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Choke Slide

The document discusses flow performance through wellbore chokes. It provides equations to calculate flow rates for gas and liquid wells under critical flow conditions. For gas, the flow rate depends on upstream pressure and temperature. For liquids, empirical equations relate flow rate, wellhead pressure, and liquid/gas ratio. Choke size selection aims to maintain critical flow for independence of downstream pressure fluctuations on production rate.

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Charles Adefemi Omowole
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© © All Rights Reserved
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402 views23 pages

Choke Slide

The document discusses flow performance through wellbore chokes. It provides equations to calculate flow rates for gas and liquid wells under critical flow conditions. For gas, the flow rate depends on upstream pressure and temperature. For liquids, empirical equations relate flow rate, wellhead pressure, and liquid/gas ratio. Choke size selection aims to maintain critical flow for independence of downstream pressure fluctuations on production rate.

Uploaded by

Charles Adefemi Omowole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Wellbore Flow Performance

Flow Through Choke


A wellhead choke controls the surface pressure and production rate
from a well.

Chokes usually are selected so that fluctuations in the line pressure


downstream of the choke have no effect on the production rate.
This requires that flow through the choke be at critical flow
conditions.
Under critical flow conditions, the flow rate is a function of the
upstream or tubing pressure only.
For this condition to occur, the downstream pressure must be
approximately 0.55 or less of the tubing pressure.
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke -Gas
For single-phase gas flow, Begs presents the equation below which
relates the gas production rate through a choke to the wellhead pressure.

27.611C D Pwh d 2Tsc


qg
Psc g Twh Z

k 1
k 2

k
k
y y

k 1

qg = Mscf/day
CD = discharge coefficient
Pwh = tubing head pressure in psia
d = choke diameter in inches
Tsc = standard temperature oR
Psc = Standard pressure psia
Twh = wllhead temperature oR
g = gas gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke - Gas
The pressure ratio, y, is the ratio of the downstream pressure to the
wellhead pressure. Under critical flow conditions, the pressure ratio is
replaced by the critical pressure yc.

Pdownstream

yc 2
P

k 1
upstream

k
k 1

k = Cp/Cv is the specific heat ratio. The value of k is about 1.28 for natural
gas. Thus, the critical pressure ratio is about 0.55 for natural gas.

The discharge coefficient CD can be obtained from the chart on the next
page, having known the Reynolds Number NRE.
qsc = Mscf/day
20 q sc g
d = choke diameter in inches
N Re
d
g = gas gravity
= gas viscosity in cp
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke - Liquid
- Empirical equations has been developed to estimate the relationship
between production rate and wellhead pressure for two-phase critical flow.
These correlations can be presented in a form similar to the equation below.
- Gilbert was the first to present such a relationship based on field data
collected from the Ten Section field of California.
- Ros and Beggs have also presented relationships that are often used. The
Table below summarizes the parameters for each equation.
A1q L R A2
Pwh
d A3

qL = stb/day
R = GLR in scf/stb
d = choke diameter in 1/64
Pwh = wellhead pressure in
psia
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

MULTIPHASE CHOKE COEFFICIENTS


Researchers

A1

A2

A3

Gilbert

0.00386

0.546

1.89

Ros

0.00426

0.500

2.00

Baxendell

0.00312

0.546

1.93

Achong

0.00154

0.650

1.88
5

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke - Liquid

Example: A well is producing at 400 stb/d of oil and 800 scf/stb


GLR. Estimate the flowing wellhead pressure using Gilbert`s
choke equation. The choke size is 12/64 inches.

A1qL R A2 0.00386 400 8000.546


Pwh

1405psia
A3
1.89
d
12 64

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Wellbore Flow Performance


Flow Through Choke - Liquid

Choke line

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Consider an oil reservoir producing at an average reservoir pressure below Pr =
2400 psia, which is the bubble point pressure. A single-point flow test conducted on
a well at stabilized condition resulted in q = 500 stb/d and Pwf = 250 psi. Measured
GOR is 400 scf/stb. The well of total depth of 7000 ft. is producing through 2-3/8
in. tubing. Find (1) the maximum rate possible assuming Pwh = 200 psi, and (2) the
productivity index for the condition corresponding to the maximum possible
flowrate. Assuming flow efficiency is 1.0.
Using Vogels equation, calculate qmax.

500
250
250
1 0.2
0.8

qmax
2400
2400

qmax 515 stb / d Oil AOFP


Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Choose some values of Pwf and determine corresponding qs using Vogels
equation.
2

P
P
wf
wf
0.8

q 515 1 0.2

2400
2400

Bottom hole flowing pressure Pwf from


Gilberts Curves

Pwf , Psi

q, stb/d

500

476

Pwf , Psi

q, stb/d

800

435

1410

100

1200

361

1370

200

1500

290

1310

400

2000

143

1400

600

2400

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Average Reservoir Pressure & Bottom Hoe Flowing Pressure - Psia

IPR/VLP Example
3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0

100

200

300
400
Total Liquid Rate - stb/d
IPR (Pr)

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

500

600

700

VLP (Pwf)

10

Optimal Flow Rate Example

qmax
qmax
dq
J
0.2
1.6
Pwf
dPwf
PR
Pr

dq
515
515

J
0.2
1.6
1325
2
dPwf
2400
2400

0.232 stb / d / psi

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

11

Optimal Flow Rate Example

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

12

Optimal Flow Rate Example


An oil well is produced at Pwf > Pb. Data given are:

Well dept = 5000 ft


Tubing size = 2.375 in.
Pr = 1500 psi
J = 0.4 stb/d/psi
GLR = 0.8 Mscf/stb
Find the production rate of liquid an gas if (a) the bean size is 22/64 in. or (b) the
bean size is 30/64 in. Assume critical flow conditions and Gilberts equation.

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

13

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Since the well is operated above the reservoir bubble point, we can treat the inflow
performance as a linear one.

q
Pwf Pr
J
q
1500
0.4
Choose some values of q (e.g., 100, 200, and 400 stb/d) and use the Gilbert
gradient curves for 2.375-in.
q, stb/d
Pwf , Psi
Pwh , Psi

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

100

1250

540

200

1000

400

400

500

40

14

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Using Gilbert choke equation:

435 R 0.546 q
Pwh
S 1.89
221.89 Pwh
q
435 0.8 0.546

301.89 Pwh
q
435 0.8 0.546

q, stb/d

Pwh , Psi

q, stb/d

Pwh , Psi

483

540

868

540

357

400

643

400

36

40

64

40

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

15

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Bottom Hoe Flowing Pressure and Wellhead Pressure- Psia

Choke Performance Example


1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0

100

200

300

Pwf

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

400
500
600
Total Liquid Rate - stb/d
Pwh

22/64 - in.

700

800

900

1000

30/64 - in.

16

Optimal Flow Rate Example


The intersection of the choke and wellhead pressure lines provides the optimal
rate. Projecting it upward to the bottom hole pressure line provides the
corresponding bottom hole flowing pressure.
For choke 22

qliquid 264 stb / d

q gas 264 0.8 M 0.211 MMscf / d


Pwh 285 psi and

Pwf 840 psi

For choke 30

qliquid 319 stb / d

q gas 319 0.8 M 0.255 MMscf / d

Pwh 190 psi and


Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Pwf 720 psi


17

Optimal Flow Rate Example


A flowing well test is carried out with the following results:
3/8-in choke, stabilized flow rate 675 B0PD 680 psi THP
1/2-in choke 865 BOPD 500 psi THP
5/8-in choke 980 BOPD 375 psi THP
7/8-in choke 1100 BOPD 220 psi THP
The producing GLR held constant at or near 500 scf/bbl throughout the test,
while the water cut was zero.
Additional well parameters:
Tubing: 2 7/8 inches, set at 5500 ft
WOR=0
GLR=300 SCF/STB
THP = 200 psi
Assuming that the tubing head pressure is a linear function of the liquid
rate, use the data to determine the relationship between THP and choke
diameter for this well.
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

18

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Ptf = Aq
where Ptf = tubing head pressure, psi
q = liquid production rate, BOPD
A = constant, function of S
S = choke size, in eighths of an inch
The simplest way of determining whether A is directly dependent on
some power of S is to plot A against S on log-log paper; or,
alternatively, to plot in A against log of S on regular graph paper. If a
straight line of slope n results, then: A = BSn.
S in 8th of an in.

q bopd

Ptf Psi

Ln(S)

Ln(A)

675

680

1.01

1.10

0.01

865

500

0.58

1.39

-0.54

980

375

0.38

1.61

-0.97

1100

220

0.20

1.95

-1.61

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

19

Optimal Flow Rate Example

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

20

Optimal Flow Rate Example


AS

B
S 1.91

Therefore:

Bq
Ptf 1.91
S
Or
B
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

Ptf S 1.91
q
21

Optimal Flow Rate Example


S in 8th of an in.

S1.9

Ptf Psi

q bopd

B=(PtfxS1.9)/q

8.15

680

675

8.21

14.12

500

865

8.16

21.63

375

980

8.28

41.13

220

1100

8.23

Average B = 8.22

8.22 q
Ptf
1.91
S
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

22

Optimal Flow Rate Example


Bottom Hoe Flowing Pressure and Wellhead Pressure- Psia

Choke Performance Example


900
800
700
600

500
400
300
200
100

0
0

200

400

Pwh

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi P.T.T Well Performance

600
800
Total Liquid Rate - stb/d
24/64 - in.

32/64 - in.

1000

1200

1400

48/64 - in.

23

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