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Plasticity Flow Rule Kinematic Hardening

1) Isotropic hardening leads to symmetric stress-strain behavior during cyclic loading, while kinematic hardening accounts for the Bauschinger effect where reversed loading follows a different path. 2) Kinematic hardening is described by a backstress tensor that translates the yield surface after plastic flow. The Prager and Ziegler models define rules for how the backstress evolves during loading. 3) A uniaxial tensile test can be used to determine the material constant c(k) that characterizes kinematic hardening according to the Prager model.

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Hareen Cherukuru
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140 views5 pages

Plasticity Flow Rule Kinematic Hardening

1) Isotropic hardening leads to symmetric stress-strain behavior during cyclic loading, while kinematic hardening accounts for the Bauschinger effect where reversed loading follows a different path. 2) Kinematic hardening is described by a backstress tensor that translates the yield surface after plastic flow. The Prager and Ziegler models define rules for how the backstress evolves during loading. 3) A uniaxial tensile test can be used to determine the material constant c(k) that characterizes kinematic hardening according to the Prager model.

Uploaded by

Hareen Cherukuru
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PLASTICITY.

Flow rule for kinematic hardening

Obviously, for a reversed loading process like the one in the cyclic loading diagram of Fig. 1, the
isotropic hardening will lead to a cyclic test behaviour according to the solid line OABCDE of Fig. 2
(in which the length of line segment BC is the same as that of line segment AB). It is, however, a well-

A E

B D
O
t

s
C

Fig. 1 Cyclic loading


A,E

D O B,D

C
C

Fig. 2 diagram of uniaxial cyclic test.


Isotropic hardening
Kinematic hardening

established fact that in most materials there is a Bauschinger effect, by which a reversed loading will
rather follow the dashed line OABCDE of Fig. 2. This Bauschinger effect can be described by a
kinematic hardening in the following way:

(1)

in which is a 2nd order tensor:

(2)

often called the backstress, and is the yield strength of the virgin material. Since Eq. (1) states that
after plastic flow, will now be computed using instead of as argument, we will
obviously have a translation of the yield surface. See Fig. 3.

Original yield surface

Yield surface after plastic flow

Fig. 3 Example of kinematic hardening (von Mises case)

What remains is, therefore, to establish the function . The two most frequent strategies
are

(3)

(4)

where c(k) is a constant that is characteristic for the material (in analogy with c(i) in the isotropic
hardening) and is a function of the increment of plastic strain which is also
characteristic for the material. To illustrate the difference between the Prager and Ziegler models, we
can, for instance, look at the Tresca case shown in Fig. 4. (In the von Mises case, it is, on the other
hand, easy to realise that the two models are identical.)
Two important properties of the Prager may be noticed. Since is a constant, Eq. (3) can be
directly integrated to give

(5)

and, further,

(6)
ij ij

Fig. 4 Prager and Ziegler kinematic hardening shown in a Tresca case

i.e., the Prager is deviatoric:

(7)

General flow rule for kinematic hardening


Again, we start by the consistency condition df = 0

(8)

From the definition of f given in Eq. (1), we can differentiate to find and :

(9)

(10)

Eqs. (8) and (10) together with the fundamental normality rule

(11)

which is still valid, gives

(12)

and, consequently,
(13)

Specialisation to von Mises


With

(14)

we get

(15)

This inserted into the general kinematic hardening flow rule [Eq. (13)] gives

(16)

where we have also used the property that is deviatoric, i.e., (cf Eqs. (6) and (7)).

Prager kinematic hardening


Using the Prager hypothesis, Eq. (16) can be simplified. By Eq. (3) we get

(17)

This inserted into the flow rule (15) gives

(18)
Uniaxial tensile test. Determination of c(k)
In a uniaxial test we have (as before)

(19)

(20)

and consequently in the Prager kinematic hardening case, since ,

(21)

The uniaxial tensile test therefore gives

(22)

or

(23)

I.e., the hardening constant measured in the uniaxial test is (note the difference between this
and the isotropic case).

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