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Sean's Lecture Notes

The document summarizes three governing equations in fluid mechanics: 1) Conservation of mass states that mass flow rate is constant. 2) Conservation of momentum equates initial and final pressures and densities times velocities. 3) Conservation of energy equates initial and final enthalpies and half velocities squared. It also discusses normal and oblique shockwave relations for supersonic flows, including equations for pressure, temperature, density, and Mach numbers before and after shockwaves.

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70 views3 pages

Sean's Lecture Notes

The document summarizes three governing equations in fluid mechanics: 1) Conservation of mass states that mass flow rate is constant. 2) Conservation of momentum equates initial and final pressures and densities times velocities. 3) Conservation of energy equates initial and final enthalpies and half velocities squared. It also discusses normal and oblique shockwave relations for supersonic flows, including equations for pressure, temperature, density, and Mach numbers before and after shockwaves.

Uploaded by

SeanD00d1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seans Lecture Notes

There are three governing equations in fluid mechanics which we are


going to work with. The first is conservation of mass. The initial density times
the initial mass times the initial area, or initial mass flow rate, should equal
the final mass flow rate. This means the mass flow rate is always constant.
A 1 1 u1= A 2 2 u2
Mass Continuity
(Simplified form, Area is removed from the
equation)

In cases where area is the same on both sides of the equation, it can be
divided out.
The second equation is conservation of momentum. The sum of the initial
pressure plus the quantity of the initial density times the initial velocity
squared should equal the sum of the final pressure plus the quantity of the
final density times the final velocity squared.
p1+ 1 u12= p 2+ 2 u22 p= pressure
Momentum Cont.
It is interesting to note here that pressure is the product of mass and
velocity. If the velocity varies, it becomes the product of mass and
acceleration. In this case, we can think of pressure as a force.
The third equation is conservation of energy. The sum of the initial enthalpy
and half of the initial velocity squared should equal the sum of the final
enthalpy and half of final velocity squared.
u1 2
u2 2
h
+
=h
+
h=enthalpy
1
2
Energy Continuity
2
2
Enthalpy is the product of specific heat and temperature. If the final velocity
is zero, then the final enthalpy is the total enthalpy.
u2
h=C p T C p=specific heat ( constant pressure)
h+
=h0
Total enthalpy
2
The compressibility constant, gamma, is the ratio of specific heat at
constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume. With gamma, we
can see relationships between pressure temperature, enthalpy and density.
C
specific heat ratio = p C v =specific heat (constant volume)
Cv
Now were going to talk about supersonic flow and shock waves. The Mach
number is the ratio of free stream velocity over the speed of sound.
We can think about shock waves as a build up of sound waves (Doppler

effect)-talk about sirens moving away from you and draw the circles on the
board.
When initial pressure divided by final pressure, it equals the quantity of initial
enthalpy divided by final enthalpy all raised to the quantity of gamma
divided by the quantity of gamma minus one.

T0
p0 h0 1
0 T 0 1
V
LocalVelocity
1
M= =
=1+
M2
=
=
=
A Speed of Sound
T
2
p
h

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

The pressure ratio also equals quantity of initial temperature divided by final
temperature all raised to the quantity of gamma divided by the quantity of
gamma minus one. All of this is equivalent to the quantity of initial density
divided by final density all raised to gamma. The ratio of initial temperature
to final temperature is equal to one plus the Mach number squared times half
of the quantity of gamma minus one.
The flow on either side of a shock wave is isentropic.

Isentropic
Adiabatic (no heat exchange)
Reversible (able to return to initial state from final state)

It is adiabatic, which means there is no heat exchange, and reversible, which


means it can be returned to its original state.
There are normal shockwaves and oblique shockwaves. There must be a
supersonic flow for there to be a shockwave. There are four normal
shockwave relations.
Normal shock relations (Assuming shock is in the normal direction to the flow)

1
M
(
2 )
=
1
M (
2 )
2
1

1+

M2

2
1

2
( +1) M 1
2
=
=1+
( M 121)
1 2+( 1) M 12
+1

First, the final Mach number squared is equal to one plus the initial Mach
number squared times half of the quantity of gamma minus one all over the
quantity of gamma times initial Mach number squared minus the half the
quantity of gamma minus one. Second, the ratio of final density over initial
density is equal to the initial Mach number squared times the quantity of
gamma plus one, all over the quantity of two plus initial Mach number
squared times the quantity of gamma minus one. Third, the ratio of final
pressure over initial pressure is equal to one plus two times gamma times
the quantity of the initial Mach number squared minus one, over the quantity
of gamma plus one. The last relation is the ratio of the final temperature is
equal to the quantity

][

T2
2+ ( 1 ) M 1
2
= 1+
M 121 )
(
T1
+1
( + 1 ) M 12

Oblique Shocks (inclined with respect to the incident upstream flow direction)

u 2 tan ( )
=
u1
tan ( )

u2
u1

Froude ( Fr )=

u
gh

h+

u
=h0
2g

h0
Fr 2
=1+
h
2
h0=total condition (height )

y1

y2

y2 1
= ( 1+8 Fr 21 )
y1 2

The Froude number is analogous to the Mach number in a high speed flow. In
the equation, h is the height of the water.

Assuming shock isthenormal direction


1+mma+ relations( the flow )

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