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General Relativity: A Grand Tour of Physics

This document provides a summary of a lecture on general relativity and non-Euclidean geometry. It discusses how Gauss, Bolyai, and Lobachevski developed non-Euclidean geometries where there can be multiple parallel lines through a point. It also describes models of these geometries using surfaces like saddles or pseudospheres. The lecture covers how Riemann developed a more general notion of geometry on curved surfaces. It explains how general relativity describes spacetime as a curved four-dimensional manifold and how the curvature is determined by the energy-momentum tensor according to Einstein's field equations. Examples are given of experiments verifying predictions of general relativity like gravitational lensing and gravitational waves.

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54 views47 pages

General Relativity: A Grand Tour of Physics

This document provides a summary of a lecture on general relativity and non-Euclidean geometry. It discusses how Gauss, Bolyai, and Lobachevski developed non-Euclidean geometries where there can be multiple parallel lines through a point. It also describes models of these geometries using surfaces like saddles or pseudospheres. The lecture covers how Riemann developed a more general notion of geometry on curved surfaces. It explains how general relativity describes spacetime as a curved four-dimensional manifold and how the curvature is determined by the energy-momentum tensor according to Einstein's field equations. Examples are given of experiments verifying predictions of general relativity like gravitational lensing and gravitational waves.

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rickyjames
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A GRAND TOUR OF PHYSICS

GENERAL RELATIVITY

LECTURE 5

APR. 19, 2019 DR. GEORGE DERISE


1:30 – 3:30 PROFESSOR EMERITUS, MATHEMATICS
TNCC THOMAS NELSON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
ROOM 328. SPRING 2019
A QUICK SURVEY OF NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

PARALLEL POSTULATE

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY:
Through a given point P, not on a given line L,
there is one and only one line
that can be drawn through P parallel to L.
MODEL OF A GAUSS-BOLYAI-LOBATCHEVSKI NON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY:

ABSTRACT GBL GEOMETRY MODEL

ENTIRE PLANE SURFACE OF A SADDLE


POINT POINT ON THE SADDLE
LINE GEODESIC OF THE SADDLE

GBL PARALLEL POSTULATE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT P, NOT ON A


GIVEN LINE l, THERE ARE AT LEAST
TWO LINES THROUGH P PARALLEL TO l .
MODEL OF A GAUSS-BOLYAI-LOBATCHEVSKI NON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY:

ABSTRACT GBL GEOMETRY MODEL

ENTIRE PLANE SURFACE OF A PSEUDOSPHERE


POINT POINT ON THE PSEUDOSPHERE
LINE GEODESIC OF THE PSEUDOSPHERE
GBL PARALLEL POSTULATE HOLDS!
MODEL OF A RIEMANNIAN NON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY:

BERNHARD RIEMANN
1826-1866
KARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS

86o 13' 58.366''


53o 6' 45.642''
40o 39' 30.165''
180o 00' 14.173''
Can a bug living on a two dimensional surface
determine the geometry of the surface?
INTUITIVE IDEA OF CURVATURE K=0
CURVES IN THE PLANE
INTUITIVE IDEA OF CURVATURE
2 DIMENSIONAL SURFACES
Why are we doing this math?
IS THERE A “FORCE OF ATTRACTION” BETWEEN A AND B ?

GENERAL RELATIVITY - “THERE IS NO FORCE” -IT’S JUST THE GEOMETRY


APPLE’S SURFACE-
RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY MODEL OF SPACETIME

ANT GOING ALONG A GEODESIC-


WORLD LINE THROUGH SPACETIME OF A FREE PARTICLE
STEM OF APPLE-
BENDING OF SPACETIME BY A MASS

LOCALLY THE APPLE IS FLAT


EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE
There is no experiment that will
discern the difference between the
effect of gravity
and the
effect of acceleration.

GRAVITATIONAL MASS ~ INERTIAL MASS


...I know now that if I break my neck by
falling off a cliff, my death is not to be
blamed on the force of gravity (what
does not exist is necessarily guiltless),
but on the fact that I did not maintain
the first curvature of my world-line,
exchanging its security for a dangerous
geodesic.
Relativity- the General Theory
J.L. Synge

CONNECTING THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE WITH


THE GEOMETRY OF SPACETIME:

THE WORLD LINE OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN


IS A GEODESIC IN 4 DIMENSIONAL SPACETIME-
I.E. THE SHORTEST 4 DIMENSIONAL SPACETIME DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS. (GEOMETRY).
NEWTON: FORCE = MASS x ACCELERATION (PHYSICS)
MATTER TELLS SPACE HOW TO CURVE,
AND CURVED SPACE TELLS MATTER HOW TO MOVE.
JOHN WHEELER
GENERAL RELATIVITY
SPACETIME: 4 DIMENSIONAL RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD

THE CURVATURE OF THE METRIC 𝒈𝝁𝝂


is related to
THE MATTER-ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF SPACETIME

by
EINSTEIN’S FIELD EQUATION

𝑮𝝁𝝂   =  𝟖𝝅𝑻𝝁𝝂

CURVATURE OF SPACETIME ~ ENERGY DENSITY OF MATTER

GEOMETRY ~ PHYSICS
HILBERT GOT EINSTEIN’S FIELD EQUATIONS
BY USING AN ACTION PRINCIPLE
5 DAYS BEFORE EINSTEIN
GENERAL RELATIVITY
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
SOLAR ECLIPSE EXPEDITION -1919

GRAVITATIONAL LENSING: The gravitational field of a massive object causes


light rays passing close to that object to be bent. Mass bends light.
PRECESSION OF THE PLANET MERCURY
POUND-REBKA EXPERIMENT 1960
HARVARD PHYSICS TOWER
Top-bottom difference:
1 second in 100 million years

verified Einstein’s 1911 prediction that


gravity could change light’s frequency.

GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GPS
accuracy of 5 to 10 meters

24 satellites with atomic clocks

Special Relativity predicts clocks on the satellites


fall behind clocks on the ground
by 7 microseconds per day

General Relativity predicts clocks on the satellites


get ahead of clocks on the ground
by 45 microseconds per day.

combining these two relativistic effects:


the clocks on-board each satellite
should tick faster than identical clocks on the ground
by about 38 microseconds per day (45-7=38)
PHYSICS = GEOMETRY
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES:
Disturbances in the curvature (fabric) of spacetime generated by accelerated masses
that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.

First proposed by Henri Poincaré in 1905

Predicted by Einstein Theory of General Relativity-1916.

Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation,


a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation.

LIGO:
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is
a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves.

The first direct observation of gravitational waves - September 2015.


The waves given reached Earth as a ripple in spacetime
that changed the length of a 4-km LIGO arm by a ten thousandth of the width of a proton (proportionally
equivalent to changing the distance to the nearest star outside the Solar System by one hair's width.)
Far field solution of Einstein’s Field Equation
The Minkowski space-time of Special Relativity
Einstein’s Field Equation on a wall of Museum Boerhaave, Leiden
Gravitational lensing phenomena-deflection of light by an intervening mass
Karl Schwarzschild (1873–1916)
SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE SOLUTION

SCHWARZSCHILD METRIC
VALID SOLUTION OF THE EINSTEIN FIELD EQUATIONS
BLACK HOLES
A hole in space-time
Black: even light can’t escape

2GM
rSUN  2  3KM
c

Density= 20,000million tons/cubic cm


NO HAIR THEOREM: John Wheeler “ A Black Hole has no hair.”
A black hole has only three characteristics (1) mass
(2) angular momentum
(3) charge
WILL THE UNIVERSE EXPAND FOREVER?
A CYCLIC UNIVERSE
CYCLIC UNIVERSE
R(t)

NO BIG BANG-BIG
CRUNCH SINGULARITIES
HARMONIC OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKROUND RADIATION (CMBR)

Cosmic microwave background


Remnant Electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang

first predicted -1948; first observed -1965

NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE): 1989 - 1993

NASA-PRINCETON’S Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP): 2003 - 2012

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY (ESA)’s Planck Space Observatory 2009 - 2013

41
COBE: Black-body curve of CMB
First “baby pictures” of the Universe
Intrinsic anisotropy of CMB-detecting early galaxies

WMAP: Mapped the pattern of tiny fluctuations in the CMB radiation (the oldest light in the Universe)
Produced the first fine-resolution (0.2 degree) full-sky map of the microwave sky
Measured the fluctuations of density in the early universe that produced the first galaxies

Determined the universe to be 13.77 billion years old to within a half percent
Nailed down the curvature of space to within 0.4% of "flat" Euclidean

Determined that ordinary atoms (baryons) make up only 4.6% of the universe
Completed a census of the Universe -dark matter (matter not made up of atoms) is 24.0%
Dark energy, (cosmological const.) makes up 71.4% of the Universe

PLANCK SPACE OBSERVATORY: Mapped the anisotropies of the CMB at microwave and infra-red frequencies
Improved on WMAP
Confirmation of the Universe having a 26% content of dark matter
Validation of the simplest models of inflation
WHY INFLATION?
PROBLEMS WITH THE STANDARD BIG BANG

WHY IS OUR UNIVERSE SO HOMOGENEOUS?


(BETTER THAN 1:10,000)

WHY IS IT ISOTROPIC?

WHY ALL OF ITS PARTS STARTED EXPANDING SIMULTANEOUSLY?

WHY IS IT FLAT?

INFLATION MAKES THE UNIVERSE


FLAT, HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC

IN THIS SIMPLE MODEL THE UNIVERSE TYPICALLY GROWS


101000000000000 TIMES DURING INFLATION.
HAWKING RADIATION
(1974)

BLACK HOLES ARE NOT ENTIRELY BLACK


BUT EMIT SMALL AMOUNTS OF THERMAL RADIATION

BEKENSTEIN-HAWKING ENTROPY FORMULA

A
S=
𝟒
SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

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