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Machine Paper: How It Works (Using Xerography)

A photocopier, also known as a copier or copy machine, uses a process called xerography to make paper copies of documents and images quickly and cheaply. Xerography uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive drum to attract toner particles that are then fused onto paper to create the copy. Xerographic copying was introduced by Xerox in 1959 and replaced older duplication methods. The xerography process involves charging a photoconductive drum, exposing it to light to create an electrostatic image, developing the image with toner, transferring it to paper, and fusing the image using heat and pressure. Photocopiers offer convenience and flexibility for in-house duplication compared to using external copy shops.

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78 views2 pages

Machine Paper: How It Works (Using Xerography)

A photocopier, also known as a copier or copy machine, uses a process called xerography to make paper copies of documents and images quickly and cheaply. Xerography uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive drum to attract toner particles that are then fused onto paper to create the copy. Xerographic copying was introduced by Xerox in 1959 and replaced older duplication methods. The xerography process involves charging a photoconductive drum, exposing it to light to create an electrostatic image, developing the image with toner, transferring it to paper, and fusing the image using heat and pressure. Photocopiers offer convenience and flexibility for in-house duplication compared to using external copy shops.

Uploaded by

cool_sp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A photocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine) is a machine that

makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Most current
photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges
on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles (a powder)
onto paper in the form of an image. Heat, pressure or a combination of both is then used to
fuse the toner onto the paper. (Copiers can also use other technologies such as ink jet, but
xerography is standard for office copying.)
Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959,[1] and it gradually
replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and
other duplicating machines.
How it works (using xerography)
1. Charging: cylindrical drum is electrostatically charged by a high voltage wire called
a corona wire or a charge roller. The drum has a coating of
aphotoconductive material. A photoconductor is a semiconductor that becomes
conductive when exposed to light.[2]
2. Exposure: A bright lamp illuminates the original document, and the white areas of the
original document reflect the light onto the surface of the photoconductive drum. The
areas of the drum that are exposed to light become conductive and therefore
discharge to the ground. The area of the drum not exposed to light (those areas that
correspond to black portions of the original document) remains negatively charged.
3. Developing: The toner is positively charged. When it is applied to the drum to
develop the image, it is attracted and sticks to the areas that are negatively charged
(black areas), just as paper sticks to a balloon with a static charge.
4. Transfer: The resulting toner image on the surface of the drum is transferred from the
drum onto a piece of paper with a higher negative charge than the drum.
5. Fusing: The toner is melted and bonded to the paper by heat and pressure rollers.
Advantages
1. Convenience & Flexibility : Owning or leasing a copier enables you to keep your
duplication procedures under your own roof rather than take materials to a copy shop,
bring them back to your office and incorporate them into a project or mailing.
2. Security: Any device using hard disks for copying have risk of data being
inappropriately recovered from non-volatile storage and countermeasures must be

employed to safeguard this data. Copiers that do not have a hard disk drive or do not
use the drive for copying are not at risk.
3. Sustainability : A typical desktop laser printer consumes about 60 watts or about
$44 worth of electricity per year if left on all the time which is unfortunately typical.
Copiers are even worse at 300 watts or $224 a year. The use of energy saving features
like the standby setting can cut this figure by 60% and energy saving behaviors such
as sharing fewer devices and turning devices off when not in use could save even
more.
4. Production Printing : Outsourcing can provide another waste avoidance strategy.
Instead of leasing a piece of equipment for your office to handle a few large jobs you
may face each year consider equipping your area to handle a typical day and
outsource the large jobs. This is the same strategy that helped bring our Print Shop
budget under control after 20 years of losses. We now bid our largest jobs to
commercial print shops for the lowest possible cost and staff and equip our in house
facility to provide a rapid and secure production printing environment. We are ready
to print the playbooks, budgets or strategic plans that require a 24-hour turnaround
and should probably also stay in the hands of people with a stake in the enterprise

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