3/2
x ln x
(x 1)
2
e

20. [H] Prove that

xn ex dx = n! whenever n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

21. [H]
a) Find lim

R R
Z 2R

b) Find lim
R
Z
c) Does

x
dx.
1 + x2
x
dx.
1 + x2

x
dx converge? Explain.
1 + x2

Problems 8.11
22. [R] Use the inequality form of the comparison test to determine whether or not the
following improper integrals converge.
Z
Z
Z
1
1
1

a)
dx
dx
b)
dx
c)
3
ln x
1 + x4
x2 x
1
2
2
23. [R] Use the limit form of the comparison test to determine whether or not the following
improper integrals converge.
Z
Z
Z
2x 1
1
x

dx
b)
dx
c)
dx
a)
31
2+2
6
2x
x
x 1
1
2
2
37

24. [R] Use a comparison test to determine whether or not the following improper integrals
converge.
Z 3
Z
Z
4x x + 5
ln t
3x + sin x + 2
dt
dx
b)
dx
c)
[H]
a)
3
4
2
2x x + 8
x x +1
t3/2
4
2
1
25. [H] Find all real numbers s such that the improper integral
Z
xs
dx
1+x
1
is convergent.
26. [H] Find all real numbers p such that

1
dx converges.
x(ln x)p

27. [H] For which pairs of numbers (a, b) does the improper integral
verge?

xb
dx con(1 + x2 )a

Problems 8.12
28. [R] Given a positive real number x, let (x) denote the number of primes less than or
equal to x. The function Li with domain (1, ) is given by
Z x
1
dt
Li(x) =
2 ln t
and is known as the logarithmic integral function. It has the property that
Li(x)
1
(x)
when x is sufficiently large.
a) Evaluate (10), (20) and (3.14159).
(x)
represent?
b) Suppose that x > 0. What does
x
d
Li(x) and Li(2).
c) Find dx
d) By applying the mean value theorem to Li on the interval [2, 106 ], find a lower bound
for Li(106 ).
e) If x is large then
(x)
(x) Li(x)
Li(x)

=
.
x
x (x)
x
Using this approximation and your answer to part (d), find an approximate lower
(106 )
.
bound for
106
(106 )
is
Note: There are 78, 498 primes less than one million so the actual value of
106
0.078498.
38

29. [R] The function erf : R R is defined by the formula

Z x
2
2
erf(x) =
et dt.
0
The function erf is an error function and can be used to calculate the probability that a
measurement has an error in a given range of values.
a) Calculate erf (x).
b) Explain why erf is an increasing function on R.
c) [H] Show that erf is an odd function.
d)

i) By calculating Riemann sums with respect to the partition {0, 41 , 12 , 34 , 1}, find
upper and lower bounds for erf(1).
2
ii) Explain why et < et whenever t > 1.
Z
2
et dt converges and find an upper bound for this improper
iii) Hence show that
1

integral.
iv) Using your answers to (i) and (iii), find an upper bound for lim erf(x). (In fact,
x

lim erf(x) = 1 but this is not so easy to prove.)

e) Sketch the graph of erf.

f) Explain why erf has an inverse function erf 1 and sketch its graph.

39

40

Chapter 9

The logarithmic and exponential

functions

41

Problems for Chapter 9

Problems 9.1, 9.2
1. [R]
a) Write down the definition of ln x, where x > 0.
1
d
ln x = whenever x > 0.
b) Explain why
dx
x
c) Suppose that r is a rational number and that x and y are positive real numbers.
i) By first differentiating ln(xy) with respect to x, show that ln(xy) = ln x + ln y.
ii) Use the same technique to show that
 
x
ln
= ln x ln y
y

and

ln(xr ) = r ln x.

2. [R]
a) Prove, using upper and lower Riemann sums and the definition of ln x, that ln 2 <
1 < ln 4, and hence that 2 < e < 4.
b) [H] Use Maple and the method of part (a) to prove that
partition points do you need?
3. [R] Find the derivatives of

a) f (x) = ln x3 + 1

b) g(x) = e|x|

c) h(x) = ln(ln(ln x))

d) q(x) = eln(x

5
2

< e < 3. How many

5 +6)

Problems 9.3, 9.5

4. [R] Find
Z
e2x
a)
dx
1 + e2x
Z x
e
dx
d)
8 x

b)

e1/x
dx
x2

e)

ln x
dx
x

c)

3x dx

f)

cot x dx.

(Hint for part (f ): express cot in terms of sin and cos.)

5. [R] Sketch the curves
a) y = ln(1 + ex )

b) y =

(ex + x)
.
(ex x)

6. [R]
a) Sketch the curve y =

ln x
, noting any turning points and asymptotes.
x
42

b) By using (a) or otherwise, prove that e < e .

7. [R]
y
y=

1
x

1
t
1+t

x
1 1+ 1
t


1
1
1
ln 1 +
whenever t 0.
a) From the graph, explain why

1+t
t
t




1 t
1 t
b) Deduce that lim ln 1 +
= 1 and hence find the value of lim 1 +
.
t
t
t
t

Problems 9.6
dy
if
8. [R] Use logarithmic differentiation to find
dx
1/5
 3
x 3
x
a) y = 3
b) y =
1 + x2
c) y = (sin x)sin x

d) y = sin(xsin x ).

Problems 9.7
9. [R] Calculate the following limits:
ln x
a) lim a , a > 0
b)
x x
c)

lim xx

d)

x0+

lim xa ln x,

x0+

a>0

lim x2/ ln x

x0+

lim x1/x
f) lim a1/x , a > 0
x

a x
h) lim x100 ex
g) lim 1 +
x
x
x
x
i) lim p(x) e , where p is any polynomial.
e)

10. [H] Prove that the functions f : (1, ) R and g : (1, ) R, given by




x2
x2 x3
f (x) = ln(1 + x) x
+
and
g(x) = x
ln(1 + x),
2
2
3
are increasing on (0, ). Deduce that
x

x2 x3
x2
< ln(1 + x) < x
+
2
2
3

whenever x > 0.
43

44

Chapter 10

The hyperbolic functions

45

Problems for Chapter 10

Problems 10.1, 10.2
1. [R] Define sinh x and cosh x. Hence show that
d
(cosh 6x) = 6 sinh 6x;
dx
b) ln(sinh x) < x ln 2 whenever x > 0.
a)

2. [R] By expressing the following hyperbolic functions in terms of sinh x and cosh x, find
the derivative of each function f given below.
a) f (x) = tanh x

b) f (x) = sech x

c) f (x) = coth x

3. [R] In each case, find f (x).

a) f (x) = sinh(3x2 )

b) f (x) = cosh( x1 )

c) f (x) = sinh(ln x)

Problems 10.3
4. [R]
a) Given the formula sinh(A + B) = sinh A cosh B + cosh A sinh B, find a formula for
sinh 2x. By differentiation or otherwise, find a formula for cosh 2x.
b) [H] Using the results of part
Z (a), express sinh 3x as a cubic polynomial in sinh x.
Hence, or otherwise, find sinh3 x dx.
5. [R] Show that cosh x+sinh x = ex . Deduce that (cosh x+sinh x)n = cosh nx+sinh nx.
6. [H] Consider the hyperbola x2 y 2 = 1, where x 1.
y
(cosh t, sinh t)

A(t)
0

a) Using the definitions of cosh and sinh, prove that, for every real number t, the
point (cosh t, sinh t) lies on the hyperbola.
46

b) When t > 0, let A(t) denote the shaded region in the diagram. Explain why
Z cosh t p
1
A(t) = cosh t sinh t
x2 1 dx.
2
1
c) By first calculating A (t), prove that A(t) =

t
.
2

Problems 10.4
7. [R] Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
Z 1 ln 2
3
sinh 3x dx
a)
cosh(4x) dx
b)
0

c)

cosh x dx

d)

sinh( x)

dx
x

Problems 10.5
8. [R] Simplify cosh(sinh1 (3/4)), cosh1 (cosh(3)) and sinh(tanh1 (5/13)).
9. [R] Show that
a)

1
d
cosh1 x =
, for x > 1
2
dx
x 1

b)

10. [R] Show that

p
a) cosh1 x = ln(x + x2 1)


1+x
1
b) tanh1 x = ln
2
1x
11. [R] Find

1
d
.
tanh1 x =
dx
1 x2

x [1, )
x (1, 1).

dy
if
dx

a) y = sinh1 (2x)
b) y = tanh1 (1/x)
c) y = cosh1 (sec x)

whenever 0 < x < /2.

Problems 10.6
12. [R] Find
Z
dx

a)
1 + 4x2

b)

1/2

dx
1 x2

c)

x2

dx
.
+ 4x + 13

13. [X] Sketch the function sech1 . What is its maximal domain? For y = sech1 x, show
that
!

1
1 + 1 x2
dy
=
.
b) y = ln
a)
dx
x
x 1 x2
47

48

Answers to selected problems

Chapter 1
1.

a) The set of integers between and .

c) The empty set.

3. Answer for both: the interior and boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (2, 0) and
(2, 4).
4.

a) x < 0 or x > 1
d) 1 < x < 1

5.

a) 4 < x < 2
c) 1 < x < 1/3

6.

c) From (a) we have x2 +

7.

a) F

b) F

b) 1 < x < 2
e) 2 x < 1 or x 3

c) x < 2 or x > 0

b) x < 5 or x > 1
d) x > 0
1
2 with equality if and only if x = 1.
x2

c) T

d) T

e) F

8. Hint: (x2 + y 2 )2 4x2 y 2 .

10.

a) 5 x 5; 0 y 5

b) x 5 or x 5; y 0
c) x 6= 8;

y 6= 0

d) [1, ); [0, )

e) (1, ); (0, )

f) {x R : 2n x (2n + 1); n Z}; [0, 1]

g) The union of the intervals [ 7

6 + 2k, 6 + 2k] where k Z;

h) {x R : x 6= (2n + 1)/2, n an integer}; [1, )

0y

i) R; [1, )

b) x2 + 10x + 22

11.

a) 22

12.

a) x 1 + 1/ x 1

b)

c) 6

x1

d) x2 + 2
c) (x 1)3/2

16. [4, 13]

17. x = 1, 7

49

d) (1/ x 1) 1

18.

a) If p(x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn then p(q(x)) = a0 + a1 q(x) + a2 (q(x))2 + + an (q(x))n .

Products and sums of polynomials are again polynomials.
b) Yes.

Chapter 2
1.

a) 1
d) Doesnt exist ( ).

2. a) 0

b) 2
e) 5

c) 0
f) Doesnt exist.

b) 0

4. b) 0

c) M = 1/ will do.

5.

a) 1

b) M = 10 (best possible)

6.

a) 4

b) 0

7.

a) Not necessarily, as the information given indicates only that the inequality holds for a
subset of (1 , ).

c) 0

d) 0

e) 0

b) Yes. In fact one can prove that lim g(x) = 5 from the definition of the limit by taking
x

M to be 1 .
8.

a) 50 metres per second

b) 5 ln 50 19.56 seconds after leaving the plane.

9.

a) Yes. If limit of f (x) as x does not exist and f (x) 6= 0, then

lim (f (x) f (x)) = 0 and lim (f (x)/f (x)) = 1.
x

b) Yes, since g(x) = (f (x) + g(x)) f (x).

c) No, as in (b).
d) No. For example if f (x) = 0 for all x and lim g(x) does not exist, we have
x

lim (f (x)g(x)) = 0.

10.

a) 10

b) 4

c) 3

11.

a) 1

b) 1

c) No

12.

a) Doesnt exist.

13.

a) 0

14.

a) |CB| = ,

d) 1/9

b) Doesnt exist.

c) Doesnt exist.

d) Doesnt exist.

b) 0
|CA| = sin ,

|DB| = tan .

15. Neither the left-hand nor right-hand limits exist due to wild oscillatory behaviour.

50

Chapter 3
1.

b) Yes

2.

a) Continuous everywhere.

b) Continuous everywhere except at /2.

3. k = 8
5. Use the intermediate value theorem.
9.

a) Yes

b) Yes

c) No

d) Yes

Chapter 4
5(4x3 + 21x6 )
(16y y 4 )/(y 3 + 8)2
4/(t2 4)3/2
(4x3 x4 )ex
sec2 x

2.

a)
c)
e)
g)
i)

3.

a) 0

4.

a)
c)

b)
d)
f)
h)
j)

(4x3 2)(4x2 +2x+4)+(x4 2x)(8x+2)

(2x2 4)/(x2 4)1/2
3 cos 3y + 12 cos 2y sin 2y
x ln(x3 + 1) + 3x2 (x2 + 1)/2(x3 + 1)
tan x

c) f (0) = 0

b) 0
i) x 6= 0
i) x 6= 2

ii) all x
ii) x 6= 2

b)

i) all x

ii)

all x

7. 2pf (a)
8.

a) x + 17 + cos 2x
d) 1 2 sin 2(2 x2 )

9.

a)

3x2 y
dy
=
dx
x 3y 2

b) 1 2 sin 2x
e) 2x(1 2 sin 2(2 x2 ))
b)

dy

= (y 4x xy)/(4y xy x)
dx

11. y = 2
12.

a) (i) b = 0

(ii) a = 1, b = 0

b) (i) b = 1

(ii) a = 2, b = 1.

13. a = 1, b = 0
14.

a) f (8.01) f (8) = 2

b)

i) y = (x 8)/12 + 2
ii) f (8.01) (8.01 8)/12 + 2 = 2 +

1
1200

c) The approximation in (b) is much better.

15.

c) 2x2 +cos 2(2x2 )

3 ar/2

16. 7/8

51

17.

18.

b)

1
8
32000
3
81 cm

a)

dh
dt

a)

2
125

when h = 50.

Chapter 5
1.

7
3

b)

1
2

5.

b) 0

7.

a) By the Mean Value Theorem, for some c with 16 < c < 17,
0.125.

17 16 =

2 c

<

1
2 16

b) 0.008
c) 0.000998.
8. 1, 1 and 4 are stationary points; 4 is a local minimum point;1 is a local maximum point.
9. No
10.

a) 11, 61
d) 250, 54

b) 3, 253
e) 2, 0

c) 27/256, 750

11. (12/13, 18/13)

12. pn (x) = pn1 (x), and if pn1 (x) = 0 then pn (x) = xn /n!. These hints are all you need!
13.

a) (400)/(4 + ), 100/(4 + )

b) 0, 100

(p
1 a2 /3 if 0 a 3/2
14. The greatest distance is a + 2; the least distance is
|a 2|
if a > 3/2.
7
3
5
15. a = 2 , x = 3
4 , 4 ; a = 2 , x = 4 , 4 . The Maple commands
with(plots):
animate(plot,[cos(a) + 2*cos(2*x) + cos(4*x-a), x=0..2*Pi],a=0..2*Pi);
should confirm your answers.

17. Three real zeros

18.

a) f (t) = cos t + t2 /2 + 3

19.

a) 0

20.

a)

21.

a) 0
d) 1

1
3

b) No

b) 8/3
b)

m
n

c) 1

d) 21

b)
e) 1

e)

1
4

f)

1
3

c) 0
f) 32

22. Combine the two fractions and apply lHopital twice only. You will need to simplify the quotient
obtained after the first application of lHopital. Maple can confirm your answer.

52

23. (a, b) = ( 2, 2) or ( 2, 2)
26.

a) 1/2
b) a = 1/2, b = 1

27.

c) a = b = 0

Chapter 6
2.

1
(x 1)
3

Dom(g 1 ) = [1, ),
b) g 1 (x) = x 1,
1
Range(g ) = (, 0],
(g 1 ) (x) = 21
x1
a) f 1 (x) =

4.

b) 1/3

5.

b) The restriction of f to (, 1] has an inverse with domain (, 3],

the restriction of f to [1, 1] has an inverse with domain [1, 3], and
the restriction of f to [1, ) has an inverse with domain [1, ).

6.

a) No

7.

a) The graph is symmetric about x = 21 , which surely gives a local maximum of f (x).
There will be four (maximal) intervals where f will have an inverse. Try this exercise on
Maple. The commands plot, diff and solve should suffice.

b) Yes

b) f is one-to-one; f 1 (x) = x1/17 1 is not differentiable when x = 0.

c) I can be one of four intervals.
8.

a) /3
e) 4/5

11. a) 2/ 1 4x2

b) 2/5

f) 3/ 34

c) /3
g) /3

b) 1/(2 x x2 )

d) /3
h) x

c) 2/(4x2 12x + 10)

12. Differentiate; 1 x 1; /2.

13.

b) f (x) = /2 when x > 0 and f (x) = /2 when x < 0.

14.

b) The derivative of the inverse is 1/x x2 1 when x > 1.

16. a = /2, b = 0
17.
18.

a) 24 km/min

b) 104/3 km/min

48 metres

53

Chapter 7
1. [1, 5], [0, 3], upper half of circle.
2.

a) period 2/3, odd

c) not periodic, even
e) period , even

b) period 3, neither
d) period /3, odd
f) 2

3. odd, even, neither, odd, odd, even.

4. The asymptotes are
a) x = 3, y = x + 2

b) x = 1, y = x 1

c) x = 3, x = 2, y = x 1.

b) x = 31 , x = 3, y = 1
6. a) x 3, 13 < x 13
1
x 6= 3, 3 , Range: (, 4], [ 41 , ).
y2
x2
+
= 1, ellipse
16 25
c) y = x2/3

7.

a)

8.

a) ii) (2, 0)

d) Domain:

x2
y2

= 1, hyperbola
9
4
d) spiral

b)

iii) 1

b) ii) (5, 0), (1, 0)

iii) 4t3 /3

c) ii) (1, 0), (1, 0)

iii) cot t

9. a) 3x 27y + 52 = 0

c) (1, 41 ), (1, 4)

b)

1
9

10. a) y = 3x 3 .
11.

b) Hint: the length of one particular arc of the larger circle equals the length of one arc on
the smaller circle.
d) x2/3 + y 2/3 = 1

12.

a) (3, 0)

b) (3 3, 3)

13.

a) (3, )
d) (1, /2)

b) ( 2, 3/4)
e) (4, 5/6)

14.

a) Circle, centre (0,0), radius 4

c) ( 2, 2)
c) (4, 2/3)
f) (4, 5/6)

b) A ray in the second quadrant

c) A spiral of Archimedes
15.

a) Circle, centre (0,3), radius 3

b) Circle, centre (1,0), radius 1

16. The following sketches are a guide to shape only.

y
y

x
a)

b)

x
c)

54

d)
18.

e)

x
f)

y2
(x 2)2
+
=1
9
5

Chapter 8
1.

a)

i) S Pn (f ) = S Pn (f ) = 1




ii) S Pn (f ) = 21 1 n1 ,
S Pn (f ) = 12 1 + n1








S Pn (f ) = 16 1 + n1 2 + n1
iii) S Pn (f ) = 61 1 n1 2 n1 ,
S Pn (f ) = 0

v) S Pn (f ) = 1,

b) i) 1

1
2

ii)

iii)

1
3

iv)

1
4

(v) Not Riemann integrable

1365 = 36.95

b)
1690.9 = 41.12 and the lower bound is 1078.9 = 32.85

2.

a)

4. 4.5
5.

a) 82.4

6. f (x) =
7.
8.

1
x

b) 10

x2

1
+x+1

is not differentiable on all of [1, 1] so the FTC doesnt apply.

a) Draw a picture!

b) 5/12

3/2

10. F is continuous everywhere, but not differentiable at the integers.

12.

a) sin x2

b) 3x2 sin x6

c) 3x2 sin x6

d) 3x2 sin x6 sin x2

13. (5 4x)5
14. biii)
15.

16.

6.

b) 2 cos x + C
e) 1/4

a) 12 ex + C


d) 4 2 a9/2 9

a) 2 x 2 ln(1 + x) + C
c) x/(x + 1)2 + C

1
17. tan1
2

t2 1

2t

1
1
21
+
b) 25
21 (5x 1)
d) 4 10 ln(7/5)

for t 6= 0

55

c) 15/4

f) (2 2 1)/3
1
20 (5x

1)20 + C

18.

b) x2 sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C

a) 4e25+1
c) x(ln(x) 1) + C

e)
g)
i)

+ 23 1
d) 12

f) 2

h) x tan1 x ln 1 + x2 + C

7e8 +1
64
ex
(cos x + sin x)
2

2
1
2)
2 + 2 ln(1 +

19.

a) 1/5
d) 0

b) diverges
e) 2

21.

a) 0

22.

a) convergent

b) divergent

c) divergent

23.

a) convergent

b) divergent

c) convergent

24.

a) convergent

b) divergent

c) convergent

b) ln 2

c) /4
f) diverges

c) No

25. s < 0
26. p > 1
27. The integral converges whenever 2a b > 1.
28.

a) 4, 8, 2
c) Li (x) =

1
ln x

d) Li(106 )

> 0 so Li is an increasing function;

Li(2) = 0.

10 2
6 ln 10 .

29.

e)

(10 )
x

a)

2
2 ex

' 0.07238.

d) (i) 0.749 < erf(1) < 0.928

(iii)

1/e

(iv)

1.344

Chapter 9
2.

a) A partition into 7 equal parts will suffice

3.

a) 3x2 /2(x3 + 1)
1
c) (ln(ln x))(ln
x)x

b) ex for x > 0, ex for x < 0

d) 5x4 (where x > 61/5 )

4.

a) 12 ln(1 + e2x )
c) 3x / ln 3

b) e1/x

e)

(ln x)2
2

7.

b) e

8.

a) 3x ln 3

d) e 4
f) ln | sin x|

c) (sin x)sin x cos x (1 + ln(sin x))

1/5 

3x2
2x

b)
3 3)
5(x
5(1
+ x2 )

sin
x
d) cos(xsin x ) xsin x cos x ln x +
x


56

x3 3
x2 + 1

9.

a) 0
f) 1

b) 0
g) ea

d) e2
i) 0

c) 1
h) 0

e) 1

Chapter 10
2.

a) sech2 x

3.

a) 6x cosh(3x2 )

4.

a) sinh 2x = 2 cosh x sinh x ;

7.

b)

1 1
4(3

a)

sinh 4x
4

c) cosech2 x

b) sechx tanh x
b)

sinh(1/x)
x2

cosh 3x 3 cosh x)
b)

1
12

c)

1
2

1
2x2

cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

1
3

or

cosh3 x cosh x

c) (2x + sinh 2x)/4

d) 2 cosh

8. 5/4, 3, 5/12
11.

a) 2/ 1 + 4x2

12.

a)

1
2

sinh1 2x

b)

1
1x2

for |x| > 1

b) tanh1

1
2

1
2

ln 3

57

c) sec x
c) sinh1

x+2
3