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Some Topics PDF

The document discusses Einstein's theory of general relativity and its implications for modern cosmology. It explains that Einstein introduced the cosmological constant to account for the attractive force of gravity causing the universe to collapse, but he later realized the universe was expanding or contracting. It then summarizes key results from general relativity, including Schwarzschild predicting the metric for black holes, defining the Schwarzschild radius, and explaining that nothing can enter or exit a black hole due to time becoming infinite at the event horizon.

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Pronay Biswas
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106 views5 pages

Some Topics PDF

The document discusses Einstein's theory of general relativity and its implications for modern cosmology. It explains that Einstein introduced the cosmological constant to account for the attractive force of gravity causing the universe to collapse, but he later realized the universe was expanding or contracting. It then summarizes key results from general relativity, including Schwarzschild predicting the metric for black holes, defining the Schwarzschild radius, and explaining that nothing can enter or exit a black hole due to time becoming infinite at the event horizon.

Uploaded by

Pronay Biswas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some topics

Minkowskis Four-Dimensional
SPACE (WORLD) EINSTEIN

Let us again see the equations of Einstein. The indices in


each letters describe the space-time coordinates. We know
space-time has 4 coordinates (0, 1, 2, and 3) and each can
take 4 values so there are 16 possible values (generally 10)
Now see what each term describe:
R = RICCI CURVATURE TENSOR
R= CURVATURE SCALAR
g = METRIC TENSOR

= COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT
T = STRESS ENERGY MOMENTUM TENSOR
Modern cosmology arose from Einsteins General Theory of Relativity
which, as we have seen, is essentially a theory of gravity. As gravity
was the only force of innite range that could act on neutral matter,
Einstein realized that the universe as a whole must obey its laws. He
was led to believe that the universe was static, or unchanging with
time, and this caused him a real problem as gravity, being an attractive
force, would naturally cause stationary objects in space to collapse
down to one point. To overcome this he had to introduce a term into his
equations that he called the cosmological constant, lambda or . This
represents a form of antigravity that has the interesting property
that its effects become greater with distance. So, with one force
decreasing and the second increasing with distance it was possible to
produce a static solution. He later realized that this was an unstable
situation, and that a static universe was not possible, calling this the
greatest blunder of his life. He could have predicted that the universe
must be either expanding or contracting. However, as we shall see,
perhaps he was not as wrong as he thought.

------------

RESULTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY

Karl Schwarzschild predicted a metric by the Mathematical


Ideas of Relativity which metric can define the existence of a Black
Hole. [The solution is a useful approximation for describing slowly
rotating astronomical objects such as many stars and planets,
including Earth and the Sun. The solution is named after Karl
Schwarzschild, who first published the solution in 1916.]
In Schwarzschild coordinates, the Schwarzschild geometry
Is manifestly spherically symmetric and static. The metric
Given by,
d2 = (1 2MG/r) dt2 (1 2MG/r) 1dr2 r2d2 = g dx dx
Where d2 d2 + sin2d2.
g = 4T (where T = Energy momentum stress tensor)
The coordinate t is called Schwarzschild time, and it represents the time
recorded by a standard clock at rest at spatial innity. The coordinate r
is called the Schwarzschild radial coordinate.

If (1 2MG/rs) 0 => rs= 2MG ; Rs= 2MG/c2


Rs is called Schwarzschild radius.

And the metric gives d = ; since r=2MG. Therefore we can say,


nothing can enters or emits [even light (c=3 108 m/s)] from the Black
Hole because the time becomes infinity.
After a wide research of Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose with
the help of Quantum Mechanics and Theory of Relativity, it is proved
that the Black Hole is not only an abstract mathematical idea , it is a
singular point of very mysterious property in space - time.

-----------------

Rotational Black Hole

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