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Pages Comp Plasticity

This document discusses numerical integration algorithms for rate-dependent plasticity models. It presents: 1) An integration algorithm for a von Mises viscoplastic model that performs an elastic predictor, checks for plastic flow, and if needed performs a viscoplastic corrector using a return-mapping equation. 2) Iso-error maps showing the algorithm has high accuracy, especially at high strain rates or rate sensitivity. 3) A derivation of the consistent tangent operator for the viscoplastic model by linearizing the return mapping algorithm.

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36 views5 pages

Pages Comp Plasticity

This document discusses numerical integration algorithms for rate-dependent plasticity models. It presents: 1) An integration algorithm for a von Mises viscoplastic model that performs an elastic predictor, checks for plastic flow, and if needed performs a viscoplastic corrector using a return-mapping equation. 2) Iso-error maps showing the algorithm has high accuracy, especially at high strain rates or rate sensitivity. 3) A derivation of the consistent tangent operator for the viscoplastic model by linearizing the return mapping algorithm.

Uploaded by

Kurt Cargo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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462

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR PLASTICITY: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

Box 11.6. Integration algorithm for von Mises-type viscoplastic model (over a
generic time interval [tn , tn+1 ] with t = tn+1 tn ).
(i) Elastic predictor. Given , and the state variables at tn , evaluate the elastic trial state

e trial := en +
trial
pn+1
:= pn
e trial
ptrial
strial := 2G ed trial
n+1 := K v n+1 ;
n+1

trial
trial
3
qn+1 := 2 sn+1 

(ii) Check for viscoplastic ow


IF

trial
trial
y (
pn+1
)0
qn+1

THEN set

()n+1 := ()trial
n+1

(elastic step)
and EXIT

(iii) Viscoplastic ow. Solve the return-mapping equation




t
trial
3G )
y (
pn + ) = 0
R() (qn+1
+ t
for using the NewtonRaphson scheme. Then update


3G trial
;
s
:=
1

sn+1
pn+1 := ptrial
n+1
n+1
trial
qn+1
n+1 := sn+1 + pn+1 I
1
1
sn+1 + ev trial
n+1 I
2G
3
p
p
n+1 := n +

en+1 :=

(iv) EXIT

Remark 11.4 (Rate-independent limit). Note that, as expected, equation (11.94) rigorously
recovers its elastoplastic (rate-independent) counterpart (7.91) (refer to page 219) when
0 (no viscosity),  0 (no rate-sensitivity) or t (innitely slow straining). Clearly, in
such cases, the algorithm of Box 11.6 reproduces the rate-independent elastoplastic numerical
solution.
Remark 11.5 (Computational implementation aspects). In the computer implementation
of the model (as shown in Box 11.6), it is more convenient to solve (11.94) rather than (11.93)
in the viscoplastic corrector stage of the algorithm. The reason for this lies in the fact that, for
low rate-sensitivity, i.e. small values of , the NewtonRaphson scheme for solution of (11.93)
becomes unstable as its convergence bowl is sharply reduced with decreasing . The reduction
of the convergence bowl stems from the fact that large exponents 1/ can easily produce
numbers which are computationally intractable. This fact has been recognised by Peric (1993)
in the context of a more general viscoplastic algorithm. In equation (11.94), on the other hand,

463

VISCOPLASTICITY

the term to the power  on the left-hand side can only assume values within the interval [0, 1]
and causes no numerical problems within practical ranges of material constants.
Remark 11.6 (Solution existence and uniqueness). Within a viscoplastic step, we have
p trial ) = y (
pn ).
q trial > y (
Let R() be the function dened by the right-hand side of (11.94). The above inequality
clearly implies that R(0) > 0. In addition, taking into account the strict positiveness of the
hardening function y , we can easily verify that R(q trial /3G) < 0. The continuity of R then
implies that (11.94) has a root within the interval (0, q trial /3G). Let us now consider the
derivative of R,



q trial 3G
t

R () = 3G + 
H(
pn + ),
+ t
+ t
where H is the derivative of the isotropic hardening function y . Upon simple inspection, we
can easily establish that the derivative R is strictly negative for (0, q trial /3G) if the
viscoplastic model is non-softening, i.e. if H is non-negative for any value of accumulated
plastic strain. The strict negativeness of R in conjunction with the existence of a root for R
established in the above implies that the root of R (the solution of the viscoplastic corrector
equation) within the interval (0, q trial /3G) is unique for non-softening materials.
11.6.2. ISO-ERROR MAPS
To illustrate the accuracy of the above integration algorithm in practical situations, this
section presents some iso-error maps, produced with material constants covering a range
of high rate-sensitivity to rate-independence. The material is assumed perfectly viscoplastic
(no hardening). The maps have been generated in the standard fashion as described in
Section 7.2.10 (refer to Figure 7.7, page 215). Using the three-dimensional implementation
of the model, we start from a stress point at time tn , with n lying on the yield surface, and
apply a sequence of strain increments (at constant strain rate within the interval [tn , tn+1 ]),
corresponding to linear combinations of trial stress increments in the direction normal and
tangential (directions of the unit tensors N and T of Figure 7.7, respectively) to the von Mises
circle in the deviatoric plane. Figures 11.5 and 11.6 show iso-error maps obtained at low and
high strain rates with the non-dimensional rate


set respectively to 1 and 1000. For each non-dimensional rate, three values of rate-sensitivity
parameter, , have been used: 100 , 101 and 0. Recall that for  = 0 the algorithm reproduces
the rate-independent solution. The resulting map in this case is obviously identical to the
rate-independent map of Figure 7.7(b) and is shown here only to emphasise the effect of
rate-dependence on the integration error. The main conclusion drawn from the iso-error
maps is that, in general, increasing (decreasing) rate-sensitivity and/or increasing (decreasing)
strain rates tend to produce decreasing (increasing) integration errors. The largest errors are
expected in the rate-independent limit.

464

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR PLASTICITY: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS


6

5%
10%

10%

N / q

N / q

15%

15%

20%

5%
0
0

T / q

T / q

(a)

(b)
6

5%
10%

N / q

15%
2

20%

0
0

T / q

(c)
Figure 11.5. Iso-error maps with   = 1; (a)  = 100 ; (b)  = 101 ; (c)  = 0 (rate-independent).

11.6.3. CONSISTENT TANGENT OPERATOR


The consistent tangent operator here is a particular case of the general tangent operator
derived in Section 11.5.3. Clearly, when the stress state lies within the elastic domain and no
viscoplastic ow is possible, the tangent operator is the elastic tangent, De . Under viscoplastic
ow, the tangent operator which (as in the rate-independent case) will be denoted Dep , is
derived by consistently linearising the viscoplastic return-mapping algorithm referred to in
item (iii) of Box 11.6. Its closed-form expression can be obtained by following the same steps
of the derivation of the elastoplastic (rate-independent) tangent presented in Section 7.4.2
(from page 232). The incremental constitutive function for the stress tensor in the present
case has identical format to that of the rate-independent implementation given by (7.93)
which reduces to (7.113) under plastic ow but the incremental plastic multiplier
here is the solution of viscoplastic return-mapping equation (11.94). Thus, to obtain the
viscoplastic consistent tangent, we simply replace the derivative of the incremental plastic

465

VISCOPLASTICITY
6

N / q

0.3%

0.2%

N / q

0.4%

5%

0.1%
7%
7%
5%
1%

0
0

10%

9%
9%

T / q

T / q

(a)

(b)
6

5%
10%

N / q

15%
2

20%

0
0

T / q

(c)
Figure 11.6. Iso-error maps with   = 103 ; (a)  = 100 ; (b)  = 101 ; (c)  = 0 (rate-independent).

multiplier (7.118) with the expression



2G 32

=
 t 
trial
en+1
3G + +t
H+

 qn+1
+t

n+1 ,
N

(11.95)

which is consistent with (11.94). Analogously to the elastoplastic case, this expression is
obtained by taking the differential of the viscoplastic corrector equation (11.94), having
trial
and qn+1
as variables, and equating it to zero. With the above differential relation, the nal

466

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR PLASTICITY: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

elasto-viscoplastic consistent tangent operator is obtained in closed form as




3G
Dep = 2G 1 trial
Id
qn+1

1
2
+ 6G

 t 
trial
qn+1
3G + +t
H+


 qn+1
+t

n+1 N
n+1 + K I I.
N
(11.96)

Note that the tangent operator is symmetric.


Remark 11.7 (Rate-independent limit). By simple inspection we nd that in the limits 
0 (vanishing rate-sensitivity parameter), 0 (vanishing viscosity) or t (innitely
slow straining), expression (11.96) rigorously recovers the elastoplastic consistent tangent
operator of the isotropically hardening rate-independent von Mises model with implicit return
mapping given by expression (7.120).

11.6.4. PERZYNA-TYPE MODEL IMPLEMENTATION


The implementation of the von Mises-based model with Perzynas viscoplastic law (11.40)
follows exactly the same procedure as described in the above except that, consistently with
the backward Euler time discretization of (11.40), the return-mapping equation (11.94) (or
item (iii) of Box 11.6) is replaced with
 



y (
pn + ) = 0.
q trial 3G 1 +
t

(11.97)

Here, we have assumed isotropic strain hardening. Note that, as (vanishing viscosity)
or t (innitely slow process) equation (11.97) reduces to that of the elastoplastic rateindependent von Mises model with yield stress y . For vanishing rate sensitivity parameter,
 0, (11.97) reduces to a von Mises elastoplastic return-mapping equation with yield stress
2y . This is, as one should expect, in agreement with the theoretical limits of the Perzyna
model discussed in the text immediately following equation (11.40).

Elasto-viscoplastic consistent tangent operator


trial
consistent with
The differential relation between the incremental plastic multiplier and en+1
the return-mapping equation (11.97) reads

trial
en+1


2G 32
=

  
H+
3G + 1 + t



 1
y
t
t

n+1 ,
N

(11.98)

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