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9 Lec9 DSP Z Transform

The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

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108 views31 pages

9 Lec9 DSP Z Transform

The z-transform plays the same role in analyzing discrete-time signals and linear time-invariant systems as the Laplace transform does for continuous-time signals. The z-transform of a sequence x[n] is the sum of x[n] multiplied by z^-n from n=-infinity to infinity. An example calculates the z-transform of a finite sequence x[n]=(1,2,5,7,0,1). The region of convergence defines the values of z where the z-transform converges. For a right-sided exponential sequence anu[n], the ROC is outside a circle of radius a, while a left-sided sequence -anu[-n-1] has a ROC inside

Uploaded by

Ahmed Khalf
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
(DSP)

Z-TRANSFORM
Lecture 9

Z-transform
2

Transform techniques are an important tool


in the analysis of signals and Linear timeinvariant (LTI) systems.
The z-transform plays the same role in the
analysis of discrete-time signals and LTI
systems as
The Laplace transform does in the analysis
of continuous-time signals and LTI systems.

Z-transform
3

The z-transform of a sequence x[n


] is

X [ z] x[n]z n
n

In both cases z is a continuous complex


variable.
Z
X[z]
x[n]

Z-transform
4

Example: Determine the z-transforms


following finite-duration signal.
x1[n]=(1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1)

of

the

X 1[ z] x[n]z n
n
5

X 1[ z] x[n]z n
n 0

X 1[ z] 1z 0 2 z 1 5z 2 7 z 3 0 z 4 1z 5
X 1[ z] 1 2 z 1 5z 2 7 z 3 z 5

Z-transform
5

Example: Determine the z-transforms of the


following finite-duration signal x[n]= [1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1]

X 1[ z] x[n]z n
n
3

X 1[ z] x[n]z n
n 2

X 1[ z] 1z 2 2 z1 5z 0 7 z 1 0 z 2 1z 3
X 1[ z] z 2 2 z 5 7 z 1 1z 3

Z-transform & Fourier transform


6

In general

We may obtain the Fourier transform from


the z-transform by making the substitution

Z-transform & Fourier transform


7

For r=1 this becomes the Fourier transform of


x[n
]
The Fourier transform therefore corresponds to
the z-transform evaluated on the unit circle:

Region of Convergence (ROC)


8

The Fourier transform does not converge for


all sequences.
Similarly, the z-transform does not converge
for all sequences or for all values of z.
The set of values of z for which the z-transform
converges is called

the region of convergence (ROC).

Region of Convergence (ROC)


9

The z-transform therefore exists (or converges)


if

This leads to the condition for the existence of


the z-transform.

Region of Convergence (ROC)


10

If the ROC includes the unit circle


Then the Fourier transform will converge.

Region of Convergence (ROC)


11

Most useful z-transforms can be expressed in the form

where

P(z) and Q(z) are polynomials in z.


The values of z for which P(z) = 0 are called the
zeros of X(z).
The values of z for which Q(z) = 0 are called the
poles of X(z).

Right-sided exponential sequence


12

x[n] = anu[n]
This
sequence is
right-sided
because it
is nonzero
only for
n0

0<a<1

Right-sided exponential sequence


13

x[n] = anu[n]

ROC

ROC

0<a<1

Right-sided exponential sequence


14

x[n] = anu[n]

ROC

0<a<1

Right-sided exponential sequence


15

x[n] = anu[n]

ROC

ROC
outside
a circle of
radius (a)

0<a<1

Right-sided exponential sequence


16

x[n] = anu[n]

ROC
ROC includes the unit circle
The Fourier transform of x[n]
exists

Right-sided exponential sequence


17

x[n] = anu[n]

If

ROC doesnt include the unit circle


The Fourier transform of x[n]
doesnt exist
x[n] is exponentially growing, and the sum
therefore does not converge.

Left-sided exponential sequence


18

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

0<a<1
This sequence is left-sided because it is
nonzero only for n -1

Left-sided exponential sequence


19

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

ROC

Left-sided exponential sequence


20

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

ROC
ROC
inside
a circle of
radius (a)

Left-sided exponential sequence


21

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

Left-sided exponential sequence


22

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

ROC

Region of Convergence (ROC)


23

left-sided sequence & right-sided sequence


Left-sided sequence
x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

Right-sided sequence
x[n] = anu[n]

Sum of two Exponentials


24

x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

Sum of two Exponentials


25

x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

ROC

ROC

Sum of two Exponentials


26

x[n] = (1/2)nu[n]+(-1/3)nu[n]

Sum of two Exponentials


27

ROC
Z> 1/2

Poles
O Zeros

Region of Convergence (ROC)


28

Left-sided sequence

Right-sided sequence

ROC Z<a

ROC Z>a

x[n] = -anu[-n-1]

x[n] = anu[n]

Z-transform Pairs
29

Z-transform Pairs
30

Z-transform Pairs
31

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