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THESTRAINGAUGE

AutomaticControl,RobotandMechatronicsLabs
ofMechanicalEngineeringDepartment

THESTRAINGAUGE

Thestraingaugehasbeeninuseformanyyearsandisthefundamentalsensingelementformanytypesofsensors,including
pressuresensors,loadcells,torquesensors,positionsensors,etc.
Themajorityofstraingaugesarefoiltypes,availableinawidechoiceofshapesandsizestosuitavarietyofapplications.They
consistofapatternofresistivefoilwhichismountedonabackingmaterial.Theyoperateontheprinciplethatasthefoilis
subjectedtostress,theresistanceofthefoilchangesinadefinedway.

ThestraingaugeisconnectedintoaWheatstoneBridgecircuitwithacombinationoffouractivegauges(fullbridge),twogauges
(halfbridge),or,lesscommonly,asinglegauge(quarterbridge).Inthehalfandquartercircuits,thebridgeiscompletedwith
precisionresistors.

ThecompleteWheatstoneBridgeisexcitedwithastabilisedDCsupplyandwithadditionalconditioningelectronics,canbezeroedat
thenullpointofmeasurement.Asstressisappliedtothebondedstraingauge,aresistivechangestakesplaceandunbalancesthe
WheatstoneBridge.
Thisresultsinasignaloutput,relatedtothestressvalue.Asthesignalvalueissmall,(typicallyafewmillivolts)thesignal
conditioningelectronicsprovidesamplificationtoincreasethesignallevelto5to10volts,asuitablelevelforapplicationtoexternal
datacollectionsystemssuchasrecordersorPCDataAcquistionandAnalysisSystems.

SomeofthemanyGaugePatternsavailable
Mostmanufacturersofstraingaugesofferextensiverangesofdifferingpatternstosuitawidevarietyofapplicationsinresearch
andindustrialprojects.
Theyalsosupplyallthenecessaryaccessoriesincludingpreparationmaterials,bondingadhesives,connectionstags,cable,etc.The
bondingofstraingaugesisaskillandtrainingcoursesareofferedbysomesuppliers.Therearealsocompanieswhichofferbonding
andcalibrationservices,eitherasaninhouseoronsiteservice.
MoreabouttheStrainGauge...
Ifastripofconductivemetalisstretched,itwillbecomeskinnierandlonger,bothchangesresultinginanincreaseofelectrical
resistanceendtoend.Conversely,ifastripofconductivemetalisplacedundercompressiveforce(withoutbuckling),itwill
broadenandshorten.Ifthesestressesarekeptwithintheelasticlimitofthemetalstrip(sothatthestripdoesnotpermanently
deform),thestripcanbeusedasameasuringelementforphysicalforce,theamountofappliedforceinferredfrommeasuringits
resistance.
Suchadeviceiscalledastraingauge.Straingaugesarefrequentlyusedinmechanicalengineeringresearchanddevelopmentto
measurethestressesgeneratedbymachinery.Aircraftcomponenttestingisonearea
ofapplication,tinystraingaugestripsgluedtostructuralmembers,linkages,andanyothercriticalcomponentofanairframeto
measurestress.Moststraingaugesaresmallerthanapostagestamp,andthey
looksomethinglikethis:

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Astraingauge'sconductorsareverythin:ifmadeofroundwire,about1/1000inchindiameter.Alternatively,straingauge
conductorsmaybethinstripsofmetallicfilmdepositedonanonconductingsubstratematerialcalledthecarrier.Thelatterformof
straingaugeisrepresentedinthepreviousillustration.Thename"bondedgauge"isgiventostraingaugesthataregluedtoalarger
structureunderstress(calledthetestspecimen)Thetaskofbondingstraingaugestotestspecimensmayappeartobeverysimple,
butitisnot."Gauging"isacraftinitsownright,absolutelyessentialforobtainingaccurate,stablestrainmeasurements.Itisalso
possibletouseanunmountedgaugewirestretchedbetweentwomechanicalpointstomeasuretension,butthistechniquehasits
limitations.Typicalstraingaugeresistancesrangefrom30Ohmsto3kOhms(unstressed).Thisresistancemaychangeonlya
fractionofapercentforthefullforcerangeofthegauge,giventhelimitationsimposedbytheelasticlimitsofthegaugematerial
andofthetestspecimen.Forcesgreatenoughtoinducegreaterresistancechangeswouldpermanentlydeformthetestspecimen
and/orthegaugeconductorsthemselves,thusruiningthegaugeasameasurementdevice.Thus,inordertousethe
traingaugeasapracticalinstrument,wemustmeasureextremelysmallchangesinresistancewithhighaccuracy.
Suchdemandingprecisioncallsforabridgemeasurementcircuit.UnliketheWheatstonebridgeshowninthelastchapterusinga
nullbalancedetectorandahumanoperatortomaintainastateofbalance,astraingaugebridgecircuitindicatesmeasuredstrain
bythedegreeofimbalance,andusesaprecisionvoltmeterinthecenterofthebridge
toprovideanaccuratemeasurementofthatimbalance:

Typically,therheostatarmofthebridge(R2inthediagram)issetatavalueequaltothestraingaugeresistancewithnoforce
applied.Thetworatioarmsofthebridge(R1andR3)aresetequaltoeachother.Thus,withnoforceappliedtothestraingauge,
thebridgewillbesymmetricallybalancedandthevoltmeterwillindicatezerovolts,representingzeroforceonthestraingauge.As
thestraingaugeiseithercompressedortensed,itsresistancewilldecrease
orincrease,respectively,thusunbalancingthebridgeandproducinganindicationatthevoltmeter.Thisarrangement,withasingle
elementofthebridgechangingresistanceinresponsetothemeasuredvariable(mechanicalforce),isknownasaquarterbridge
circuit.
Asthedistancebetweenthestraingaugeandthethreeotherresistancesinthebridgecircuitmaybesubstantial,wireresistance
hasasignificantimpactontheoperationofthecircuit.Toillustratetheeffectsofwireresistance,I'llshowthesameschematic
diagram,butaddtworesistorsymbolsinserieswiththestraingaugetorepresentthewires:

Thestraingauge'sresistance(Rgauge)isnottheonlyresistancebeingmeasured:thewireresistancesRwire1andRwire2,beingin
serieswithRgauge,alsocontributetotheresistanceofthelowerhalfoftherheostatarmofthebridge,andconsequentlycontribute
tothevoltmeter'sindication.This,ofcourse,willbefalselyinterpretedby
themeterasphysicalstrainonthegauge.
Whilethiseffectcannotbecompletelyeliminatedinthisconfiguration,itcanbeminimizedwiththeadditionofathirdwire,
connectingtherightsideofthevoltmeterdirectlytotheupperwireofthestraingauge:

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Becausethethirdwirecarriespracticallynocurrent(duetothevoltmeter'sextremelyhighinternalresistance),itsresistancewill
notdropanysubstantialamountofvoltage.Noticehowtheresistanceofthetopwire(Rwire1)hasbeen"bypassed"nowthatthe
voltmeterconnectsdirectlytothetopterminalofthestraingauge,leavingonlythelowerwire'sresistance(Rwire2)tocontribute
anystrayresistanceinserieswiththegauge.Notaperfectsolution,ofcourse,buttwice
asgoodasthelastcircuit!Thereisaway,however,toreducewireresistanceerrorfarbeyondthemethodjustdescribed,andalso
helpmitigateanotherkindofmeasurementerrorduetotemperature.Anunfortunatecharacteristic
ofstraingaugesisthatofresistancechangewithchangesintemperature.Thisisapropertycommontoallconductors,somemore
thanothers.Thus,ourquarterbridgecircuitasshown(eitherwithtwoorwiththreewiresconnectingthegaugetothebridge)works
asathermometerjustaswellasitdoesastrainindicator.Ifallwewanttodoismeasurestrain,thisisnotgood.Wecan
transcendthisproblem,however,byusinga"dummy"straingaugeinplaceofR2,sothatbothelementsoftherheostatarmwill
changeresistanceinthesameproportionwhentemperaturechanges,thus
cancelingtheeffectsoftemperaturechange:

ResistorsR1andR3areofequalresistancevalue,andthestraingaugesareidenticaltooneanother.Withnoappliedforce,the
bridgeshouldbeinaperfectlybalancedconditionandthevoltmetershouldregister0volts.Bothgaugesarebondedtothesame
testspecimen,butonlyoneisplacedinapositionandorientationsoastobeexposed
tophysicalstrain(theactivegauge).Theothergaugeisisolatedfromallmechanicalstress,andactsmerelyasatemperature
compensationdevice(the"dummy"gauge).Ifthetemperaturechanges,bothgaugeresistanceswillchangebythesame
percentage,andthebridge'sstateofbalancewillremainunaffected.Onlyadifferentialresistance(differenceofresistancebetween
thetwostraingauges)producedbyphysicalforceonthetestspecimencanalterthebalanceofthebridge.
Wireresistancedoesn'timpacttheaccuracyofthecircuitasmuchasbefore,becausethewiresconnectingbothstraingaugestothe
bridgeareapproximatelyequallength.Therefore,theupperandlowersectionsofthebridge'srheostatarmcontainapproximately
thesameamountofstrayresistance,andtheireffectstendtocancel:

Eventhoughtherearenowtwostraingaugesinthebridgecircuit,onlyoneisresponsivetomechanicalstrain,andthuswewould
stillrefertothisarrangementasaquarterbridge.However,ifweweretotaketheupperstraingaugeandpositionitsothatitis
exposedtotheoppositeforceasthelowergauge(i.e.whentheuppergaugeiscompressed,the
lowergaugewillbestretched,andvisaversa),wewillhavebothgaugesrespondingtostrain,andthebridgewillbemore
responsivetoappliedforce.Thisutilizationisknownasahalfbridge.Sincebothstraingaugeswilleitherincreaseordecrease
resistancebythesameproportioninresponsetochangesintemperature,theeffectsoftemperaturechangeremaincanceledand
thecircuitwillsufferminimaltemperatureinducedmeasurementerror:

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Anexampleofhowapairofstraingaugesmaybebondedtoatestspecimensoastoyieldthiseffectisillustratedhere:

Withnoforceappliedtothetestspecimen,bothstraingaugeshaveequalresistanceandthebridgecircuitisbalanced.However,
whenadownwardforceisappliedtothefreeendofthespecimen,itwillbenddownward,stretchinggauge#1andcompressing
gauge#2atthesametime:

Inapplicationswheresuchcomplementarypairsofstraingaugescanbebondedtothetestspecimen,itmaybeadvantageousto
makeallfourelementsofthebridge"active"forevengreatersensitivity.Thisiscalledafullbridgecircuit:

Bothhalfbridgeandfullbridgeconfigurationsgrantgreatersensitivityoverthequarterbridgecircuit,butoftenitisnotpossibleto
bondcomplementarypairsofstraingaugestothetestspecimen.Thus,thequarterbridgecircuitisfrequentlyusedinstrain
measurementsystems.
Whenpossible,thefullbridgeconfigurationisthebesttouse.Thisistruenotonlybecauseitismoresensitivethantheothers,but
becauseitislinearwhiletheothersarenot.Quarterbridgeandhalfbridgecircuitsprovideanoutput(imbalance)signalthatisonly
approximatelyproportionaltoappliedstraingaugeforce.Linearity,orproportionality,ofthesebridgecircuitsisbestwhenthe
amountofresistancechangeduetoappliedforceisverysmallcomparedtothenominalresistanceofthegauge(s).Withafull
bridge,however,theoutputvoltageisdirectlyproportionaltoappliedforce,withnoapproximation(providedthatthechangein
resistancecausedbytheappliedforceisequalforallfour
straingauges!).
UnliketheWheatstoneandKelvinbridges,whichprovidemeasurementataconditionofperfectbalanceandthereforefunction
irrespectiveofsourcevoltage,theamountofsource(or"excitation")voltagemattersinanunbalancedbridgelikethis.Therefore,
straingaugebridgesareratedinmillivoltsofimbalanceproducedpervoltofexcitation,perunitmeasureofforce.Atypical
exampleforastraingaugeofthetypeusedformeasuringforceinindustrialenvironmentsis15mV/Vat1000pounds.Thatis,at
exactly1000poundsappliedforce(eithercompressiveortensile),the

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bridgewillbeunbalancedby15millivoltsforeveryvoltofexcitationvoltage.Again,suchafigureispreciseifthebridge
circuitisfullactive(fouractivestraingauges,oneineacharmofthebridge),butonlyapproximateforhalfbridgeandquarter
bridgearrangements.
Straingaugesmaybepurchasedascompleteunits,withbothstraingaugeelementsandbridgeresistorsinonehousing,sealedand
encapsulatedforprotectionfromtheelements,andequippedwithmechanicalfasteningpointsforattachmenttoamachineor
structure.Suchapackageistypicallycalledaloadcell.

Thisarticleisfrom'Allaboutcircuits'...clickheretovisit.

StrainRosetteforStrainMeasurement
Awirestraingagecaneffectivelymeasurestraininonlyonedirection.Todeterminethethreeindependentcomponentsofplanestrain,three
linearlyindependentstrainmeasuresareneeded,i.e.,threestraingagespositionedinarosettelikelayout.
Considerastrainrosetteattachedonthesurfacewithananglefromthexaxis.Therosette
itselfcontainsthreestraingageswiththeinternalanglesand,asillustratedontheright.
Supposethatthestrainmeasuredfromthesethreestraingagesarea,b,andc,
respectively.
Thefollowingcoordinatetransformationequationisusedtoconvertthelongitudinalstrain
fromeachstraingageintostrainexpressedinthexycoordinates,

Applyingthisequationtoeachofthethreestraingagesresultsinthefollowingsystemofequations,

Theseequationsarethenusedtosolveforthethreeunknowns,x,y,andxy.
Note:

1.

Theaboveformulasusethestrainmeasurexyasopposedtotheengineeringshearstrainxy,

.Touse

xy,theaboveequationsshouldbeadjustedaccordingly.

2.

Thefreesurfaceonwhichthestrainrosetteisattachedisactuallyinastateofplanestress,whiletheformulasusedabovearefor
planestrain.However,thenormaldirectionofthefreesurfaceisindeedaprincipalaxisforstrain.Therefore,thestraintransformin
thefreesurfaceplanecanbeapplied.

SpecialCasesofStrainRosetteLayouts
Case1:45strainrosettealignedwiththexyaxes,i.e.,=0,==45.

Case2:60strainrosette,themiddleofwhichisalignedwiththeyaxis,i.e.,=30,==60.

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TopofPage

Thisarticleisfrom

.Clickonthelogotovisit.

ThermistorPreamp
CIRCUIT

THERM_PREAMP.CIRDownloadtheSPICEfile
Supposeyou'reaskedtodesignacircuitusingathermistorthatmeasuresroomtemperature,
0C(32F)to40C(102F).Thecircuit'soutputshouldbescaledto0.1V/CsuchthataDigitalVoltmeter(DVM)candirectly
displaythetemperature.Choosinganappropriatebiasresistor,youcantransformthethermistor'shighlynonlinearRvs.Tcurveinto
alinearvoltage.But,howdoyouchoosethegainandoffsetofyourpreamp?Howaccurateisthereadingbetweencalibration
points?Howhotorcoldofatemperaturecanyoumeasurebeforethesensor'snonlinearitysendstheerrorbeyond
+/1C?ArmedwithaSPICEcircuit,anExcelSpreadsheetandacouplerulesofthumbyoucandesignadecentcircuitcomplete
withlife'scompromisesandtradeoffs.

SENSORBRIDGE
SENSORPartofyourdesignchallengeisusingathermistorthat'salreadystockedbythecompany.ThespecslooklikeRo=10k
atTo=25C,Beta=3450.ThehighlynonlinearRthvs.Tcurveispredictedby

wherethetemperaturesintheequationareinK.
BIASRESISTORAneasywaytostraightenouttheRthvs.Tcurveisbyaddingaseriesbiasresistor.Whatvalue?Agoodruleof
thumbchooseabiasresistortohavethesamevaluethatthethermistorexhibitsinthemiddleofyourmeasurementrange.For
starterswe'llchooseRBIAS=10k,thethermistor'snominalvalueat25C.
Youmayhavenoticedthethermistorplacedinthetoplegofthebridge.Giventhethermistor'snegativetemperaturecoefficient,this
createsapositivevoltagechangeasTincreases.

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BIASVOLTAGESUBTRACTIONComponentsVBIAS=5V,RBIAS=10kandRth=10kat25Ccreateabiasvoltageof2.5
Vatthesensor.Howcanyousubtractitbeforepassingthesensor'soutputtothenextstage?That'swheretheotherlegofthe
sensorbridgecomesin.ResistorsRA=RB=10ktogetherwithVBIAS=5VproduceahandyVref=2.5Vthatgetssubtracted
fromthethermistor'svoltagebytheinstrumentationamp.Thebridge'soutputvoltageisdescribedas
VS=VsensVref

INSTRUMENTATIONAMP
GAINHere'stheclassic3opampinstrumentationamp.Itamplifiestheinputvoltagedifference
(VS=Vin+Vin)accordingto

whereR1=R3andR4=R5=R6=R7.Allofthegainishousedinthefirststage,XOP1andXOP2.
OFFSETToplumbinanoffset,justdriveR7withavoltage,VOFF.Thesameoffsetappearsattheoutput!Thecompleteequation
describingtheoutputlookslikethis

whichcanbesimplyrewrittenasthefamiliarequationofaline.
y=mx+b
ThetricknowliesinchoosingmandbtoproduceVo=0.1V/C.

CHOOSINGGAINANDOFFSET
Theequationy=mx+btransformsthesensor'soutputxintothedesiredoutputy.Forexample,ifweletx0beapointinthe
sensorsoutput,theny0isthedesiredoutputoftheamplifier.
y0=mx0+b
Pickinganothersensorvoltagex1,theoutputbecomes
y1=mx1+b
Fromthesetwoequationsandtwounknowns,wecaneasilyfindmandb!

b=y0mx0

THEREALDEAL
Let'spullitalltogetherwitharealexample.UsinganExcelspreadsheetThermistor_Preamp.xls,youcanseethebigpictureofthe
sensorchain.Overalargetemperaturerange,thespreadsheetcalculatesthesensorresistanceRth,thesensorvoltageVsens,andthe
differentialoutputofthebridgeVsensVref.CheckoutthecurveofthehighlynonlinearRthvs.Tgraph.Atfirstglance,itappears
almostuseless!ButasimpleresistorRBIASconvertsittoareasonablylinearvoltageasshownintheVsensVrefgraph.
First,chooseacoupleofcalibrationpointsliketheendpointsofourrange,T=0and40C.Herearethenumbersforthetwo
temperatures.

VS=VsensVref
(x)

DesiredVout0.1V/C
(y)

1.29V

1.21V

0.0V

3.18V

+0.68V

4.0V

Temp

Rth

Vsens

0C

28.84k

40C

5.74k

Next,calculatetheslopeandoffsetforyourpreamp.

m=(y1y0)/(x1x0)
=(4.00.0)/(0.681.21)
=2.1184

http://web.deu.edu.tr/mechatronics/TUR/strain_gauge.htm

b=y0mx0
=0.02.11841.21
=2.569

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SowhatkindofVovs.Toutputdoesthepreampproduce?Thespreadsheetcalculatesthepreampoutputy=mx+b.For
comparison,thespreadsheetgraphsthisactualpreampoutput,alongwiththedesiredoutput,alinearlinebetween0(0C)and4V
(40C).Howclosearethey?Atwhattemperaturesdotheygotheirseparateways?
Tomakethepreampareality,youneedtocalculatethegainresistorR2oftheinstrumentationamplifier.ForR1=R3=10k,R2
becomes
R2=2R1/(m1)
=210k/(2.11841)
=17.883k
Giventhetolerancesofthesensorandotherresistors,youmightwanttomakeR1somecombinationofaresistoranda
potentiometerforaprecisegainadjustment.
Finally,setVOFF=b=2.569V.Inreallife,VOFFcanbederivedfromaresistordividerhungfromVBIASfollowedbyaunitygain
opampbuffer.Exchangeoneoftheresistorsforapotentiometerandyou'vegotyourselfanoffsetadjustment.

SPICETIME
VoltagesourceVTEMPgeneratesarampfrom0to40Vrepresentingtemperaturefrom0to40C.ThermistorXTH1isdefinedby
subcircuitNTC_10k,aNegativeTemperatureCoefficient(NTC)devicewitharesistancevalueof10kat25C.
CIRCUITINSIGHTRunasimulationofTHERM_PREAMP.CIR.TakealookatthebridgeoutputbyplottingV(1)V(2).Next,view
thepreamp'soutputbyplottingV(10).Asyoucansee,thepreampdoesanicejoboftransformingthebridge'soutputintoavery
readable0to4Vachievingthe0.1V/Cdesigngoal.
Althoughthepreamp'soutputlooksfairlylinear,howstraightisit?Let'schecktheerrorbetweenthecalibrationpointsbyplotting
10*V(10)V(20)where10*V(10)convertsthepreamp'soutputdirectlytoC.V(20)istheoutputofVTEMP.Nottoobad!Theerror
isnear0atthecalibrationpointsasexpected!Butinbetween,thesensorshowsitsnonlinearnature.Themaximumerrorshouldbe
around0.8C.
HANDSONDESIGNIsthereabettervalueforRBIASthatreducesthemaximumerror?TryadifferentRBIASvalue.Usethe
spreadsheettohelpcalculateyournewgainandoffset.
Rerunthesimulationoveralargertemperaturerangelike10Cto50C.(IntheVTEMPstatement,changethevoltagepointsto0
and50.)Howquicklydoestheerrorgrowattemperaturesoutsidethecalibrationpointsof0and40C.
HANDSONDESIGNTryyourhandatdesigningasensorpreampoveradifferenttemperaturerange.Supposeyourrangemustbe
optimizedforreadingbodytemperature95to105F.ChooseRBIAStobesomevalueinthemiddleoftherange,thencalculateyour
slopeandoffset.Usethespreadsheetifyouwish.Howaccurateisyournewsensorcircuit?
PRECISIONPARTS,ADJUSTMENTSANDTRADEOFFS
Ofcourse,thewonderfulresultsweachievedaboveassumedperfectcomponentsthethermistorResistance/Beta,opamps,
resistors,biasvoltagewereallspoton!Reality,beingnotsokind,saysallofthesepartscomewithtolerances.Dependingonthe
accuracyrequiredandbudgetavailable,youhaveseveraloptions.Payapremiumforprecisionpartsthatyoucandropintothecircuit
tomeetyourspec.Or,includeoffset/gainadjustmentsandinvestyourmoneyincalibrationtimeonthemanufacturingfloor.
REFRESHERNOTES
Thiscircuitpullstogethermanytopicsthermistormodel,linearizedthermistor,sensorbridge,instrumentationamp,subcircuits,and
opampmodels.YoucanbrowseothercircuitsandtopicsattheCircuitCollection.

SPICEFILE
Downloadthefileorcopythisnetlistintoatextfilewiththe*.cirextension.
THERM_PREAMP.CIRTHERMISTORWITHPREAMPGAINANDOFFSET
*
*TEMPERATURE
VTEMP 20
0
PWL(0MS0DEG
100MS40DEG)
RD1
10
0
1MEG
*
*SENSORBRIDGE
VBIAS 12
0
DC
5V
XTH1
121200NTC_10K
RBIAS 1
0
10K
RA
12
2
10K
RB
2
0
10K
*
*3OPAMPINSTRUMENTATIONAMPLIFIER
*GAINSTAGE
XOP1
24
6
OPAMP1
R1
4
6
10K
R2
4
5
17.883K
R3
5
7
10K
XOP2
15
7
OPAMP1
*DIFFAMP
R4
6
8
10K
R5
8
10
10K
R6
7
9
10K
R7
9
11
10K
XOP3
98
10
OPAMP1
VOFF
11
0
DC
2.569V
*

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*MEASUREMENTERROR
E_ERR 21
0
VALUE={V(10)*10V(20)}
R_ERR 21
0
1MEG
*
*THERMISTORSUBCIRCUIT****************************************
*thermistorterminals:1,2
*temperature(degC)input+,:4,5
*
.SUBCKTNTC_10K1245
ETHERM 13VALUE={i(VSENSE)*10K*EXP(3450/(V(4,5)+273.15)3450/(25+273.15))}
VSENSE 3
2
DC
0
.ENDS
*
*OPAMPMACROMODEL,SINGLEPOLE*******************************
*connections:noninvertinginput
*|invertinginput
*||output
*|||
.SUBCKTOPAMP1126
*INPUTIMPEDANCE
RIN
1
2
10MEG
*GAINBANDWIDTHPRODUCT=10MHZ
*DCGAIN(100K)ANDPOLE1(100HZ)
EGAIN 30
12
100K
RP1
3
4
1K
CP1
4
0
1.5915UF
*OUTPUTBUFFERANDRESISTANCE
EBUFFER50
40
1
ROUT
5
6
10
.ENDS
*
*
*ANALYSIS
.TRAN 1MS100MS
*
*VIEWRESULTS
.PRINTTRANV(1)V(10)
.PROBE
.END

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